• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1988

탈검제로 인산 및 초산, 구연산, 수산, 질산, 붕산 등 6종을 평지씨 기름과 대두유에 적용시킨 결과 수산을 사용하여 인산과 거의 동일한 탈검 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 즉, 평지씨 기름에서 85% 인산 처리군과 5.10% 수산 처리군의 탄산유내의 잔류 비누물질과 인함량, 탈색유에서의 색상, 탈취유의 과산화물값, trans 지방산 함량 등은 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 대두유에서도 동일한 결과를 얻었으므로 탈검제로서 인산 대신 수산을 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 한편 85% 인산처리군과 10% 수산처리군으로부터 얻어진 폐수를 분석한 결과 특히 BOD, COD 등에서 현격한 차이를 보였으며 침전분리 및 화학처리한 결과 인산 처리군은 수산 처리군에 비하여 처리시약 요구량 및 처리시간이 각각 3배, 1.7배로 차이가 극심하였다. 따라서 이들 식물성 기름에서 인산대신 수산을 사용하여 동일한 탈검효과를 얻을 수 있었을 뿐만 아니라 폐수 처리도 개선할 수 있었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.216-226
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• 2018

The combination dyeing have been attempted to get the various color. The objective of this research was to study the color developing effects on cotton fabrics dyed with persimmon, catechu and combination of the both by heat treatment process. These dye were applied on bleached cotton fabrics for the dyeing before post mordanting with aluminium potassium sulfate, copper sulfate, and iron sulfate. The various color changes on cotton fabric were measured by color spectrophotometer. The heat treatment of temperature around $150^{\circ}C$ for an hour can reach the highest color developing. The dyed fabrics with mordanting were heated for specific time period, which was compared without the mordanting. The post mordanted fabrics showed that more various colors can be obtained using combination dyeing. K/S values of dyed fabrics with Al, Fe, and Cu mordants were higher than the cases without mordants. The Cu mordanted fabric showed very effective color developing by the heating process. The fabrics dyed with catechu lowered L* value with little changes in a* and b* values, while the a* and b* values became higher with heat treatment. The fabrics dyed with persimmon has the lowest L* value and more changes in a*, b* value with heating process. Therefore, K/S values can be increased effectively by the combination dyeing of persimmon and catechu. Colorfastness to washing in color change was grade 2-3 in non-mordanted fabric, and grade 3 in mordanted fabric. Lightfastness of the dyed fabrics was above grade 4.

• 생태와환경
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• 제34권4호통권96호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2001

충남 홍성의 작은 연못에서 수행되고 있는 식물플랑크톤 연주기의 모델링 연구 과정에서 녹조류 Dictyosphaerium pulchellum의 대발생 과정을 2000년 t월부터 2001년 1월까지 추적하였다. D. pulchellum은 연중 드물게 출현하였으나, 밀도는 3월 12일부터 증가하기 시작하여, 4월 2일에는 $59,200\;co1ony\;mL^{-1}$로 대발생하였고, 4월 16에 급감하였다. 군체는 보통 8세포와 16세포로 이루어졌으나, 대발생이 진행될수록 32세포와 64세포 군체들로 대치되었고, 대발생 후기에는 대부분의 군체가 64세포였다. D. pulchellum세포들은 대발생의 초기에는 건강하였으나,3월 19일부터 기생생물에 감염되어 있는 군체들이 나타났으며,4월 9일에는 대부분의 군체들이 기생생물로 감염되었다. 기생생물로 감염된 세포들은 엽록체가 파괴되었고, 피레노이드도 발달되지 않았다. 현재 진행되고 있는 D. pulchellum의 개체군과 환경요인, 경쟁 및 기생생물과의 관계에 대한 연구는 D. pulchellum의 대발생 과정에 관한 새로운 정보를 제공할 것이다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 1994

