• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.240-257
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• 2023

The industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is characterized by intelligent connection, real-time data processing, collaborative monitoring, and automatic information processing. The heterogeneous IIoT devices require a high data rate, high reliability, high coverage, and low delay, thus posing a significant challenge to information security. High-performance edge and cloud servers are a good backup solution for IIoT devices with limited capabilities. However, privacy leakage and network attack cases may occur in heterogeneous IIoT environments. Cloud-based multi-party computing is a reliable privacy-protecting technology that encourages multiparty participation in joint computing without privacy disclosure. However, the default cloud selection method does not meet the heterogeneous IIoT requirements. The server can be dishonest, significantly increasing the probability of multi-party computation failure or inefficiency. This paper proposes a blockchain and smart contract-based optimized cloud node selection framework. Different participants choose the best server that meets their performance demands, considering the communication delay. Smart contracts provide a progressive request mechanism to increase participation. The simulation results show that our framework improves overall multi-party computing efficiency by up to 44.73%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.179-188
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• 2018

Recently, blockchain technology has been recognized as one of the most important issues for the 4th Industrial Revolution which can be represented by Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things. Cryptocurrency, named Bitcoin, was the first successful implementation of blockchain, and it triggered the emergence of various cryptocurrencies. In addition, blockchain technology has been applied to various applications such as finance, healthcare, manufacturing, logistics as well as public services. Distributed consensus algorithm is an essential component in blockchain, and it enables all nodes belonging to blockchain network to make an agreement, which means all nodes have the same information. For example, Bitcoin uses a consensus algorithm called Proof-of-Work (PoW) that gives possession of block generation based on the computational volume committed by nodes. However, energy consumption for block generation in PoW has drastically increased due to the growth of computational performance to prove the possession of block. Although many other distributed consensus algorithms including Proof-of-Stake are suggested, they have their own advantages and limitations, and new research works should be proposed to overcome these limitations. For doing this, above all things, we need to establish an evaluation method existing distributed consensus algorithms. Based on this motivation, in this work, we suggest and analyze assessment items by classifying them as efficiency and safety perspectives for investigating existing distributed consensus algorithms. Furthermore, we suggest new assessment criteria and their implementation methods, which can be used for a baseline for improving performance of existing distributed consensus algorithms and designing new consensus algorithm in future.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.139-150
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• 2019

IoT(Internet of Things) security is becoming increasingly important because IoT potentially has a variety of security threats, including limited hardware specifications and physical attacks. This paper is a study on the certification technology suitable for the lightened IoT environment, and we propose a system in which many gateways share authentication information and issue authentication tokens for mutual authentication using blockchain. The IoT node can be issued an authentication token from one gateway to continuously perform authentication with a gateway in the block-chain network using an existing issued token without performing re-authentication from another gateway participating in the block-chain network. Since we do not perform re-authentication for other devices in a blockchain network with only one authentication, we proposed multi phase authentication consisting of device authentication and message authentication in order to enhance the authentication function. By sharing the authentication information on the blockchain network, it is possible to guarantee the integrity and reliability of the authentication token.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 2019

As Internet voting can take place regardless of a voter's location, the participation rate of the voters would be increased and economic costs will be reduced. But the drawback of it is that all participants have to trust the election management server. If the server colludes with the specific candidate, the other candidates cannot prove rigged election. In addition, majority of researches on Internet voting are mainly focused on the voting restricted by the region and the country. Thus, it's not appropriate for the election in Internet community such as YouTube channels. As the Internet community is composed of members from all around the world, the new type of voting model is needed. In this study, we propose the smart contract based Internet voting model applicable on the blockchain network. The proposed smart contract model consists of candidate registration, voter registration, voting and counting stages. In the proposed model, anonymity of the voter is assured in the voter registration and voting stages, and all candidates can confirm the fairness of the election in the counting stage.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2023

With the growth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies, the number of IoT devices developers need to manage has increased exponentially. Many IoT standards have been proposed to allow those devices to communicate efficiently in day-to-day tasks. However, we lack trusted interworking entities for devices from different standards to collaborate securely. This paper proposes a blockchain platform that bridges multiple heterogeneous IoT platforms to co-exist and interwork. Specifically, we designed an interworking proxy application entity (IPE) implemented as a chaincode in Hyperledger Fabric to collect and process data coming from/to oneM2M and LWM2M architecture. The use of blockchain will guarantee network reliability and data integrity so that cross-standard communications can be audited and processed securely. Based on our evaluation, we show that the interworking between oneM2M and LWM2M through our blockchain platform is feasible. Furthermore, the proposed system can process up to 206 transactions per second with 1,000 running applications, which is about an 87% increase from the previously referenced study.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2019

