• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2002

Medical application of leeches, by means of leech's blood suction, has advantages in not only directly removing blood congestion, but also preventing hindrance to venous drainage by inhibiting local thrombus formation and inducing continuous bleeding. Nevertheless, Aeromonas hydrophila infection secondary to such suction is most common and may develop into serious conditions from local inflammatory reaction to total necrosis of replanted parts and enterocolitis as well as sepsis. Once infected, it requires infection treatment, removal of necrotic tissues and reconstruction. Hence, duration and cost of treatment increase while functional recovery falls markedly. Accordingly, we present measures to reduce Aeromonas infections as follows: First, do not manipulate as much as possible while the leeches are sucking or moving. Second, the site which suction plates of the leeches are attached, should be selected away from the surgical wound site or open wound as much as possible. Third, contaminated or blood-wet gauze should be replaced often so that the skin of surgical areas would not swell. Furthermore, bleeding or oozing should be well-drained. Fourth, the areas other than the sites of leech attachment should be covered with sterilized gauzes in order to limit leech movement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 1990

The OXYREX hollow fiber membrane oxygenator developed by joint work of KIST and Green Cross Medical company has been evaluated by experimental investigation and clinical application, In this oxygenator gas exchanges occur through small pores of 0.1pm size which are distributed on 70% of surface of polypropylene hollow fiber. The Oxyrex membrane oxygenator consists of 36 thousand hollow fibers and it has 3.3m2 of gas exchange surface. The Oxyrex membrane oxygenator has unique blood flow path: blood enters the oxygenator passes between the hollow fibers and exits through outlet ports, that provides low transmembrane pressure drop. In the animal experiment and in vitro investigations of Oxyrex oxygenator, it showed low transmembrane pressure difference, effective heat exchanger performance, stable gas transfer function and less blood trauma. The Oxyrex oxygenator been used from March, 1990, to October, 1990, in 40 patients undergoing open heart operations. In the clinical applications of Oxyrex, adequate oxygenation[PaO2, 283$\pm$70mmHg] and carbon dioxide removal[PaCO2, 27\ulcorner6mmHg]were maintained under the condition of FiO2: below 0.6, Hct; 25%, perfusion flow; 2.4 L/min, gas flow: 2.1 L/min. During maximum 365 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass[CPB] time period, the Oxyrex oxygenator maintained stable condition of PaO2, PaCO2 respectively and it also kept low plasma hemoglobin level. The complement proteins C3 and CH50 were not significantly changed pre to post CPB. There were no complications related to the oxygenator during and after the CPB.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 2000

The present study was aimed at investigating whether there are changes in the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in relation with the unclipping-induced fall of blood pressure in two-kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertension. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made 2K1C hypertensive by clipping the left renal artery for four weeks. Sham-clipped rats served as control. The expression of endothelial constitutive (ec) NOS proteins and tissue levels of NO metabolites were determined in the kidney. Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in clipped rats compared with that in the control. The development of hypertension was associated with decreases in the expression of ecNOS proteins and tissue levels of NO metabolites in the clipped kidney. The blood pressure at twenty-four hours after removal of the renal arterial clip fell to the control level. Accordingly, in the unclipped kidney, the expression of ecNOS proteins and tissue contents of NO metabolites were increased to the control level. The contralateral kidney was not affected by the development or reversal of hypertension. It is suggested that an enhanced expression of ecNOS in the unclipped kidney is an important component in the reversal of renovascular hypertension.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.397-403
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• 2001