활성슬러지 공정을 이용하여 Kraft 펄프공장에서 배출되는 유출수에 잔류하는 만성독성의 제거가능성을 평가하기 위하여 pilot plant를 운전하였다. 독성 이외에도 폐수내의 BOD, SS, resin과 fatty acids, 색도, 그리고 AOX와 같은 오염물질의 제거효과도 측정되었다. Pilot plant는 정상상태에서 약 10주 동안 운전되었으며 운전기간 동안의 평균 F/M 비율은 0.28, 그리고 sludge age는 8.4일로 계산되었다. 평균 MLSS 농도는 4,309mg/l이었으며 이중 휘발성 물질은 57%이었다. 운전기간 동안, BOD 제거계수(k)는 $30^{\circ}C$에서 8.2/일 이었으며 BOD 제거율은 full-scale 운전시보다 3~6% 정도 낮은 84%로 나타났다. 활성슬러지 유출수의 만성독성 시험은 Dinnel 방법과 BML 방법이 활용되었으며, 시험결과 pilot plant 활성슬러지 시스템에서도 효율적인 운전을 통하여 90% 이상의 독성제거가 가능함을 알 수 있었다. Pilot plant의 진 공정을 통해서 색도와 AOX의 제거는 매우 미미하였으나 resin과 fatty acids는 뛰어난 제거율을 나타내었다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 1999년도 Pre-symposium of the 10th ISWPC Recent Advances in Paper Science and Technology
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• pp.254-258
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• 1999

The distribution of anionic groups in the fibers, the fines, the colloidal fraction and the dissolved fraction, respectively, of thermomechanical pulp (TMP) suspensions was determined and peroxide bleaching of spruce TMP were also studied. Spruce TMP was extracted with hexane, treated with alkali, or bleached with peroxide. Suspensions made at pH 5.5 were fractionated into long fibres, large fines, small fines, a colloidal fraction and a dissolved fraction. The charge of the fractions was determined using polyelectrolyte titration. To determined the origin of the charges, the contents of fatty acids, resin acids and acidic units in hemicelluloses in the different fractions were determined by has chromatography. Extraction of TMP with hexane prior to fractionation increased the measured charge of the fibres. The removal of the wood resin probably uncovered some carboxyl groups on the fibre surfaces, or improved th e penetration of polybrene into the pores of the fibres. The charge of the fines and the colloidal fraction was lower when the wood resin had been removed. Alkaline treatment of the TMP increased the charge of the fibres and fines, mainly because of demethylation of pectins. Alkaline treatment increased the charge also of the dissolved fraction, because of the release the charge also of the dissolved fraction, because of the release of pectic acids into the water phase. Alkaline peroxide bleaching further increased the charge of fibres and the dissolved fraction, most likely because of lignin oxidation. The charge of the colloidal fraction, consisting mainly of wood resin, was only slightly affected by alkaline treatment and peroxide bleaching. The anionic groups in TMP suspensions were mainly free uronic acids in the hemicelluloses. The contribution from the fatty and resin acids was substantial only for the colloidal fraction.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 1999년도 Pre-symposium of the 10th ISWPC Recent Advances in Paper Science and Technology
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• pp.386-389
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• 1999

Amphoteric polymers have brought to papermakers' attention gradually. In this paper, a series of amphoteric starches with different cationic and anionic degree of substitution (DS) are prepared. Better product has been selected and used under different condition. As retention and drainage aids, amphoteric starches were used in shorter fiber length, weak strength and poor drainage bleached AQ-Soda wheat straw pulp. In neutral and alkaline papermaking system, when amphoteric starches contain 0.024-0.026 anionic degree of substitution (DS), it is shown that the higher the cationic degree of substitution (DS) in amphoteric starches, the better the filler retention. The filler retention is improved 12.5%, 30.3%, and 35.1% and 32.5% respectively by adding 1% amphoteric starch LS-L2 -1 (0.034), LS-L2-2 (0.040), LS-L2-3 (0.047) and LS-L2-4 (0.052). But the strength of handsheets if affected a little. By adding 2% Al2 (SO4)3 and 1.5% LS-L2-3 at pH 7.5, filler retention can be improved from 38% to 80%, and breaking length of sheet only decreases 3.2%. As dry strengthening aids, amphoteric starches were used in eucalyptus APMP. Amphoteric starches are used in eucalyptus APMP. The amphoteric starch LS-L2-2 is better dry strength aid. Adding 1% LS-L2-2 can improve breaking length 24.5%, burst index 42.9%, tear index 38.8%, folding endurance and density of the handsheets.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.1
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• pp.117-121
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• 2006

