• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1289-1295
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• 2000

Purpose : Recent evidence suggests a possible role for leukocytes in brain injury following ischemia and reperfusion. This study examined the temporal profile of ischemic tissue damage and leukocyte response after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) with reperfusion in the mouse. Methods : Focal cerebral ischemia was made by temporary occluding of the stem of the proximal MCA. Two groups of the mouse were investigated : (1) sham operation(n＝10), and (2)those having the arterial occlusion released after 90 minute(n＝20). By 4 hours(n＝10) and 24 hours(n＝10) after the onset of ischemia-reperfusion, fluorescein videoimages were under-taken in the pial venules of the mouse using a closed cranial window technique. Rhodamine 6G was administered as a $80-100{\mu}l/min$ i.v. loading dose and a $30-40{\mu}l/min$ i.v. maintenance dose in saline to selectively label circulating leukocytes. Neuropathologic evaluation for brain injury was accomplished using the histochemical stain 2,3,5-triphen-yltetrazolium chloride(TTC) and hematoxylin and eosin(H & E) stain. Results : The mean number of adherent leukocytes to cerebral venules in the 90 minutes MCAO and 24 hours reperfusion group were $306{\pm}24$ compared with $72{\pm}8$ in the sham operation group. In the TTC staining method, the cortical infarct affecting 34.8% of hemispheric volume were created in all of animals (n＝10) undergoing 90 minute MCAO with 24 hours reperfusion, but the infarcted area were not found in the other(sham operation and 90 minute MCAO with 4 hours reperfusion)groups. In the H & E stain, the brain tissue following 90 minute MCAO with 4 hours reperfusion revealed only a pyknosis of the nuclei with shrunken cytoplasm, but infiltrated leukocytes were not observed. After 24 hours of reperfusion, a many leukocytes were infiltrated within parenchyma and blood vessles. Conclusions : These findings demonstrate the feasiblity of continous in vivo monitoring of leukocyte adherence in cerebral venules and suggest that reperfusion induced leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium may contribute to tissue injury following focal cerebral ischemia.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.333-341
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• 1990

To investigate bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection in the cattle rearing in a dairy farm where a case of bovine lymphosarcoma had been identified several years ago, the 196 Holstein cattle including newborn calves to 12 years of age were tested. The BLV antibody test and peripheral lymphocyte count for bovine leukosis were carried out by the immunodiffusion (ID) test and Bendixen's Kep. These tests were performed 2 to 4 times at the interval of 3 to 5 months. The observed results were as follows: 1. The positive rates of BLV-antibody in the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd and the 4th tests were 23.3%, 28.1%, 49.0% and 55.7%, respectively. The conversion rates from negative to positive in the 2nd, the 3rd and the 4th tests were 8.9%, 41.4%, and 20.0%, respectively. Results showed that the highest conversion rate was observed at the 3rd test which was conducted after winter. The highest positive rate by ID test were observed in 4 year old cattle in the 1st and 2nd tests, and in 2 year old herd in the 3rd and 4th tests. 2. In hematological test by Bendixen's Key, the positive and suspicious rates in the 1st, the 2nd, the 3rd and the 4th tests were 5.8 and 7.8%, 8.3 and 6.6%, 8.7 and 10.1%, 10.8 and 19.6% respectively. Results showed that the positive and. suspicious rates increased in course of time. 3. 70 to 100% of the positive cattle in hematological test were positive for BLV-antibody test. All of 13 cattle with persistent lymphocytosis (PL) were also positive for BLV-antibody, indicating the high relationship between PL and BLV-antibody. 4. The number of total leukocytes and absolute lymphocytes in the BLV-antibody positive cattle appeared significantly higher than those of the negative cattle. The markedly increased cell counts were observed in the cattle over one year old. 5. The mean of total leukocytes and absolute lymphocytes in the negative cattle for BLV-antibody increased slightly after sero-conversion into positive. 6. In the clinical examinations during experimental periods, none of the 72 positive cattle for BLV-antibody showed any lesions for bovine leukosis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2013

