• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.9
• /
• pp.1213-1220
• /
• 2010

This experiment evaluated the effects of dietary lysine restriction and energy density on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of finishing pigs. A $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized in a randomized complete block (RCB) design, and factor 1 was lysine restriction and factor 2 was energy density. The control diet was formulated to contain 3.265 Mcal of ME/kg, 0.75% lysine in the early-finishing phase and 3.265 Mcal of ME/kg, 0.60% lysine in the late-finishing phase and other nutrients met or exceeded NRC (1998) standards. Compared to the control diet (CON), lysine levels of experimental diets were restricted to 15% (treatment EL, EEL) or 30% (treatment ELL, EELL), whereas energy level of experimental diets was increased by 0.100 or 0.200 Mcal of ME/kg. A total of 100 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), with average initial body weight of $58.47{\pm}1.42\;kg$, were allotted to 5 dietary treatments based on sex and body weight. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 4 pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per pen. ADG, ADFI and feed efficiency were calculated in an 8-week growth trial. In the late finishing period (5-8 weeks), pigs fed ELL or EELL diets had decreased ADG and feed efficiency (p<0.01), however, when the EEL diet was provided, a similar growth performance was observed compared to those fed the CON diet during the whole experimental period (p>0.05). In a metabolic trial, 15 pigs were used to evaluate the effect of dietary lysine restriction and energy density on nutrient digestibility. The digestibility of dry matter, crude fat and crude ash was not improved by restricting dietary lysine or energy density. However, crude protein digestibility was decreased (p<0.05) as dietary lysine was restricted. When dietary lysine was restricted, fecal nitrogen was increased whereas nitrogen retention was decreased. BUN concentration was affected by dietary lysine restriction; treatments ELL and EELL had higher BUN values than other treatments (p<0.01). Carcass characteristics and meat quality were measured when average body weight of pigs reached $107.83{\pm}1.50\;kg$. Treatment ELL had higher last rib backfat depth (p<0.05) than treatment CON, but ELL and EEL did not differ significantly. The ELL and EEL treatments had higher (p<0.05) subjective marbling score than treatment CON. Treatment EEL showed higher longissimus fat content than treatment EL and CON (p<0.01). The results indicated that finishing pigs fed a diet with 15% lysine restriction and 3.465 Mcal of ME/kg energy density had no detrimental effects on growth performance and N utilization, and could achieve substantial increases in marbling and longissimus fat content of pork.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.232-236
• /
• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.12
• /
• pp.1763-1769
• /
• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to examine the production and quality of cassava hay and its utilization in diets for dairy cows. In experiment I, a $2{\times}2$ Factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications was carried out to determine the effects of different initial (IC) and subsequent cutting (SC) on yield and composition of cassava plant. The results revealed that cassava could produce from 4 to 7 tonne of DM and 1.2 to 1.6 tonne of CP for the first six months after planting. CP content in cassava plant ranged from 20.8 to 28.5% and was affected by different SC regimes. Condensed tannin in cassava foliage ranged from 4.9 to 5.5%. Initial cutting at 2 months with subsequent cutting at 2 month intervals was the optimal to obtain high dry matter and protein yield. In the second experiment, five crossbred Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation with an initial live-weight of 505${\pm}6.1kg$ and average milk yield of 10.78${\pm}1.2kg/d$ were randomly assigned in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design to study the effects of 2 levels of CH (1 and 2 kg/hd/d) and concentrate (1 to 2 kg of milk and 1 to 3 kg of milk) on milk yield and milk composition. The results showed that cassava hay increased rumen $NH_3-N$ and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (p<0.05). Cassava hay tended to increase milk production and 4% FCM. Milk protein increased in cows fed cassava hay (p<0.05). Moreover, cassava hay could reduce concentrate levels in dairy rations thus resulting in increased economic returns. Cassava hay can be a good source of forage to reduce concentrate supplementation and improve milk quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted on a commerce silt loam soil at paddy field in the southwestern Korea ($36^{\circ}N$ lat). In the study of planting time, seed were hand planted at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July, and at 24 May, 14 June and 5 July in 2005, respectively. Two seedlings plants per hill were taken prior to V3 stage. Fertilizer was applied prior to plant at a rate of 3.0 - 3.0 - 3.4 g (N - P - K) per square meter. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with three replications. Yield was significantly affected by different of the planting times and cultivars. The seed yield in planting time was the highest on late in May 24 but was the lowest on July 5. Also, the plant time significantly affected on increasing pod and seed number and seed weight. The days from emergence to flowering and maturity was reducing tendency with late planting time. The highest and lowest total dry matter production per square meter appeared at late in May and early in July with planting time, respectively. RGR, LAR and SLA was increased with late planting time. Photosynthetic rate at each planting time was not significant on the expanded the highest leaf position but at seed development stage, it was higher photosynthetic rate at May 24 than that of late planting time on $7^{th}$ laef position from the basal part.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) sources and levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 crossbred pigs ([$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$]${\times}$Large White) with average $28.5{\pm}0.2kg$ BW were allotted to 7 treatments on the basis of sex and weight in two replicates and four pigs per pen. A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Two sources of Se (selenite Se or Se-enriched yeast) were added at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg to each treatment diet. A basal diet without Se supplementation was the seventh treatment group. Three pigs per treatment were randomly selected and samples of loin, liver, pancreas and a kidney were collected, frozen and later analyzed for Se. The digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the apparent absorption and retention of Se and availability of other nutrients. Growth performance was not affected by dietary sources and levels of Se. No growth retardation was observed in the 0.5 mg/kg dietary Se treatment group regardless of Se sources. The Se concentration of serum in Se supplemented groups was increased compared with the control group (p<0.01). During the growing and finishing phase, Se in serum was clearly increased when organic Se was provided (p<0.01). Interaction of Se source ${\times}$ Se level was observed in Se concentration of loin, liver and pancreas of the pigs at the end of experiment. Selenium retention in the liver, kidney, pancreas and loin of pigs was increased as dietary Se level increased and was higher when pigs were fed organic Se resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary Se sources or levels. No dietary Se source ${\times}$ Se level interaction was observed in nutrient digestibility. The results from this experiment indicated that dietary Se sources and levels affected the distribution of Se in the body of growing-finishing pigs. Organic source of Se, such as Se-enriched yeast resulted in higher serum and tissue Se concentration compared to inorganic form, while no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility were observed from dietary Se supplementation in growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.61-66
• /
• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.105-109
• /
• 2004

Field studies were conducted in the southeastern Korea ($36^{\circ}$N) on a commerce silt loam soil at paddy field. Seed were manually planted on 16 July 2003. Plants were planted with plant densities of 70${\times}$10 cm (row width x plant spacing), 50 x 10 cm, and 30 ${\times}$10 cm. Two seedlings per hill were taken prior to V3 stage. Fertilizer was applied prior to plant at a rate of 30-30-34 kg (N-$\textrm{P}_2\textrm{O}_5$-$\textrm{K}_2\textrm{O}$) per ha. Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split plot arrangement with three replications. Yield from different planting densities responded similarly in three soybean cultivars and increased when planting density increased. Somyeongkong showed the highest increasing rate of yield about 26% by 338 g $\textrm{m}^{-2}$ at 30 x l0 cm compared to yield of conventional planting density (70 x 10 cm). Also, the planting density significantly affected pod and seed number and seed weight, but not seed per pod. The tallest plant appeared at 30${\times}$10 cm. The change of leaf area according to days after emergence showed differently in soybean cultivars. The highest and lowest total dry matter production per square meter appeared at 30 x 10 cm and at 70 x 10 cm, respectively. Crop growth rate (CGR) showed greater at R3∼R4 stages compared with V7∼R2 or R2∼R3 growth stages and showed the greatest at 30 x 10 cm in three soybean cultivars. As late planted soybean, there was a significant relation between seed yield and CGR, and leaf area index (LAI) according to planting densities at before and after the flowering stage. Relationship between seed yield and CGR in three planting densities showed a highly significant positive relation ($\textrm{R}^2$=0.757) at R3 to R4 stages, and significant relations ($\textrm{R}^2$=0.505, 0.617) at V7 to R2 and V2 to V3. Also, there was a highly significant positive difference between seed yield and LAI during R3 to R4 and R2 to R3 stages.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2006

