• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.33-38
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe and quantify the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the gingival tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Twelve patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (Group 3), twelve patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 2), and twelve healthy individuals (Group 1) were included in the study. Clinical criteria of gingival (sulcus bleeding index value, probing depths) and radiographic evidences of bone resorption were divided into three groups. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by a western blot analysis and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results: The expression levels of IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 showed an increasing tendency in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. On the other hand, the expression of IL-4 was highest in Group 1. Conclusions: The findings suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 may be involved in the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. IL-4 may be involved in the retrogression of the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 2015

Purpose: Despite the high success rates of endosseous dental implants, their placement is restricted according to the height and volume of bone available. The use of short or mini dental implants could be one way to overcome this limitation. Thus, this study aimed to compare standard, short, and mini dental implants with regard to associated clinical parameters and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) levels of cathepsin-K (CTSK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), after prosthodontic loading. Methods: A total of 78 non-submerged implants (Euroteknika, $Aesthetica^{+2}$, Sallanches, France) were installed in 30 subjects (13 male, 17 female; range, 26-62 years) who visited the clinic of the Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University. Sampling and measurements were performed on the loading date (baseline) and 2, 14, and 90 days after loading. Assessment of the peri-implant status for the implant sites was performed using the pocket probing depth (PPD), modified plaque index, modified gingival index, modified sulcular bleeding index, and radiographic signs of bone loss. PICF samples collected from each implant were evaluated for CTSK, RANKL, and OPG levels using the ELISA method. Keratinized tissue and marginal bone loss (MBL) were also noted. Results: Clinical parameters statistically significantly increased in each group but did not show statistical differences between groups without PPD. Although implant groups showed a higher MBL in the upper jaw, only the standard dental group demonstrated a statistically significant difference. At 90 days, the OPG:sRANKL ratio and total amounts of CTSK for each group did not differ from baseline. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, both short and mini dental implants were achieving the same outcomes as the standard dental implants in the early period after loading.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2012

Purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic multi-systemic disease that causes damage to the bone and connective tissues. This study was conducted in order to accurately measure the correlation between RA and periodontitis, and to obtain an unbiased estimate of the effect of RA on periodontal indices. Methods: In this historical cohort study, which was conducted from February to May 2011 in Hamadan city, Iran, 53 exposed people (with RA) were compared with 53 unexposed people (without RA) in terms of clinical periodontal indices (the outcomes of interest) including 1) plaque index (PI), 2) bleeding on probing (BOP), and 3) clinical attachment loss (CAL). Results: A sample of 106 volunteers were evaluated, 53 rheumatoid versus 53 non-rheumatoid subjects. There was a statistically significant correlation between RA and BOP (P<0.001) and between RA and CAL (P<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant correlation between RA and any of the periodontal indices. No correlation was seen between gender and any of the indices either. There was a strong positive correlation between age and all three periodontal indices (P<0.001). Conclusions: The present study indicated a potential effect of RA on periodontal indices. However, much more evidence based on a prospective cohort study is needed to support the cause and effect relationship between RA and periodontal indices.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.14-26
• /
• 2024

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of conducting a study on traditional Korean medicine treatments for periodontal diseases, specifically gingivitis and mild periodontitis. Methods : This study will employ a randomized, controlled, parallel-group design. Subjects with gingivitis and mild periodontitis will be recruited in one university hospital. In total, 45 subjects will be randomized into three arms (Acupuncture therapy group, herbal mouthwash group and usual care group), and will be followed up for 4 weeks. We will assess clinical variables such as, pocket depth, bleeding on probing, gingival index, plaque index, visual analog scale, uroqol-5 dimensions-5 levels to analyze changes in microbial flora before and after the intervention. Results : The protocol for this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Medicine Hospital, and registered with the Korean Clinical Trial Registry on March 29, 2024. Conclusions : This study is the first clinical research on periodontal diseases conducted in a Korean traditional medicine institution. The research aims to broaden the scope of traditional Korean medicine and is expected to serve as crucial data for future large-scale studies.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.315-322
• /
• 2008

