• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.12 no.3_4
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• pp.55-59
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• 1997

Furfural, an organic solvent, is widely used as synthetic component material in producing chemical products. However, furfural has been reported that it shows strong toxicities to human being showing intense stimulus to skin, eyes, mucous membrane and nerve system. It is also known to cause anemia, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure and genetic toxicity in the human being working in the exposed area. LD$_{50}$ of furfural for peritoneal injected mouse has been known around 20mg/kg, but the acute toxicity on aquatic organisms such as fish, daphnid or algae are not well known, compared to those on rodents. In this experiment, we studied on the fish toxicity of furfural using Japanese Medaka (Orvzias latipes) and Common Carp (Cvprinus carpio). We also observed histological changes in the fish organs. The LC$_{50}$ were 12. Smg/L in Japanese Medaka and 21.8 mg/L in Common Carp, respectively. When Common Carps were exposed to 120mg/L of furfural concentration for 30 minutes, blood congestion in gills and lysis of secondary lamella were shown. Though the muscle of caudal fin was not completely eroded, its epidermic cells were shown to be necrotic in various parts. Tissue atrophy and cell necrosis were also shown in the liver of Common Carps exposed to furfural. From these results, furfural seems to cause histological damages on liver, an internal organ as well as on external organs such as gills and fins eventhough the fish were exposed for a short-term.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.600-609
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• 1995

Studies on the pharmaco-constituents from the leaves of Cercts chinensis which have been used for the treatment of inflammation, contusion, dilated blood, pain of heart and stomach, edema, etc. in Korean folk remedies were carried out. Dried leaves of the plant were extracted with MeOH. The MeOH extract was suspended in distilled water and subsequently fractionated with $Et_{2}O$ and n-BuOH. From the $Et_{2}O$ and n-BuOH fractions, six phenolic compounds were isolated and identified as myricitrin($C_{21}H_{20}O_{12}, {\;}m.p.{\;}199~200^{\circ}$. $4myricetin-3-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranoside$), kaempferol($C_{15}H_{10}O_{6}, {\;}m.p. 276^{\circ}$), quercetin($C_{15}Ha_{10}O_{7}, {\;}m.p.{\;}313~314^{\circ}$), quercitrin ($C_{21}H_{20}O_{12}, {\;}m.p.{\;}176~178^{\circ}, {\;}quercetin-3-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranoside$), gallicin ($C_{8}H_{8}O_{5}, {\;}m.p.{\;}202~203^{\circ}$. methyl gallate), gallic acid ($C_{7}H_{6}O_{5}, {\;}m.p.{\;}260~265^{\circ}) through their physico-chemical data and UV, IR, EI-MS, $^{13}C-NMR$, and $^{1}H-NMR$ analysis with authentics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.408-419
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• 1993

Subacute toxicities of DWH-Ol(Ranitidine : Bismuth : Sucralfate=1.5:2:6) were inverstigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. After oral administration of DWH-01 with different dosages of 5 g/kg, l g/kg, and 0.2 g/kg, we examined the number of deaths, general signs, food intake, water intake, body weight and histopatholgical changes for both sexes of rats. During the adminstration period, urinalysis and opthalmological examination were also performed in the treated animals. 1) Animals were all survived for 4 weeks. 2) There were no significant differences in pathological and opthalmological findings between the control and treated animals. 3) There were no significant changes in body weight, food intake and water intake compared with control group. 4) In hematological examination and blood chemical analysis, there was no significant change compared with control group. 5) In histopathological examinations of organs and tissues, there was some hemorrhage in a lung tissue of low dose group, but it was thought to be caused by environmental factor. These data suggest that DWH-01 is not subacutely toxic in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Nowadays, most major automobile manufacturers are very interested, and actively involved, in developing driver alcohol detection system for safety (DADSS) that serves to prevent driving under the influence. DADSS measures the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) from the driver's breath and limits the ignition of the engine of the vehicle if the BAC exceeds the reference value. In this study, to optimize the sensor array of the DADSS, we selected sensors by using three different methods, configured the sensor arrays, and then compared their performance. The Wilks' lambda, stepwise elimination and filter method (using a principal component) were used as the sensor selection methods [2,3]. We compared the performance of the arrays, by using the selectivity and sensitivity as criteria, and Sammon mapping for the analysis of the cluster type of each gas. The sensor array configured by using the stepwise elimination method exhibited the highest sensitivity and selectivity and yielded the best visual result after Sammon mapping.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.346-353
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• 2009