The PET scanner can detect the photon pair arriving from the source in phantom. The number of light photons released by the crystal(scintillator-BGO or LSO). In recent scintillation crystals in block structures were incorporated into full ring systems, and their resulted marked improvement in spatial resolution and increase in a sensitivity to annihilations. The uniformity of the crystal sensitivity is very important to makes correct information of abnormal states in organs. These factors influenced by the dection efficiency of the scintillators. We have study about the uniformity of crystals to the annihilation, And study about the standard deviation to average counts. The relative standard deviation in central detector groups more uniformed than circumferenced detector groups. It is caused detected quanta of gamma ray by the geometrical factors of PET detector. PET cameras are available with different geometric arrangement and several parallel rings oriented in the axial direction. The center groups from 7th to 40th groups are comparatively uniform and sensitive. But at the circumferenced detectors decreased the sensitivity and uniformity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2010.02a
• /
• pp.362-362
• /
• 2010

Today, vast attention has been paid to periodic arrays of nanostructures due to their potential for applications such as memory with huge storage density. Such application requires large-scale fabrication of well ordered nano-sized structures. One of the most widely used methods for the ordered nanostructures is lithography. This top-down process, however, has the limit to reduce size. Here the promising alternative is the self-organization of ordered nano-sized structures such as large scale 2d carbon-induced reconstructions on W(110). In the present study, we report on the first well-resolved atomic resolution STM studies of the well-known R($15{\times}3$) and R($15{\times}12$) carbon induced reconstruction of the W(110). From the atomic image of R($15{\times}3$) for different values of tunneling gap resistance, we can tell there are no missing atoms in unit cells of R($15{\times}3$) and some atomic displacements are substantial from the clean W(110), even though not all the imaged position of atoms correspond to tungsten, but may include those of carbon. We are considering two cases; First case is related to lattice deformation, or top layer of W(110) is deformed in the process of relief of strain caused by random inserting of carbon atoms possibly in the interstitial position. In the second case, R($15{\times}3$) unit cell results from a coincidence lattice between clean W(110) substrate and tungsten carbide overlayer which has rectangular atomic arrangement and giving R($15{\times}3$) coincidence lattice. beta-W2C showing rectangular unit cell should be a candidate. Further, we report on new reconstructions. Unlike the well-known R($15{\times}12$) consisting of two parts, two inner structures between two "Backbone" structures. The new reconstruction, which we found for the first time, contains more parts between the "Backbone"s. Sometimes we can observe the reconstruction consists of only inner parts without "Backbone" parts. Thus, the observed reconstruction can be built by constructing of two types of "Lego"-like block. Moreover, the rectangle shape of "Backbone" transform to parallelogram-like shape over time, the so-called wavy-R($15{\times}12$). Adsorption of hydrogen can be the reason for this transformation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.11
• /
• pp.1725-1733
• /
• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase in terms of digestibility of feed, nitrogen balance, growth performance and blood parameters. Methods: Experiment I involved 24 crossbred entire male pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of $18.28{\pm}0.7kg$ and used a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 treatments (fish meal, FM; soybean protein concentrate, SPC; and soybean meal, SBM) and 8 replicates, with 1 pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 1,843 crossbred male and female pigs with an initial BW of $6.79{\pm}0.90kg$ and was based on a completely randomized design with a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (2 sexes and 3 protein sources) and 13 replicates. Results: The results of Exp. I indicate effects (p<0.05) of dietary protein sources on digestible protein (FM, 17.84%; SPC, 16.72%, and SBM, 18.13%) and on total nitrogen excretion (TNE, $g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$) in which pigs fed with SBM-based feed had TNE values that were 5.36% and 3.72% greater than SPC and FM, respectively. In the Exp. II, there was difference (p<0.01) between sexes in the pre-starter I and starter phases, and total period in average daily feed intake (ADFI), which were greater in females, and between the protein sources, ADFI, final weight and daily weight gain. For urea in the pre-starter II and starter phases and glucose in the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (p<0.05) between protein sources and between sexes, in starter phase in urea concentrations (females: 57.11 mg/dL and males: 50.60 mg/dL). Conclusion: The use of SBM as only protein source influences larger TNE ($g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$), reduces the growth performance of piglets and increases plasma urea concentrations in prestarter II phase.