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a chewing gum containing 70% xylitol and 0.23% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract to remove dental plaque and reduce gingivitis when used as a supplement to daily toothbrushing for 3 weeks. The study group consisted of 75 adults with moderate gingvitis. Participants were divided into 3 groups(contol 1 group - Gum base, contol 2 group - 70% Xylitol, experiment group - 70% xylitol and 0.23% xanthorrhizol) and instructed to chew the study gum for 3 times daily for 3 weeks in addition to regular daily toothbrushing. Chewing xylitol/xanthorrhizol gum significantly reduced plaque index with significant difference by week 3(p<0.01). Gingival index and bleeding on probing were decreased in xy/ Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract group by 35.9% and 31.65% each in the same period. No adverse effects on the oral tissues were observed in any of the participants for the duration of the study. In conclusion, regular use of a chewing gum containing 70% xylitol and 0.23% Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract appears safe and effective for the removal of dental plaque and reduction of gingivitis when used in conjunction with daily toothbrushing.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.53 no.9
• /
• pp.618-627
• /
• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of chelating and deproteinizing agent containing dental conditioning gel on alleviation of peri-implant mucosa inflammation. Methods: 36 patients with functionally loaded implants for at least 1 year and have clinical signs of peri-implant mucositis were recruited. At baseline, all implants received subgingival prophylaxis with ultrasonic scaler. In the test group, patients were provided a chelating and deproteinizing agent dental conditioning gel (Clinplant$^{(R)}$) and were given instructions to applicate it around the implants using an interdental brush for 2 weeks. Chlorhexidine and saline were provided to the positive control group and negative control group, respectively. The modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), modified plaque index (mPI), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were evaluated at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Results: In the Clinplant$^{(R)}$ and chlorhexidine group, mSBI (-0.81, -0.85 respectively; p<0.01), mPI (-0.46, -0.5 respectively; p<0.01), and PPD (-0.58, -0.48 respectively; p<0.01) at 2 weeks were significantly reduced from baseline. In the saline group, all the clinical parameters were reduced but there was no statistical significance. The saline may be attributed to the influence of prophylaxis at baseline. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the beneficial clinical effects of chelating and deproteinizing agent containing dental conditioning gel to decrease peri-implant mucosa inflammation equivalent to chlorhexidine. This dental conditioning gel might be useful for alleviation of peri-implant mucosa inflammation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.563-575
• /
• 2005

The aim of present study is to evaluate the influence of adjacent tooth to the microbiology of clinically healthy implant. Control group included patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with healthy $periodontium(PD{\leq}3mm)$, test group was composed of patients who had clinically healthy implant and tooth with periodontal pocket(PD>3mm). The criteria of clinically health implant are no pain or discomfort, the restorative suprastructure provide satisfactory fit and function, and the tissue around the fixtures were firm and probing with standard periodontal probe with a rounded tip 0.5mm in diameter resulted in penetration of no more than 5mm when using a force of 0.5N at any location. 38 patients, partially edentulous subjects with endosseous root-form implants were selected. All subjects were medically healthy and had not taken systemic antibiotics and professional plaque control 3 months before sampling. Number of control group is 25(mean age $52{\pm}13$, 26 teeth, 34 implants) and test group is 13(mean age $60{\pm}13$, 13 teeth, 17 implants). All teeth and implants of each patient were examined probing depth(PD), bleeding on probing(BOP), and plaque index(PI), and samples of subgingival plaque were obtained at each site with sterile curet or fine paper points, then the plaque transferred to PBS. Obtained samples were examined for the presence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola by the polymerase chain reaction(PCR). The relationship among clinical parameters and the colonizations by the 3 bacterial species from natural teeth and implants region were analyzed by student t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. PD was different in teeth between 2 groups(p<0.05), but the other parameters were not. 2. Statistically significant difference was not found in clinical parameters of implants between 2 groups. 3. All bacterial prevalences of teeth were higher in test group than in control group, and prevalence of T. forsythensis had statistically significant difference between 2 groups(p<0.05). 4. Prevalences of P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis are higher in test group than control group, and that of T. denticola is higher in control group than in test group. But there were no statistically significant differences between 2 groups. In conclusion, there is no statistically significant difference in prevalence of implant microbiology between 2 groups. But if the number of samples increased, it will be possible to find out statistical significance in prevalence of P. gingivalis. It seems that pocket of adjacent tooth influences prevalence of P. gingivalis. These results mean that improvement of the periodontal condition before implantation is very important.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.607-622
• /
• 2004

