• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.7-26
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• 2012

Nakseonjae in Changdeokgung Palace was established at The King Hunjong's 13rd year (1847), the mid-19th century. It was constructed for own rests of King Hunjong and the residence of Kyungbin (king's concubines), and is showing features of upper-class houses from several points such as rustic architectural types by getting out of authoritative aspects as king's shelter space within the palace, block and floor distribution that separated spaces for men and women, simplicity in structures and styles, and non-colorful painting etc. This study aims at tracing on which architectural types did the upper-class houses within Hanyang (modern Seoul) at late Joseon Dynasty have and what was characteristics of Nakseonjae. The resemblance between Nakseonjae and the upper-class houses was very little differences from scale aspects, and floor plan shapes of Anchae (women's quarters) and Sarangchae (men's quarters) were followed basic common styles. Also, resemblance could be confirmed in the structural styles too. Characteristics of Nakseonjae are showing apparent differences from clearance compositions such as hall configuration etc. Nakseonjae was king's dwelling place, and spaces for house's collateral functions such as kitchen, stable, and warehouse etc together with shrine were unnecessary, and such places were substituted into servants' quarters for assisting the Royal family. In detailed structural styles, column's size was larger 3cm or more than the upper-class houses, and its height was higher to the degree of 30~60cm. Besides, formality as king's shelter space was raised more in decorating aspects, and Nakseonjae was implemented by getting architectural influences from Qing Dynasty of China. This study induced features of Hanyang's upper-class houses at the 19th century by supplementing distribution and space configurations at existing cases of Seoul and Gyeonggi area together with house diagrams having been collected by Gaokdohyung (site and floor plan) of Jangseogak Library, and confirmed resemblances and differences with Nakseonjae, that is, features of Nakseonjae. Through the result, this study judges a fact that architecture of Nakseonjae seemed to be affected from conveniences of upper-class houses within Hanseong, and also architectural styles and distribution types of Nakseonje would give influences to the upper-class houses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.1725-1731
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• 2020

Objective: An initial RNA-Sequencing study revealed that UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) was one of the most promising candidates for milk protein concentration in Chinese Holstein cattle. This enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose, an important step in galactose catabolism. To further validate the genetic effect of GALE on milk protein traits, genetic variations were identified, and genotypes-phenotypes associations were performed. Methods: The entire coding region and the 5'-regulatory region (5'-UTR) of GALE were re-sequenced using pooled DNA of 17 unrelated sires. Association studies for five milk production traits were performed using a mixed linear animal model with a population encompassing 1,027 Chinese Holstein cows. Results: A total of three variants in GALE were identified, including two novel variants (g.2114 A>G and g.2037 G>A) in the 5'-UTR and one previously reported variant (g.3836 G>C) in an intron. All three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with milk yield (p<0.0001), fat yield (p = 0.0006 to <0.0001), protein yield (p = 0.0232 to <0.0001) and protein percentage (p<0.0001), while no significant associations were detected between the SNPs and fat percentage. A strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.96 to 1.00) was observed among all three SNPs, and a 5 Kb haplotype block involving three main haplotypes with GAG, AGC, and AGG was formed. The results of haplotype association analyses were consistent with the results of single locus association analysis (p<0.0001). The phenotypic variance ratio above 3.00% was observed for milk protein yield that was explained by SNP-g.3836G >C. Conclusion: Overall, our findings provided new insights into the polymorphic variations in bovine GALE gene and their associations with milk protein concentration. The data indicate their potential uses for marker-assisted breeding or genetic selection schemes.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.468-475
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• 1988