Glucose and protein in urine are among the important substances for urine analysis and have generally been measured based on a reagent strip test. In this study, these two substances were measured using mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy. Samples were prepared from a commercial synthetic urine product. Glucose and albumin were added as well as red blood cells, which are expected to create the most spectroscopic interference of any substance. Concentrations of these substances were varied independently. Optimal wavelength regions were determined from a partial least squares regression analysis (glucose 980 - 1150/cm, albumin 1400 - 1570/cm). Interference by other substances increased the differences between measured and predicted values. Albumin measurement in particular weres heavily influenced by the presence of glucose and red blood cells. Depending on the inference by other substances, measurement errors were 29.85${\sim}$45.19 mg/dl for a glucose level between 0 and 1000 mg/dl and 14.0${\sim}$93.11 mg/dl for an albumin level of 0 ${\sim}$ 500 mg/dl. Our study proposes an alternative to the chemical test-strip analysis, which shows only discrete concentration levels.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2012

The human exposure of lead has usually detected the amount of lead in the whole blood, however, this method has a shortcoming to give the information on the short-term exposure to lead. In that sense, it is desirable to estimates the level of lead in plasma to draw the chronic bio-marker of lead exposure even though it is difficult to measure lead of several ng/L. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was developed for determining lead in plasma as the chronic bio-marker of lead of workers. To minimize the contamination of lead from the environment, we constructed class 1,000 clean room and compared the amount of floating dust before and after the operation of the clean room. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of lead in fetal bovine serum were 4.3 ng/L and 12.2 ng/L by NIOSH method (statistical calculation method) and 7.0 ng/L and 22.1 ng/L by signal/noise ratio, respectively. The accuracy was in a range of 92.3-101.3%, and the precision of the assay was less than 4% in the samples spiked in the concentration of 20 ng/L and 2,000 ng/L. The method was simple, reproducible and sensitive enough to permit reliable analysis of lead to the ng/L level in plasma and/or serum. The method was also useful for the biological monitoring of chronic exposure to lead.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.479-486
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• 2010

The purposes of this study are to investigate the description of scientifically debatable carbonic acid in the Korean high school textbooks, characterize the physical properties of 'carbonic acid solutions' by using an MBL set-up and compare the properties with textual ones. Four different aqueous solutions of carbon dioxide have been prepared and analyzed: naturally aerated aqueous solution, dry ice-dissolving solution, $CO_2$-bubbling solution and commercial carbonic acid water. Experimental findings showed that pH and conductivity of these 4 solutions ranged from 3.85 to 5.66 and from 0.21 ${\mu}S$/cm to 272.1 ${\mu}S$/cm, respectively. Out of these solutions, the dissociation constant($K_{a1}$) of the bubbling solution at room temperature could be calculated to $5.7{\times}10^{-7}$ which value is comparable to the textual $4.3{\times}10^{-7}$ within experimental errors, which means that textual compound is not pure carbonic acid but the equilibrated mixture of carbonic acid and the aqueous solution of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, textual analysis showed that most of high school textbooks used carbonic acid as an example of weak acid and buffer solution of the blood but none of them distinguished the carbonic acid from the aqueous solution of carbon dioxide. Only one textbook, however, tiered two species in the chemical equation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2001