Recently epidemiologic studies have indicated that the patients with periodontitis may have increased risk of ischemic cardiovascular events, and have suggested the important roles of blood cytokines and acute reactant proteins in the systemic infection and inflammatory response. Periodontitis and coronary heart disease (CHD) may share the common risk factors and the genetic mechanism associated with interleukin(IL)-1A, B and RA genotype may be involved in the production of IL-1. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between angiographically defined CHD and periodontitis as chronic Gram-negative bacterial infection and to determine whether the IL-1 gene polymorphism is associated in both diseases. Patients under the age of 60 who had undergone diagnostic coronary angiography were enrolled in this study. Subjects were classified as positive CHD (+CHD, n=37) with coronary artery stenosis more than 50% in at least one of major epicardial arteries, and negative CHD (-CHD, n=30) without significant stenosis. After recording the number of missing teeth, periodontal disease severity was measured by means of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic bone loss around all remaining teeth. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from the 4 deepest periodontal pockets and assessed for cytokine ($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-1ra, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, and prostaglandin $E_2$). Additionally, blood CHD markers, lipid profile, and blood cytokines were analyzed. IL-1 gene cluster genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and enzyme restriction using genomic DNA from buccal swab, and allele 2 frequencies of IL-1A(+4845), IL-1B(+3954), IL-B(-511), and IL-1RA(intron 2) were compared between groups. Even though there was no significant difference in the periodontal parameters between 2 groups, GCF level of $PGE_2$ was significantly higher in the +CHD group(p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed the positive relationship among PD, CAL and coronary artery stenosis(%) and blood $PGE_2$. There was also significant positive relationship between the periodontal parameters (PI, PD, CAL) and the blood CHD markers (leukocyte count, C-reactive protein, and lactic dehyrogenase). IL-1 gene genotyping showed that IL-1A(+3954) allele 2 frequency was significantly higher in the +CHD group compared with the -CHD group (15% vs. 3.3%, OR 5.118,p=0.043). These results suggested that periodontal inflammation is related to systemic blood cytokine and CHD markers, and contributes to cardiovascular disease via systemic inflammatory reaction. IL-1 gene polymorphism might have an influence on periodontal and coronary heart diseases in Korean patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.225-231
• /
• 2022

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two types of sandblasted with large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) surface implants with different surface roughness. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted based on a clinical record review of 55 patients (mean age, 53.00 years). A total of 80 SLA surface implants was placed. Among the 80 implants, 38 implants placed in 29 subjects had surface roughness (Ra) of 3.09 ㎛ (test group, TG), while the other 42 implants placed in 31 subjects had a surface roughness (Ra) of 2.50 ㎛ (control group, CG). A comparison was made of implant primary/secondary stability; success and survival rates; marginal bone loss; and soft tissue assessment including probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) between the groups at 1 year after implant placement. Results: Among the implants that were initially registered, 1 from the TG and 4 from the CG dropped out, leaving 37 implants in the TG and 38 implants in the CG to be traced and analyzed. Although 1 TG case showed unstable primary stability, all cases showed stable secondary stability. Success and survival rates at 1 year after implant placement were 100% in both groups. Marginal bone loss was 0.07 mm and 0.00 mm for the TG and CG, respectively, but the difference was not significant. Among the several parameters for evaluation of soft tissue, the TG showed lower PI at 1 year after implant placement (TG=0.00, CG=0.29; P=0.0004), while the remaining categories showed no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: This study shows that the two types of SLA implants with different surface roughness have no difference in efficacy or safety. Therefore, both of the implants can be used safely and with promising outcomes.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.43-52
• /
• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora. The subgingival plaques from 108 patients were used in the study. Control group were the patients with no periodontal treatment and test groups were assigned into 3 groups according to the period of recall check: group 1; 1-2 months, group 2; 3-4 months, group 3; 6months or more. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used for direct identification of periodontal pathogens (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola) in subgingival plaque. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, T. denticola in control group were 100%, 87%, 90%. 2. In clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, control group was not significant different with group 1 but Significant different with group 2, group 3. 3. In group 1, the majority of P. gingivalis had type II fimA. 4. When group 3 were compared with group 1, the prevalence of P. gingivalis increased. But the prevalence of P. gingivalis with type II fimA, which have the virulence factor, decreased. 5. We were unable to find the correlation between P. gingivalis with type IV fimA and periodontal disease. 6. The prevalence of T. forsythensis, T. denticola in test group were 85%, 93% or more. From the above results, we were able to find the relation between the interval of supportive periodontal therapy and the prevalence of the subgingival microflora and the need of the strict supportive periodontal therapy to prevent recurrence of periodontal disease, because there were high prevalence of periodontal pathogens.