Virgin bleached kraft pulp, CPO (computer printout) and white ledgers are main raw materials used in tissue mills. The utilization rate of recycled fibers and virgin pulp in South Korea tissue industry are 90% and 10%, respectively. To improve brightness of printing grades the use of 'fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs)' or 'optical brightening agents (OBAs)' has been increased. When recycling these papers for tissue production, it is unavoidable that FWAs contained in recycled papers flow into tissue production lines and remain in the products. And this draws great attention from the public. This study was carried out to develop a technology for the removal of fluorescent whitening agents from recycled fibers. Enzymatic removal of FWAs was evaluated as a method to remove FWAs from the recycled fiber. The ${\alpha}-amylase$ that degrades starched used for surface sizing of fine papers and contained substantial condition is needed to prevent the re-adsorption of FWAs on fibers. The temperature of pulp suspension was another important factor affecting on FWA removal. The higher the temperature, the greater the efficiency of removing FWAs was obtained. Optimum pH and temperature for the effective removal of FWAs were suggested to be pH 8.5 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzymatic removal of FWAs showed a great synergistic effect when proper control in pH and temperature was made.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2011

이 연구에서는 소골 유적 29호 및 29-1호 주거지 내부에 사용 시기를 달리하여 존재하는 3개의 화덕자리에 대한 광자극발광(OSL) 연대측정을 수행하였다. 연대측정에 앞서 석영 시료의 자연 OSL 신호 관찰 및 절대영년도 평가를 수행한 결과, OSL 신호는 광이온화 단면적이 커 열과 빛에 매우 민감한 fast 성분만으로 이루어졌으며 청동기인들의 일반적인 난방 및 취사 온도인 $300^{\circ}C$ 이하에서도 완벽히 절대영년 됨을 알 수 있었다. 각 시료의 고고선량은 단일시료재현법을 적용한 재현성 평가와 플래토우 평가로부터 산출되었고, 이를 연간선량율로 나누어 OSL 연대를 결정하였다. 이후 산출된 OSL 연대의 정밀도를 높이기 위하여 발굴조사를 통해 파악된 화덕자리의 사용 시기와 각 화덕자리의 OSL 연대를 베이지안 통계에 적용한 결과, 개별 화덕자리의 사용 및 폐기 시점에 대한 높은 정밀도를 갖는 OSL 연대가 최종적으로 확정되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.250-260
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• 1995

Bases have been used in order to prevent the leakage of bleachingagents through dentinal tubules in bleached teeth. But the proximal surfaces where the actual resorption takes place havenot been protected. The purpose of this study was to compare the conventional basing method with the basing of the labial and two proximal surfaces to the cementoenamel junction. The bases were placed after conventional root canal treatment. Group I: 2mm thickness bases were placed to the level of labial cementoenamel junction line. Group II : 2mm thickness bases were placed to the level of all c-e J lines including cervical area. Control : No bases were placed. After placement of sodium perborate and 30% hydrogen peroxide mixtureinto the teeth, the changes of pH were measured. The results were as follows. 1. Group II showed smaller leakage of bleaching agents and was statistically significant difference compared to Group I.(p<0.05) 2. Group I showed no statistically significant difference compared to the control group. (p>0.05) 3. There were no significant among the upper and lower teeth groups in each group and between the groups.(p>0.05). According to the above results, it was considered that basing of the labial and proximal surfaces to the cementoenamel junction can reduce the leakage of bleaching agents during bleaching procedure of pulplessteeth.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2016

X-ray irradiation with convergent chemicals such as nano-silver particles or sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) has been used to control leaf blight on cut lilies. The oriental hybrid lily cultivars Siberia, Le Reve, and Sorbonne were irradiated five times by 200 Gy of X-rays in 2014. In 2015, Siberia and Sorbonne were irradiated three times by 150 Gy of X-rays. After artificial infection with Botrytis elliptica on the leaves and petals of cut lilies, this study used convergent chemical X-ray irradiation of 200 Gy or 150 Gy. Leaf and petal blight was measured in terms of incidence and severity at 8 days after infection using total 552 cuttings. Results indicate that the treatments of X-ray irradiation and NaDCC in 2014 and 2015 slightly decreased the severity of petal blight on Siberia and Sorbonne. However, the results were not significant and severity did not decrease as NaDCC concentration increased. Vase-life was observed separately after X-ray irradiation of 270 cut lilies in 2014 and 108 cut lilies in 2015. Chlorophyll content was not affected by either 200 Gy or 150 Gy of X-rays. The number of days of fully opened flowers at Siberia of 150 Gy and Le Revu of 200 Gy increased by 1-2 days. In addition, the relative fresh weights of the X-rayed flowers were 10% drier than the non-irradiated controls. Overall, leaf blight control by X-ray was inferior to the control by gamma rays, and petal color was bleached in Sorbonne and Le Reve cvs. by 150 Gy of X-rays.