Background: The discovery that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate proliferation, invasion and metastasis provides a principal molecular basis of tumor heterogeneity. Microvessel distribution is an important characteristic of solid tumors, with significant hypoxia occurring in the center of tumors with low blood flow. The distribution of miR-374a in breast tumors was examined as a factor likely to be important in breast cancer progression. Methods: Breast tissue samples from 40 patients with breast cancer were classified into two groups: a highly invasive and metastatic group (HIMG) and a low-invasive and metastatic Group (LIMG). Samples were collected from the center and edge of each tumor. In each group, six specimens were examined by microRNA array, and the remaining 14 specimens were used for real-time RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Correlation analysis was performed for the miRNAs and target proteins. Follow-up was carried out during 28 months to 68 months after surgery, and survival data were analyzed. Results: In the LIMG, the relative content of miR-374a was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge; in the HIMG, it was lower at the edge of the tumor, and miR-374a levels were lower in breast cancer tissues than in normal tissues. There was no difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA levels at the edge and center of the tumor; however, we observed a significant difference between VEGF-A and VCAM-1 protein expression levels in these two regions. There was a negative correlation between miR-374a and target protein levels. The microvessel density (MVD) was lower in the center of the tumor than at its edge in HIMG, but the LIMG vessels were uniformly distributed. There was a significant positive correlation between MVD and the number of lymph node metastases (Pearson correlation, r=0.912, P<0.01). The median follow-up time was 48.5 months. LIMG had higher rate of disease-free survival (100%, P=0.013) and longer median survival time (66 months) than HIMG, which had a lower rate of 75% and shorter median survival time (54 months). Conclusions: Our data demonstrated miR-374a to be differentially distributed in breast cancer; VEGF-A and VCAM-1 mRNA had coincident distribution, and the distribution of teh respective proteins was uneven and opposite to that for the miR-374a. These data might explain the differences in the distribution of MVD in breast cancer and variation in breast cancer prognosis.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.874-885
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• 2012

In the present study, the possibility of whether the pharmacological effects of Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts(SR) were favorably changed by report that lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced rat acute lung injury was treated with Red-Koji(Monascus purpureus 12002) fermentation. Three different dosages of Red-Koji fermented SR extract(fSR), 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg were orally administered once a day for 28 days before LPS(Escherichia coli 0111:B4) treatments, and then 5 hours after LPS treatment(500 ${\mu}g$/head, intra trachea instillation), all rats were sacrificed. Changes in the body weights, lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit, arterial gas parameters(pH, $PaO_2$ and $PaCO_2$) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) protein, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$) contents, total cell numbers, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung malondialdehyde(MDA), myeloperoxidase(MPO), proinflammatory cytokine TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents were observed with histopathology of the lung, changes on luminal surface of alveolus(LSA), thickness of alveolar septum, number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs). As results of LPS-injection, dramatical increases in lung weights, pulmonary transcapillary albumin transit increases in $PaCO_2$, decreases in pH of arterial blood and $PaO_2$, increases of BALF protein, LDH, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents, total cells, neutrophil and alveolar macrophage ratios, lung MDA, MPO, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ contents increases were detected with decreases in LSA and increases of alveolar septum and PMNs numbers, respectively as compared with intact control. Especially fSR 125 mg/kg showed quite similar favorable effects on the LPS-induced acute lung injuries as compared with 60 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid and 250 mg/kg of SR. The results suggest that over 125 mg/kg of fSR extracts showed favorable effects on the LPS-induced acute lung injury mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, increases of the pharmacological effects of SR on LPS-induced acute lung injury were observed by Red-Koji fermentation in this study, at least 2-fold higher.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2011

Glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone) has been shown to be effective in preventing and suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been recently shown that GA-reactive T cells migrate through the blood-brain barrier, accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS), secrete antiinflammatory cytokines and suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines of EAE and MS. Development of EAE requires coordinated expression of a number of genes involved in the activation and effector functions of inflammatory cells. Activation of inflammatory cells is regulated at the transcriptional level by several families of transcription factors. One of these is the nuclear factor kappa B ($NF{\kappa}B$) family which is present in a variety of cell types and involved in the activation of immune-relative genes during inflammatory process. Since it is highly activated at site of inflammation, $NF{\kappa}B$ activation is also implicated in the pathogenesis of EAE. In this study, we examined whether the inhibition of $NF{\kappa}B$ activation induced by GA can have suppressive therapeutic effects in EAE mice. We observed the expression of $NF{\kappa}B$ and phospho-$I{\kappa}B$ proteins increased in GA-treated EAE mice compared to EAE control groups. The immunoreactivity in inflammatory cells and glial cells of $NF{\kappa}B$ and phospho-$I{\kappa}B$ significantly decreased at the GA-treated EAE mice. These results suggest that treatment of GA in EAE inhibits the activation of $NF{\kappa}B$ and phophorylation of $I{\kappa}B$ in the CNS. Subsequently, the inhibition of $NF{\kappa}B$ activation and $I{\kappa}B$ phosphorylation leads to the anti-inflammatory effects thereby to reduce the progression and severity of EAE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.690-699
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance, immune status, organs weights, and microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and small intestine. Methods: A total of 120, 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into the following four treatment groups: corn-soy based basal diet (BD) without supplement (control), or the same BD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.5 g/kg SB (SB-0.5), or 1.0 g/kg SB (SB-1), respectively. Six birds/group were killed on d-21 and d-35, and samples were collected. Results: Cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-Phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and sheep red blood cells on d-35 was noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 compared to ZnB and control. Lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was attained by the supplemented groups. Thymus and spleen weighed more (p<0.05) in SB-1, and bursa registered more (p<0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to control. On d-21, areas of thymus medulla and spleen germinal centers were noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 group. The villus height and villus surface area increased (p<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d-21, and in SB-1 on d-35, respectively compared to ZnB and control. On d-21, number of goblet cells containing mucins of acidic nature increased (p<0.05) in all the segments of small intestines in SB-1 group compared to control, and on d-35 in ileum compared to other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, SB improved growth performance and immunity as well as modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broiler chickens.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.1771-1778
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 고지방식이로 비만 유도된 쥐를 대상으로 10주간 옻식초를 급여하였을 때 비만에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 옻식초는 무독화된 옻을 이용하여 알코올 발효 후 아세트산 발효를 거쳐 제조하였으며, 흰쥐를 일반식이(normal chow diet)와 고지방식이(fat 60 %kcal) 섭취군으로 나누어 12주 동안 비만 유도를 한 후 총 5군으로 나누었다. 일반식이와 정제수를 음용한 CON군, 고지방식이와 정제수를 음용한 OB-DW군, 고지방식이와 1% 아세트산을 음용한 OB-AA군, 고지방식이와 1% 옻식초를 음용한 OBRV군, 고지방식이와 0.1% 카페인 용액을 음용한 OB-CF군으로 나누어 총 10주 동안 해당 식이와 실험시료를 공급하였으며, 연구 종료 후 체중, 지방 무게, 지방구 크기 및 개수, 혈액과 간 조직의 지질 profile, 지방조직의 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase와 lipoprotein lipase(LPL) 효소 활성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 OB-DW군과 비교하여 OBRV군에서 체중 증가량과 식이효율이 유의적으로 감소하였고, 혈중 총 콜레스테롤과 중성지방 함량, 심장동맥경화지수(CRI), LPL 활성이 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 또한 혈중 유리지방산과 분변 중성지방의 함량이 유의성 있게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 항비만 효과를 살펴보기 위해 비만 흰쥐에게 옻식초를 음용시켰을 때 혈청이나 간의 지질 함량을 개선시키고 지질 배설을 증가시켜 부작용 없이 식품소재로서 비만을 일부 개선시키는 효과를 규명하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5275-5279
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• 2013

Background: The XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross complimenting group-I) gene in BER (base excision repair) pathway is essential for DNA repair process. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with variations in the repair efficiency which might predispose individuals to development of various cancers. Two variants of XRCC1gene (at codon 399), Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln, have been shown to be related to lowered DNA repair capacity and increased genomic instability in multiple studies. Hence our investigation focused on genotyping these variants to correlate with other multiple risk factors in lung cancer (NSCLC) patients since we hypothesized that these variants of the XRCC1 gene might influence disease susceptibility. Materials and Methods: We examined the frequency of the polymorphism in one hundred cases and an almost equal number of controls after recording their demographics with a structured questionnaire. Genomic DNA from blood samples was extracted for PCR studies, followed by RFLP to determine the variants. The significance of the data was statistically analyzed. Results: The three genotypes in cases and controls were Arg/Arg (40% and 54.45%); Gln/Gln (19% and 9.90%), and Arg/Gln (41.0% and 35.64%) respectively. Among these 3 genotypes, we found Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln to show association with lung cancer. Correlating these genotypes with several parameters, we also found that these two variants were associated with risk in males (p<0.05) and with smoking habits (p<0.05). In females Arg/Gln genotype showed association with stage of the disease (p=0.04). This is the first report in South Indian scenario where Arg399Gln genotypes were found to be associated with stage of the disease in females. Conclusions: It is concluded that XRCC1 genotypes Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln may influence cancer susceptibility in patients with smoking habits and these functional SNPs in XRCC1 gene may act as attractive candidate biomarkers in lung cancer for diagnosis and prognosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2014