Tyroid gland is the biggist endocrine organ which is located in front of trochea. The role of the thyroid gland in the total body economy comprises the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones, which are necessary to growth, development, and normal bodymetabolism. Hypothyroidism is the state of a dificiency in the secretion of Thyroid hormone. This may result from idiopathic myxedema, or distruction or removal of thyroid, or goiter, or thyroid adenomas. Hypothyroidism corresponds to thick lips, dry skin, puffy eyelids, coars hair, megaloglossia, and pudgy hands etc. On one case of Hypothyroidism who was hospitalized for the chief complaints of fatigue, general weakness, coldness, edema in head, neck site, lumbago. I diagnosed this case as dificiency of Qi and blood(氣血兩虛) or dificiency of warm-Qi in spleen and kidney(脾腎陽虛). And then I used Moxa treatment to increase Qi and blood, and Acupuncture treatment to reduce shoulder and neck pain, lumbago. And Herb-med is used to increase Qi and blood, and recover of general condition. As a result, this patient got better more quickly.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.132-141
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' actual and perceived glove uses for preventing healthcare associated infection. Methods: We observed nurses' donning glove by occasions and adherence to guideline for glove uses in four ICU in a single hospital. Total of 378 cases were observed from August 16 through October 6, 2020. Sixty one nurses of 66 nurses observed responded to a self-reported questionnaire about perceived glove use and knowledge of glove use. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: The number of observed episodes for glove use was 277. Although the highest numbers of occasions of wearing gloves was contact precaution, the compliance rate was 72.1%. The rates of donning gloves were low in the insertion and removal of peripheral venous catheters, blood glucose testing and blood sampling, which were at risk for exposure to blood. We observed misuse of wearing gloves even when they were not required. Results showed that the majority of non-compliance with glove use were a failure of performing hand hygiene before and after glove use and a failure of changing gloves between procedures on the same patient. The participant's knowledge of glove use was high. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is necessary to provide ICU nurses with education and reinforcement of proper glove uses for infection control.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1967

The entry of antipyrine and urea from the peritoneal cavity of rabbit into organ tissue and blood plasma was studied. Two hundred mg of antipyrine plus 300 mg of urea in 10 ml Ringer's solution was injected into the peritoneal cavity of anesthetized rabbit. The injection was made from above of a rabbit kept tying right side down and it enabled part of the abdominal organs (liver, intestine, kidney) was immersed in the injected solution and kept high concentration gradient throughout the experimental period. The remaining part of the organs was revered only by a thin film of the test solution. Subsequently, in this part of the organs the concentration gradient of the diffusible substances during entry was presumed to decrease as time elapsed. Four pieces of the liver tissue were taken namely, the right superficial, right deep, left superficial and left deep portions. Two were taken from the small intestine, one from the portion which was immersed in. the fluid and the other from that above the fluid mass. Both kidneys were separately analyzed. As a remote organ the gastrocnemius muscle was taken from the right leg of the animal. The intervals which were the time periods elapsed after injections were 5,7,10,15 or 30 minutes. At each point 5 animals were sacrificed and the concentrations of the test substances in the tissue water were measured. The results obtained were as follows. 1. In the liver the right portion which was immersed in the fluid showed higher concentration if the test substances than the left portion and the superficial region exceeded the deep region. The concentrations diminished as the time elapsed after infusion, particulary in the case of antipyrine, suggesting circulatory removal of the substances. In urea such decreasing tendency of the concentration was not obvious, and suggested slower removal rate of it as compared with that of antipyrine. 2. In the small intestine there was no regional difference in the concentration of the test substances. Because of the intestinal motility different portions of the intestine were seemed to have bathed in the fluid of the same concentration. In general the concentrations in the intestinal wall exceeded those of the liver, suggesting a slower removal rate than in the latter. 3. In the kidney the accumulation of the endogenous urea was predominant, and the accumulating mechanism in the renal tissue went on during the period of the experiment. Therefore it revealed increasing tendencies as the time elapsed. The penetration of the test substances in this organ from the peritoneal cavity seemed to be slower than in other abdominal organs, namely liver or small intestine. Part of the test substances in the kidney were obviously brought by the blood stream. 4. Rapid exponential decay of the concentration of antipyrine and of the osmolality of the peritoneal fluid was attributed to the extensive removal through the whole dimension of the peritoneal surface, and the remote organ such as the gastrocnemius muscle attained a fairly close value to that of the abdominal organs in less than 30 minutes. The factors which related to the absorption rate were discussed. They were the concentration gradient, permeability and the regional perfusion rate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.587-595
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate trazodone's effect on vasorelaxation and blood pressure lowering and to examine its underlying mechanism of action in isolated thoracic aorta and anesthesized rats. Precontracted aortic rings with high KCl were relaxed with trazodone, at concentrations of $50{\mu}M$ or greater. However, precontracted rings with phenylephrine (PE) were relaxed with trazodone, at concentrations of $0.03{\mu}M$ or greater, in a concentration-dependent manner. These relaxant effects of trazodone on endothelium intact rat aortic rings were significantly greater than those on denuded rings. The trazodone-induced relaxations were suppressed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), guanylate cyclase inhibitors, methylene blue and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channel blocker, tetrabutylammonium (TBA), a $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, nifedipine, $Na^+$ channel blockers, lidocaine and procaine, and removal of extracellular $Na^+$, but not by aminoguanidine, 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n, n-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC), indomethacin, glibenclamide and clotrimazole. In vivo, infusion of trazodone elicited significant decrease in arterial blood pressure. Trazodone-induced decrease in blood pressure was markedly inhibited by pretreatment of intravenous injection of saponin, L-NNA, methylene blue, TBA, lidocaine or nifedipine. These findings suggest that the endothelium-dependent relaxation and decrease in blood pressure induced by trazodone is mediated by release of NO from the endothelium, activation of TBA-sensitive $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels or inhibition of $Ca^{2+}$ entry through voltage-gated channel.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.581-586
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• 2021

