• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1377-1384
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발시킨 횐쥐에게 methanol로 추출하여 분획한 참마의 $H_2O$ 분획물을 경구투여하고 selenium은 식이로 보충하여 당뇨시 14일간 혈당과 지질대사에 미치는 영향을 실험하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 당뇨대조군은 당뇨로 인한 대사상의 변화로 정상군과는 다른 대사적인 차이를 나타내었다. 전 실험 기간 중 횐쥐의 체중변화는 정상군에 비해 당뇨실험군 모두에서 유의적으로 감소되었으며 DJT-Se군에서 다른 당뇨실험군보다 적은 양의 체중감소를 보였다. 참마와 Se 보충식이에 따른 식이효율도 DJT-Se군에서 유의적인 차이는 아니었지만 다른 당뇨실험군에 비해 높았다. 장기 의 무게를 체중 100g당으로 환산하였을 때 간장과 신장의 무게는 정상군보다 유의적으로 비대해졌으며 비장은 당뇨실험군 모두에서 정상군보다 무게가 낮게, 췌장은 높게 나타났다. 혈장 포도당 수준은 당뇨실험군 중 DJT-Se군에서 유의적으로 낮아졌으며 인슐린의 함량 수준은 당뇨실험군 간의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 DJT-Se군에서 약간 높았다. 혈장단백질 수준은 당뇨대조군에 비해 당뇨실험군 모두에서 높게 나타났다. 혈장 지질 수준에 미치는 영향을 보면 혈장 cholesterol의 경우 당뇨대조군과 당뇨실험군 간의 큰 차이는 없었으나 당뇨실험군에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. HDL-cholesterol 수준은 모든 당뇨실험군에서 높게 나타났다. 중성지방의 경우는 DJT-Se군과 Se군에서 유의적으로 낮은 수준이었다. 유리지방산 함량은 정상군과 당뇨실험군 사이에 차이를 보이지 않았다. AST와 ALT 활성도는 군 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 당뇨대조 군에 비해 DJT군에서는 유의성을 보였다. 본 연구 결과 참마나 Se를 독립적으로 섭취하는 것 보다는 병용하여 보충하는 것이 항산화 작용의 상승효과를 보여주어 고혈당과 지방대사산물에 작용하여 혈당강하효과를 보일 것으로 생각된다. 참마의 혈당강하에 영향하는 생리활성성분과 Se보충에 의한 대사적인 변화에 대하여 더 구체적인 생화학적인 연구가 이루어져야 될 것으로 여겨진다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2010

본 연구는 비거세돈 12두를 이용하여 돼지 복강 및 피하지방 감소 후보 항체를 생체 주사 처리 시 체중, 분 소화율 및 혈액 대사물질 등 영양생리대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시하였다. Choi 등(2010)에서 개발된 돼지 복강 및 피하지방 감소 후보 항체를 피하 주사하였을 때 주사 후 4주까지 평균 체중은 수치적 증가가 발생했으나(P>0.05), 전 기간에 걸쳐 수치적 증가를 보여 항체의 처리로 인한 영향보다는 돼지의 일반적인 성장에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 항제 주사 처리 시 건물, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조섬유의 분 소화율은 항체 주사 전, 후 및 시험구 간의 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 조회분 소화율의 경우 항체 주사 후 2주째 control에서 감소를 및 4주째 NAb에서 증가를 보였으나(P< 0.05), AAb 및 SAb에서는 유의적 변화가 없었다. 혈액 대사물질의 변화에서는 항체 주사 후 4주의 AAb 및 SAb에서 BUN 농도가 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 하지만, 후보 항체 주사 전에서도 유사한 패턴으로 유의적 증가를 보여 항체 처리에 의한 차이보다는 개체간의 차이로 사료된다. 혈액 내 glucose 및 TG 농도는 후보 항체 처리에 의한 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다(P>0.05). 체지방 함량과 밀접한 관계에 있는 혈액 내 TC 농도에서는 control 대비 후보 항체 주사 후 4주차 AAb 및 SAb에서 유의적 감소가 나타나(P<0.05), 체지방 감소가 일어나고 있음을 간접적으로 추론할 수 있다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때, 본 연구에서 이용된 AAb 및 SAb는 in vivo 영양생리대사에 부정적 영향을 미치지 않는 안전한 항체로 판단된다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2014