고초균 (Bacillus subtilis)의 cytidine/2'deoxycytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5)를 로드하는 cdd 유전자를 cdd 결손변이주 B. subtilis ED4O에서 발현시켰다. 이 cdd 유전자는 Bacillus의 λD69 유전자은행으로부터 처음 클로닝된 것으로서 B. subtilis-Escherichia coli 의 shuttle vector pGB 215-110ΔB의 EcoRl/Pvul 부위에 삽입시켰다. 형질전환된 ED4O는 야생주에 비해 3700unit의 강한 cdd 활성을 나타내었으며 이 클론된 백터 pSO100 을 E. coli에서 발현시키면 B. subtilis 비해 2배의 강한 활성을 나타내었다. 겔 여과로 부분정제한 본 효소의 Km치는 1.88$\times$$10^{-4}$M이었으며 Vmax=11.1 $\mu$mol/min/mg 단백이었다. 이 효소는 0.1M mercaptoethanol과 수은에 의해 완전저해되었으며 p-chloromercurybenzoic acid에 대해 Ki=5$\mu$M로 나타났다. 본 효소의 활성상실은 monomer에 함유된 6개의 cysteine 잔기의 일부가 활성단으로 작용하는 과정이 저해되었거나 tetramer로서의 회합과정이 저해되었기 때문인 것으로 추측되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) sources and levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 crossbred pigs ([$Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$]${\times}$Large White) with average $28.5{\pm}0.2kg$ BW were allotted to 7 treatments on the basis of sex and weight in two replicates and four pigs per pen. A $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Two sources of Se (selenite Se or Se-enriched yeast) were added at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg to each treatment diet. A basal diet without Se supplementation was the seventh treatment group. Three pigs per treatment were randomly selected and samples of loin, liver, pancreas and a kidney were collected, frozen and later analyzed for Se. The digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the apparent absorption and retention of Se and availability of other nutrients. Growth performance was not affected by dietary sources and levels of Se. No growth retardation was observed in the 0.5 mg/kg dietary Se treatment group regardless of Se sources. The Se concentration of serum in Se supplemented groups was increased compared with the control group (p<0.01). During the growing and finishing phase, Se in serum was clearly increased when organic Se was provided (p<0.01). Interaction of Se source ${\times}$ Se level was observed in Se concentration of loin, liver and pancreas of the pigs at the end of experiment. Selenium retention in the liver, kidney, pancreas and loin of pigs was increased as dietary Se level increased and was higher when pigs were fed organic Se resulting in an interaction response (p<0.01). Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by dietary Se sources or levels. No dietary Se source ${\times}$ Se level interaction was observed in nutrient digestibility. The results from this experiment indicated that dietary Se sources and levels affected the distribution of Se in the body of growing-finishing pigs. Organic source of Se, such as Se-enriched yeast resulted in higher serum and tissue Se concentration compared to inorganic form, while no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility were observed from dietary Se supplementation in growing-finishing pigs.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2020

컷아웃스위치(COS: Cut Out Switch 이하 COS)는 전력계통에서 수용가로 전력을 송배전하기 위해 사용되는 변압기의 입력단에 설치되어 사고전류로부터 변압기를 보호하기 위해 설치되는 보호장치이다. COS는 크게 퓨즈링크와 COS몸체 및 접속부로 구성되어 사고전류시 퓨즈링크의 엘리먼트가 용단되어 사고전류를 차단하는 역할을 한다. COS 퓨즈링크가 용단되어 발생하는 강력한 아크가 화염과 소음을 유발시켜 주변지역 거주자에게 불쾌감 및 공포감을 주며, 아크화염으로 인하여 주변기기의 2차 피해를 유발시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 COS 동작 시 발생되는 아크와 소음 및 보호협조의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 폭발형이 아닌 한류형 COS 퓨즈를 개발하였다. 또한 과전류 차단 기능이 없는 한류형 퓨즈의 단점을 개선하기 위해 퓨즈 엘리멘트, 스트라이커와 COS 퓨즈금구 개발을 통하여 과전류 차단성능의 신뢰성을 향상시켰다. COS의 동작 특성 향상은 퓨즈 엘리멘트의 최적 형상 도출, 스트라이커의 원활한 동작을 위한 동작선의 재질과 두께 및 저항 산정, 그리고 스트라이커와 연계된 하부금구류의 구조 개선을 통하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 COS 퓨즈링크는 공인기관의 시험을 통하여 차단성능과 보호협조 성능을 검증하였다. 시험은 본 연구의 한류형 COS와 기존의 폭발형 비한류형 COS의 비교 시험으로 수행하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