Objective : Infectious spinal disease is regarded as an infection by a specific organism that affects the vertebral body, intervertebral disc and adjacent perivertebral soft tissue. Its incidence seems to be increasing as a result of larger proportion of the older patients with chronic debilitating disease, the rise of intravenous drug abuser, and the increase in spinal procedure and surgery. In Korea, studies assessing infectious spinal disease are rare and have not been addressed in recent times. The objectives of this study are to describe the epidemiology of all kind of spinal infectious disease and their clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as to assess the diagnostic methodology and the parameters related to the outcomes. Methods : A retrospective study was performed in all infectious spinal disease cases presenting from January 2005 to April 2010 to three tertiary teaching hospitals within a city of 1.5 million in Korea. Patient demographics, risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes were assessed. Risk factors entailed the presence of diabetes, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, immunosuppressants, remote infection, underlying malignancy and previous spinal surgery or procedure. We comparatively analyzed the results between the groups of pyogenic and tuberculous spinal infection. SPSS version 14 statistical software was used to perform the analyses of the data. The threshold for statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Results : Ninety-two cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Overall, patients of tuberculous spinal infection (TSI) and pyogenic spinal infection (PSI) entailed 20 (21.7%) and 72 (78.3%) cases, respectively. A previous spinal surgery or procedure was the most commonly noted risk factor (39.1%), followed by diabetes (15.2%). The occurrence of both pyogenic and tuberculous spondylitis was predominant in the lumbar spine. Discs are more easily invaded in PSI. At initial presentation, white cell blood count and C-reactive protein levels were higher in PSI compared to TSI (p<0.05). Etiological agents were identified in 53.3%, and the most effective method for identification of etiological agents was tissue culture (50.0%). Staphyococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated infective agent associated with pyogenic spondylitis, followed by E. coli. Surgical treatment was performed in 31.5% of pyogenic spondylitis and in 35.0% of tuberculous spondylitis cases. Conclusion : Many previous studies in Korea usually reported that tuberculous spondylitis is the predominant infection. However, in our study, the number of pyogenic infection was 3 times greater than that of tuberculous spinal disease. Etiological agents were identified in a half of all infectious spinal disease. For better outcomes, we should try to identify the causative microorganism before antibiotic therapy and make every effort to improve the result of culture and biopsy.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.590-598
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of Mahaenggamseok-tang-gagambang (MGTG) on airway hyper- responsiveness (AHR), immune cells, cytokines and lung tissue in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. C578L/6 mice were injected, inhaled and sprayed with OVA for 12 weeks (3times a week) for asthma sensitization and challenge. Two experimental groups were treated with different concentrations of MGTG (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) extract and cyclosporin A (10 mg/kg) for the later 8 weeks. Enhanced pause (Penh) levels were measured by whole body plethysmography. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometer in peripheral blood monocyte cell (PBMC) and lung cells. The IL-1b, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$, OVA-lgE, IL-4, IL-5, TNF-${\alpha}$ were analyzed by ELISA kit in serum and splenocyte+a-cCDS/a-CD28. Enhanced pause (Penh) levels of the MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on lung total cells were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The numbers of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $B220^+/CD22^+$, $B220^+/CD23^+$, $B220^+/lgE^+$, $CCR3^+$ cells were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The number of MGTG group (400 mg/kg) on $CD3^+/CD49b^+$ cells was decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The level of MGTG groups (400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$, OVA-lgE were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. The level of MGTG group (400 mg/kg) on IL-1b, IL-1S, OVA-lgE were decreased significantly compared with that of control group. These results demonstrate that MGTG could be a desirable alternative therapy for allergic asthma by inhibiting the expression of immune cells, the activation of inflammatory mediator.