Background: There is limited understanding of the effect of dietary components on the absorption of ginsenosides and their metabolites into the blood. Methods: This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of the ginseng extract and its main constituent ginsenoside Rb1 in rats with or without pretreatment with a prebiotic fiber, NUTRIOSE, by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. When ginsenoside Rb1 was incubated with rat feces, its main metabolite was ginsenoside Rd. Results: When the intestinal microbiota of rat feces were cultured in vitro, their ginsenoside Rd-forming activities were significantly induced by NUTRIOSE. When ginsenoside Rb1 was orally administered to rats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma drug concentratione-time curve (AUC) for the main metabolite, ginsenoside Rd, were $72.4{\pm}31.6ng/mL$ and $663.9{\pm}285.3{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. When the ginseng extract (2,000 mg/kg) was orally administered, Cmax and AUC for ginsenoside Rd were $906.5{\pm}330.2ng/mL$ and $11,377.3{\pm}4,470.2{\mu}g{\cdot}h/mL$, respectively. When ginseng extract was orally administered to rats fed NUTRIOSE containing diets (2.5%, 5%, or 10%), Cmax and AUC were increased in the NUTRIOSE receiving groups in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: These findings reveal that intestinal microflora promote metabolic conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 and ginseng extract to ginsenoside Rd and promote its absorption into the blood in rats. Its conversion may be induced by prebiotic diets such as NUTRIOSE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1377-1385
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the nutritive value of live yeast culture (RumiSacc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and to investigate its effects on milk yield, milk composition and some blood parameters in lactating cows. Six multiparous Holstein cows were allocated to two groups of three cows and assigned randomly to one of two diets in a cross-over experiment. Daily 50 g RumiSacc was top dressed at the p.m. feeding for the treatment group. RumiSacc supplied a high protein and energy with high organic matter digestibility values (83.35%) determined by in vitro enzymatic analysis. Yeast culture supplementation significantly increased milk yield, tended to increase fat yield, protein yield and lactose yield of milk. Methylated fatty acid level of 18:3 (n-3) in milk fat was increased by yeast culture supplementation. The concentrations of methionine, phenyalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and taurine were significantly increased with dietary inclusion of yeast culture. Live yeast culture supplementation did not affect other performance characteristics, milk quality characteristics and blood parameters. As a conclusion live yeast culture (RumiSacc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) had high nutritive value and positive effects on milk production and some milk quality characteristics in lactating cows under field conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.666-673
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the level of corn dry distillers grains with solubles (CDDGS) supplementation on growing performance, blood metabolites, digestion characteristics and ruminal fermentation patterns in steers grazing dormant forage. In Exp. 1, of growth performance, 120 steers ($204{\pm}5kg$ initial body weight [BW]) were distributed randomly into 3 groups (each of 40 steers), which were provided with the following levels of CDDGS supplement: 0%, 0.25%, or 0.50% BW. All groups of steers were grazed for 30 days in each of 3 grazing periods (March, April, and May). Approximately 1,000 ha of the land was divided with electric fencing into 3 equally sized pastures (333 ha in size). Blood samples were collected monthly from 20 steers in each grazing group for analysis of glucose (G), urea-nitrogen (UN) and non-esterified fatty acids. Final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and supplement conversion (CDDGS-C) increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05).The CDDGS supplementation also increased the plasma G and UN concentrations (p<0.05). In Exp. 2, of digestive metabolism, 9 ruminally cannulated steers ($BW=350{\pm}3kg$) were distributed, following a completely randomized design, into groups of three in each pasture. The ruminally cannulated steers were provided the same levels of CDDGS supplementation as in the growing performance study (0%, 0.25%, and 0.50% BW), and they grazed along with the other 40 steers throughout the grazing periods. The dry matter intake, crude protein intake, neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), apparent digestibility of dry matter (ADDM), crude protein (ADCP) and neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF) increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). The ruminal degradation rates of CP (kdCP), NDF (kdNDF) and passage rate (kp) also increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and propionate concentrations also increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). However, acetate concentrations decreased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation (p<0.05). Liquid dilution rate increased with increasing levels of CDDGS supplementation but ruminal liquid volume decreased (p<0.05). On the basis of these findings, we can conclude that CDDGS supplementation enhanced the productive performance of cattle grazing native rangeland without negatively affecting forage intake, glucose and urea-nitrogen blood concentrations, ruminal degradation and ruminal fermentation patterns.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.800-809
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different ratios of corn silage (CS): alfalfa hay (AH), and extruded soybeans (ESB) on milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and fatty acids in milk fat and plasma. Ninety multiparous Holstein cows were arranged in a randomized block design experiment which lasted 14 weeks. Treatments were arranged as a $3{\times}3$ factorial with 0%, 5% or 10% ESB (dry matter basis) and three forage treatments: I) 30% CS, 10% AH and 10% Leymus chinense hay (LC); ii) 20% corn silage, 20% alfalfa hay and 10% LC; iii) 10% CS, 30% AH and 10% LC. Cows were allowed to consume a total mixed ration ad libitum. There was no change of dry matter intake when cows were fed the experimental diets. As more AH was added to the diets, milk yield, milk protein content and yield, and trans9, cis11-conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) concentrations in milk fat and plasma increased. When ESB were supplemented to the diets, milk yield, and trans9, cis11-CLA concentration in milk fat and plasma increased. When 10% ESB was added to the diet containing 30% AH the trans9, cis11-CLA content (1.46 g/100 g of total fatty acids) in milk was the highest among all treatments. These results suggests that AH could replace part of a CS diet and be a good forage source of diet for dairy cows to improve milk yield and milk composition. Meanwhile, ESB could be included in the diet with high AH to improve production performance of dairy cows.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 1992