Recently, biochemical analysis using hemoglobin adduct is frequently performed to evaluate the exposure to chemical carcinogens. However, data on the effect of co-exposure with other chemicals on hemoglobin adduct formation are seldom provided. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of pretreatment of ethanol(EtOH) and phenobarbital(PB), which are known to affect metabolism of xenobiotics, on the formation of hemoglobin adducts in the rats(Sprague-Dawley) administered benzidine(BZ). The experimental rats were divided into control, EtOH, and P8 groups. Rats were pretreated with EtOH or PB 24 hours before the oral administration of BZ. Blood sampling was taken before the administration of the chemicals and 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 144 hours after the administration of the BZ in 5 rats each. The blood was separated into hemoglobin and plasma immediately after taking the blood samples, and the adducts were undergone basic hydrolysis to convert them into aromatic amines. Hydrolyzed BZ, monoacetylbenzidine (MABZ), and 4-aminobiphenyl(4ABP) were separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography without derivatization, and quantitative analyses of them were performed by a highperformance liquid chromatograph equipped with electrochemical detector. The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by hemoglobin binding index(HBI), BZ-, MABZ-, and 4ABP-HBI of EtOH and PB groups were increased more than those of control group. These results are attributable to the fact that EtOH and PB induced N-hydroxylation related to the hemoglobin adduct formation. The ratio of N-acetylation (viz, MABZ-HBI/BZ-HBI) showed no significant difference between EtOH group and control group. It means that EtOH increased N-hydroxylation and N-acetylation in a similar degree. The N-acetylation ratio of PB group was relatively lower than control group because the PB increased N-hydroxylation induction. The N-acetylation ratios of all groups were higher than 1 during the entire experimental period. This result suggests that the effects of EtOH or PB need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring for the assessment of intermittent exposure of benzidine.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.407-416
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to investigate the feed value of dried aloe leaf meal and the changes of blood values in growing pigs A total of 48 three crossbred pig(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Hampshire) weighing average 25kg initially were randomly distributed into 12 groups of 4 heads(2 females and 2 males) each There groups were alloted on one of the following 3 dietary treatment : non-supplumented diet (control group), diet supplemented with 3% of dried aloe leaf meal(Aloe 3% group), diet supplemented with 6% dried aloe leaf meal(Aloe 6% group). The results obstained in feeding trial for 6 weeks and analysis of blood were summarized as follows : 1. In the chemical composition of dried aloe leaf meal contents of crude protein and crude ash were 9.43% and 15.10%, respectively. Amino acid composition was also inferior to other grain and bran feeds. 2. Daily gain of control, Aloe 3% and 6% groups were 740.5, 658.1 and 197.1 g respectively. Three were significant difference in daily gain among groups( p<0.05) and tended to be decreased with increasing levels of dried aloe leaf meal. 3. Daily feed intake of control, Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups were 1,960.5, 1,737.0 and 1,123.0 g, respectively. There were significant differences in daily feed intake among treatments(p<0.05) and tended to be decreased with increasing levels of dried aloe leaf meal. 4. Feed efficiency of control, Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups were 2.72, 2.63 and 5.70 respectively. Feed efficiency for pig fed diet supplemented with 3% of dried aloe leaf meal was a little superior to control, although no statistical difference was obstained between two treatments. 5. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract and extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher for control group than for Aloe 3% and Aloe 6% groups. But there were no significant differences in digestibility of crude fat and crude fiber between control and Aloe 3% groups. 6. There were no difference between aloe leaf meal administrated groups and control group in blood picture and serum chemistry.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.647-659
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• 2023

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of correct occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) on intracardiac blood flow and thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed phantoms. Materials and Methods: Three life-sized 3D-printed left atrium (LA) phantoms, including a pre-occlusion (i.e., before the occlusion procedure) model and correctly and incorrectly occluded post-procedural models, were constructed based on cardiac computed tomography images from an 86-year-old male with long-standing persistent AF. A custom-made closed-loop flow circuit was set up, and pulsatile simulated pulmonary venous flow was delivered by a pump. 4D flow MRI was performed using a 3T scanner, and the images were analyzed using MATLAB-based software (R2020b; Mathworks). Flow metrics associated with blood stasis and thrombogenicity, such as the volume of stasis defined by the velocity threshold ($\left|\vec{V}\right|$ < 3 cm/s), surface-and-time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), were analyzed and compared among the three LA phantom models. Results: Different spatial distributions, orientations, and magnitudes of LA flow were directly visualized within the three LA phantoms using 4D flow MRI. The time-averaged volume and its ratio to the corresponding entire volume of LA flow stasis were consistently reduced in the correctly occluded model (70.82 mL and 39.0%, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (73.17 mL and 39.0%, respectively) and pre-occlusion (79.11 mL and 39.7%, respectively) models. The surfaceand-time-averaged WSS and ECAP were also lowest in the correctly occluded model (0.048 Pa and 4.004 Pa^-1, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (0.059 Pa and 4.792 Pa^-1, respectively) and pre-occlusion (0.072 Pa and 5.861 Pa^-1, respectively) models. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a correctly occluded LAA leads to the greatest reduction in LA flow stasis and thrombogenicity, presenting a tentative procedural goal to maximize clinical benefits in patients with AF.