집속이온빔장치(focused ion beam, FIB)는 전자보다 무거운 양이온빔을 이용하여 시료를 10~100 nm 정도로 깎아 낼 수 있는 장비로 주로 재료분야에서 활용되어 왔다. 최근 세계적으로 의생물 분야에서의 활용이 점차 늘어나고 있는 추세에 있어 국내연구자들의 이해를 돕기 위해 간단히 기기의 메커니즘과 그 활용예를 기술 하고자 한다. FIB에 주로 사용되는 갈륨(Ga)빔의 특성 때문에 시료의 표면을 효과적으로 쳐 낼 수 있고, 전계 방사형 주사전자현미경(FESEM)을 이용하면 그 표면의 영상을 얻을 수 있다. 이 두 가지 시스템을 하나의 시스템으로 묶어낸 것을 dual beam system이라고 한다. 최근 이러한 시스템을 이용하여 효모, 병원균에 감염된 식물 등이 소개되었으며, 통상적으로 경도가 높아 처리하기 힘든 상아나 어패류의 껍질 등의 시료를 효과적으로 분석한 연구도 있다. 또한 FIB를 이용한 밀링과 FESEM을 이용한 절단면 촬영을 반복하여 얻는 영상을 이용하여 신경계의 연결망을 재구성하려는 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. FIB/FESEM dual beam은 의생물학 분야의 다양한 연구에 활용될 수 있는 유용한 도구며, 의생물 시료의 3차원 연구에 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2015

본 시험은 2013년부터 2014년까지 전국 3개 지역 (전남 구례, 경북 상주 및 충남 천안)에서 이탈리안 라이그라스 품종의 생육특성과 사초생산성을 평가하였다. 시험설계는 품종을 처리로 하여 7개 품종을 3반복의 난괴법 배치로 하였다. 품종은 '코윈어리', '플로리다 80', '연봉1호', '연봉2호', '연봉3호', '계명1호', 및 '계명2호' 공시하였다. 이탈리안 라이그라스의 파종의 경우 전남 구례는 2013년 10월 4일, 경북 상주는 10월 8일, 충남 천안은 10월 3일 파종하였다. 한편 수확시기는 품종의 평균 출수기로 전남 구례와 경북 상주는 2014년 4월 26일에 수확하였으며, 충남 천안은 4월 24일에 수확하였다. 공시한 7품종은 내병성, 내충성 및 내한성은 품종간에 차이가 없었으나 내도복성은 공시품 종 모두 약하였다. 전국 3개 지역에서 '연봉1호', '연봉2호' 및 '계명1호'의 출수기가 다른 품종보다 빨랐다. 출수기가 빠른 조생종 이탈리안 라이그라스는 건물률이 높고 초장도 다른 품종보다 높았다. 또한 조생종은 생초수량과 건물수량도 다른 품종보다 많았다. 본 시험결과를 볼 때 숙기가 빠른 품종은 다른 품종에 비하여 초장이 높고, 건물률, 생초수량 및 건물수량이 많은 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 숙기가 빠르고 사초 생산성이 우수한 조생종 이탈리안 라이그라스가 2모작체계에 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.374-384
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• 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11 and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between 79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers (44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%, 10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

With recent interest organic farming the use of legumes including vetch and clover to provide N to adjacent crops is increasing in Korea. In the present studies, we conducted a trial to investigate the effects of the application of N rate on nitrogen fixation and transfer from vetch to barley in mixed stands. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four different N rates(0, 75, 113 and 150/ha) was used and vetch+barley was broadcasted manually on 1.5 $\times$2 m plot in Oct. 2001. Half of urea and K$_{2}O, 200 Phosphate and 75 kg potash per ha were applied as basal dressing md half of N md 75 potash were used for topdressing to soil surface on MarctL 2002. The equivalent of 1kg ha$^{-1}$ at($^{15}$NH$_{4}$)$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ solution at 99.8 atom $\%$$^{15}$N excess was applied to the microplot in mid April. Forage was harvested from each plot at ground level and separated into barley and vetch. Total N content and It values of samples were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IsoPrime-EA. Micromass, UK.). The percentage of legume H fixed from atmospheric N2 were 95.0, 93.8, 94.4 and $84.8\%$ with increment of N levels. The percentage of N transfer from vetch to barley by N-difference method with increment of N fertilizer were from 58 to$49\%$ while 39 to $23\%$ in $^{15}$N-dilution method. The amount of transfer from vetch to barley were 87 to 68 kg/ ha with N level by N-difference moth여 and 58 to -56/ha with N application levels by $^{15}$N dilution method. The amount of nitrogen fixation per ha were from 150 kg / ha to 219 kg / ha by different method, but on the other side 49 to 105kg/ha by N$^{15}$-dilution.