The high fatality of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) is closely related to acute pneumonia and severe blood clot formation in brain, heart, kidney and lung. The use of low-molecular weight heparins has been shown to reduce the risk of thrombosis and reduce fatality rates among COVID-19 patients. In this study, we investigated the antithrombotic activity of different parts of C. sativa extracts to determine its potential in preventing blood clots in patients with thromboprophylaxis. The extracts of leaf, stem, root, immature flower and seed of C. sativa showed strong inhibitory activities on blood clot formation. In particular, the flower extract showed the strongest inhibitions against blood coagulation factors and thrombin. Strong hemolysis activities were observed in flower extract and seed extract, suggested that removal of the hemolysis active compounds in th extracts is necessary. This is a first report of anti-thrombosis activities of different parts of C. sativa extracts, and our results suggest that C. sativa extract has potential has a valuable bioresource for high-value products.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.361-371
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• 2003

The vasorelaxant actions and blood pressure lowering of the ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor agonists (${\alpha}_2$-AAs) clonidine and xylazine were investigated in rat isolated aortic rings and anesthesized rats. Both clonidine and xylazine produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of the sustained contraction induced by norepinephrine (NE), but not by KCl. NE-induced contractions were attenuated partly by nifedipine or verapamil, voltage dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers. These $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers-resistant contractions were abolished by clonidine or xylazine. Inhibitory effects of a ${\alpha}_2$-AAs on contractions could be reversed by ryanodine, an intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, transport blocker, and tetrabutylammonium (TBA), a $Ca^{2+}$ activated $K^+$ channel blocker, but not by nifedipine, glibenclamide or removal of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and endothelium. Moreover, ${\alpha}_2$-AAs produced relaxation in NE-precontracted isolated intact aortic rings in a concentration-dependent manner, but not in KCl-precontracted rings. The relaxant effects of ${\alpha}_2$-AAs were inhibited by ryanodine and TBA, but not by nifedipine, glibenclamide, N (G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine (AG), 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N,N-diphenylcarhurnte (NCDC), lithium sulfate, staurosporine or removal of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and endothelium. In vivo, infusion of xylazine elicited significant decrease in anerial blood pressure. This xylazinelowered blood pressure was completely inhibited by the intravenous injection of TBA, but not by the intravenous injection of glibenclamide, L-NNA, L-NAME, AG, nifedipine, lithium sulfate or saponin.. These findings showed that the receptor-mediated and ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor A-stimulated endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effect may be explained by decreasing intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release and activation of $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels, which may contribute to the hypotensive effects of ${\alpha}_2$-AAs in rats.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 2007

For the preparation of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, $10{\sim}20\;{\mu}g/kg$ of Stannous(II) chloride and $10{\sim}40\;min$ of preparation was used. For finding out the effect of contrast agent, the blood samples were collected in three days, seven days, and 1 months after the diagnostic procedure. In the normal volunteer, the concentration of reducing agent and preparation time did not effect on the radiochemical yield. But in the patients, 10 mg of Stannous(II) chloride and 60 min incubation times was shown high radiochemical yield. Contrast agent has a significant effect on the radiochemical yield. Although the blood samples which were collected after seven days of diagnostic procedure did not effect on the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC, but the radiochemical yield of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC which was prepared with a sample of high concentration of contrast agent in blood led to low radiochemical yield. For these samples, the modified method showed high radiochemical yield than previous in vivo preparation method. The recommended method is followed. Blood collecting was performed at 30 minutes after injection of reducing agent, and it is centrifuged for removal of plasma. After addition of $^{99m}TcO^-_4$, sample reservoir was rotated. After addition of normal saline, and it is centrifuged for separation of saline. Then $^{99m}Tc$-labeled RBC was obtained after removal of saline.