It is changing to the 4^th Industrial Revolution rapidly as the information age through the Internet is changing, and it is rapidly changing to the era of the IoT using all things. In education, with the change to the Internet of Things, interest in education for the 4th Industrial Revolution is increasing. It is necessary to change from NetPBL method using Internet to T-PBL using Triz. In this paper, we focus on the task-based learning (T-PBL) method using Triz and examine the necessity and importance of its use. We propose a teaching model using Triz as a tool for T-PBL. Triz is being used as a tool to solve problems in creative ways. We will design a model applying Triz to the blockchain system security class related to the IoT.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.254-266
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• 2021

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMTs) are to be considered an investment and an improvement to respond effectively and efficiently to patient needs, as it reduces healthcare costs, provides the timely attendance of medical responses, and increases the quality of medical treatment. However, IoMT devices face exposure from several security threats that defer in function and thus can pose a significant risk to how private and safe a patient's data is. This document works as a comprehensive review of modern approaches to achieving security within the Internet of Things. Most of the papers cited here are used been carefully selected based on how recently it has been published. The paper highlights some common attacks on IoMTs. Also, highlighting the process by which secure authentication mechanisms can be achieved on IoMTs, we present several means to detect different attacks in IoMTs

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.179-185
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• 2018

Technology of Internet of Things (IoT) which is receiving the spotlight recently as a new growth engine of Information Communications Technology (ICT) industry in the $4^{th}$ Industrial Revolution needs trustworthiness beyond simple technology of security. IoT devices should consider trustworthiness from planning and design of IoTs so that everyone who develop, evaluate and use the device can measure and trust its security. Increased number of IoTs and long lifetime result in the increased securituy vulnerability due to the difficulty of software patch and update. In this paper, we investigated security and scalability issues of current IoT devices through research of the technical, political and industrial trend of IoT. In order to overcome the limitations, we propose an automatic verification of software integrity utilizing and a political solution to apply cyber killchain based security mechanism using hash which is an element technology of blockchain to solve these problems.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2021

In this study, the effect of user characteristics and technical characteristics of a blockchain-based financial platform on the intention to use of financial consumers was analyzed. Also, in this influence relationship, we analyzed what kind of causal relationship between relative advantage and perceived risk on intention to use. From June 1 to July 30, 2021, a non-face-to-face self-filling online survey was conducted with a sample of subjects who had experience using a financial platform grafted with blockchain technology, and the study was conducted in 187 copies. For statistical processing, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and 3-step mediated regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0 program. The significance level of the statistical value was set to less than 95%. The research results are as follows. First, it was found that innovativeness and usefulness affect the intention to use in the user characteristics. Second, in the technical characteristics, compatibility and reliability were found to affect the intention to use. Third, it was found that relative advantage and perceived risk play a partial mediating role in the relationship between user characteristics and intention to use. Fourth, it was found that relative advantage and perceived risk play a partial mediating role in the relationship between technical characteristics and intention to use. Fifth, it was found that there were differences in the ubiquity of user characteristics, compatibility of technical characteristics and intention to use according to the experience of using the certificate. The results of this study can contribute to the development of a financial platform based on the Internet of Things.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Recently, epidemic of covid-19 causes rapid increase in demand for untact video conferences. In existing server-client based video conference systems such as Zoom, Google Meet, etc., the server generates the conference key and controls the access rights of meeting members and their contents with it. In this case, the server can fabricate or repudiate the meeting. So, the privacy of the meeting members is not guaranteed. It's necessary to make the conference key distribution scheme where all participants can verify the trustfulness without help of the server. The smart contract is the program stored to the blockchain. Its contents cannot be altered due to the property of the blockchain, and everybody can verify the execution results of it. In this study, we propose the smart contract based conference key distribution scheme. The proposed scheme is consisted of smart contract deployment, conference key generation and verification stages. The smart contract replaces the role of existing trustful server and the meeting members can generate the conference key according to the protocols implemented on it. The proposed scheme can be applied to the video conference systems and only the meeting members can access the conference key.