The influence of phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment (75 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 4 days) on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem (DTZ) and its metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem (DAD), was investigated in rats. DTZ was injected via femoral (3 mg/kg) or portal (10 mg/kg) vein to the control and PB-pretreated rats. DAD was also injected separately via femoral (3 mg/kg) vein to both groups of rats. The intrinsic hepatic plasma clearance of DTZ was found to be significantly increased (6.8-fold) by the PB pretreatment. However, the fraction of an intravenous DTZ dose converted to DAD $(F_mi)$ was only slightly (6%) increased and calculated metabolic rate constant of DTZ to DAD was not affected by the pretreatment. On the other hand, plasma free fraction of DTZ was increased (1.8-fold) from $4.24{\pm}0.25%$ to $7.45{\pm}0.54%$ by the pretreatment. However, the l.8-fold increase in the free fraction of DTZ would not explain the 6.8-fold increase in the hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ. Therefore, the increase in either the hepatic blood flow or the metabolism other than to DAD was expected as the probable mechanism(s) of the increased hepatic clearance of DTZ. Sequential metabolism of DAD to further metabolites, however, would be a more potential cause of the apparently unchanged metabolism of DTZ to DAD by the PB-pretreatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2007

Ten, first lactation, 87.5%HF dairy cattle were used to investigate effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on nutrient uptake by the mammary gland at different stages of lactation. Measurements of arterial plasma concentrations and arterial-venous differences of metabolites across the mammary gland were performed in combination with measurment of mammary blood flow to estimate the mammary uptake. Animals in experimental groups were injected subcutaneously every 14 days from day 60 of lactation with a prolonged-release formulation of 500 mg of rbST (POSILAC, Monsanto, USA) or with sterile sesame oil without rbST in the control group. During early lactation, the milk yield of rbST-treated animals was higher than that of the control animals (p<0.05). The peak milk yield in both groups of animals declined from the early period of lactation with progression to mid- and late-lactation. No significant changes were observed in the concentration of milk lactose, while the concentrations of milk protein significantly increased as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation in both groups. Milk fat concentrations were significantly higher in rbST-treated animals than in control animals, particularly in early lactation (p<0.05). Mammary blood flow (MBF) markedly increased during rbST administration and was maintained at a high level throughout lactation. The mean arterial plasma concentrations for glucose and acetate of rbST-treated animals were unchanged. The net mammary glucose uptake of rbST-treated animals increased approximately 20% during early lactation, while it significantly decreased (p<0.05), including the arteriovenous differences (A-V differences) and extraction ratio across the mammary gland, as lactation advanced to mid- and late-lactation. A-V differences, mammary extraction and mammary uptake for acetate increased during rbST administration and were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the control animals in early and mid-lactation. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and free glycerol were unchanged throughout the experimental periods in both groups. A-V differences and extraction ratio of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate across the mammary gland did not alter during rbST administration. Mean arterial plasma concentrations for free fatty acids ($C_{16}$ to $C_{18}$), but not for triacylglycerol, increased in rbST-treated animals and were significantly higher than in control animals during early lactation (p<0.01). These findings suggest that an increase in MBF during rbST administration would not be a major determinant in the mediation of nutrient delivery and uptake by the mammary gland for increased milk production. Local changes in biosynthetic capacity within the mammary gland would be a factor in the utilization of substrates resulting in the rate of decline in milk yield with advancing lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood hormones and metabolites in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. Four Hanwoo steers (average body wt. 270 kg, 13 month of age) equipped with rumen cannula were infused into rumens with 0.0 M (Water, C), 0.5 M (37 g/L, T1), 1.0 M (74 g/L, T2) and 1.5 M (111 g/L, T3) of propionate for 1 hour per day and allotted by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. On the 5th day of infusion, samples of rumen and blood were collected at 0, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min after intraruminal infusion of propionate. The concentrations of serum glucose and plasma glucagon were not affected (p>0.05) by intraruminal infusion of propionate. The serum insulin concentration at 60 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 than in C, while the concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) at 60 and 180 min after infusion was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the propionate treatments than in C. Hence, intraruminal infusion of propionate stimulates the secretion of insulin, and decreases serum NEFA concentration rather than the change of serum glucose concentration.

• 약학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.379-383
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• 2004

Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) has been used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B and drug-induced hepatitis through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and c ovalent binding of drug metabolites to lipids of microsomes. The bioequivalence of two DDB products was evaluated according to the guidelines of KFDA. The test product was Hepaphil soft capsule(R) made by KMS Pharm. Co. Containing 3 mg DDB and the reference product was Nissel tablet(R) made by Taerim Pharm. Co. Containing 25 mg DDB. Twenty healthy male subjects, 25.4(22~30) years old and 66.7(54~77)kg, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets or two capsules were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of DDB in plasma was determined using a validated HPLC method with UV detector. Two pharmacokinetic parameters, $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, were calculated and analyzed statistically for the evaluation of bioequivalence of the two products. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed parameter values. The 90% confidence intervals of $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were log 0.91~log1.00 and log 1.05~log 1.15, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.8 to log 1.25. Thus, the criteria of the KFDA guidelines for the bioequivalence was satisfied, indicating that Hepaphil soft capsule is bioequivalent to Nissel tablet.