• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3773-3778
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• 2013

Increased oxidative stress and changes in DNA methylation are frequently detected in bladder cancer patients. We previously demonstrated a relationship between increased oxidative stress and hypomethylation of the transposable long-interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1). Promoter hypermethylation of a tumor suppressor gene, runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), may also be associated with bladder cancer genesis. In this study, we investigated changes of DNA methylation in LINE-1 and RUNX3 promoter in a bladder cancer cell (UM-UC-3) under oxidative stress conditions, stimulated by challenge with $H_2O_2$ for 72 h. Cells were pretreated with an antioxidant, tocopheryl acetate for 1 h to attenuate oxidative stress. Methylation levels of LINE-1 and RUNX3 promoter were measured by combined bisulfite restriction analysis PCR and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Levels of LINE-1 methylation were significantly decreased in $H_2O_2$-treated cells, and reestablished after pretreated with tocopheryl acetate. Methylation of RUNX3 promoter was significantly increased in cells exposed to $H_2O_2$. In tocopheryl acetate pretreated cells, it was markedly decreased. In conclusion, hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of RUNX3 promoter in bladder cancer cell line was experimentally induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present findings support the hypothesis that oxidative stress promotes urothelial cell carcinogenesis through modulation of DNA methylation. Our data also imply that mechanistic pathways of ROS-induced alteration of DNA methylation in a repetitive DNA element and a gene promoter might differ.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.645-649
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• 2013

Objective: The prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bladder cancer remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to explore any association between overexpression and survival outcomes. Methods: We systematically searched for studies investigating the relationships between VEGF expression and outcome of bladder cancer patients. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. After careful review, survival data were extracted from eligible studies. A meta-analysis was performed to generate combined hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). Results: A total of 1,285 patients from 11 studies were included in the analysis. Our results showed that tissue VEGF overexpression in patients with bladder cancer was associated with poor prognosis in terms of OS (HR, 1.843; 95% CI, 1.231-2.759; P = 0.003), DFS (HR, 1.498; 95% CI, 1.255-1.787; P = 0.000) and DSS (HR, 1.562; 95% CI, 0.996-1.00; P = 0.052), though the difference for DSS was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no evidence of publication bias as suggested by Begg's and Egger's tests except for DFS (Begg's test, P = 0.221; Egger's test, P = 0.018). Conclusion: The present meta-analysis indicated elevated VEGF expression to be associated with a poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.521-525
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• 2012

Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) plays a significant role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics and is associated with several forms of cancer. Here, we investigated the role of mEH expression in bladder carcinogenesis, subsequent progression and recurrence. The expression of mEH was analyzed by Western blot in 50 bladder urothelial carcinoma and 20 normal epithelial tissues. There was a significantly higher mEH expression in the normal epithelium (P<0.05) and mEH expression was lower in high stage than in low stage tumors (P<0.05). Further, immunohistochmistry in 106 bladder urothelial carcinoma demonstrated mEH expression to be negatively correlated with histological grade, pT stage and recurrence (P<0.05). These findings suggest the important role of mEH in bladder carcinogenesis, cancer development and recurrence, providing support for efforts to develop mEH-based gene therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권23호
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• pp.10401-10405
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• 2015

Background: Molecular prognostic markers have been under investigation for the last decade and no validated marker to date has been proven to be used in daily clinical practice for urinary bladder cancers. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the significance of HYAL-1 expression in prediction of recurrence and progression in pT1 urothelial carcinomas. Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine urothelial carcinoma cases staged as T1 according to 2004 WHO classification were studied. Representative sections from every case were stained immunohistochemically for HYAL-1 and scored between 0 and +3, according to staining density, and graded as low and high for the scores 0-1 and 2-3, respectively. Results: Of the 89 pT1 bladder cancer patients, HYAL-1 expression was high in 92.1% (82 patients; 72 patients +3 and 10 patients +2) and low in 7.9% (only 7 patients; 6 patients +1 and 1 patient 0) of the cases. Of the 89 patients, 38 (42.7%) had recurrence and 22 (24.7%) showed progression. HYAL-1 staining did not show significant characteristics for tumor grade, accompanying CIS, multiplicity, tumor size, age and sex. HYAL-1 expression did not have any prognostic value in estimating recurrence or progression. Conclusions: HYAL-1 expression was found to be high, but did not have any prognostic importance in T1 bladder urothelial carcinomas.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.4977-4982
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• 2014

Background: Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) might be involved in the development of bladder cancer. However, previous studies of any association between CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism and bladder cancer risk have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we performed a more precise estimation of the relationship by a meta-analysis based on the currently available evidence from the literature. Method: To assess the effect of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism on bladder cancer susceptibility, a meta-analysis of 6 available studies with 1,510 cases and 1,560 controls were performed through Feb 2014. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of association for CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism under different genetic models. Results: When available studies were pooled into the meta-analysis, we found that the C1C2 and C2C2 genotypes of CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism significantly decreased bladder cancer risk under different genetic models (heterozygote: OR=0.766, 95%CI=0.613-0.957, $P_{OR}$=0.019; homozygote: OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.303-0.858, $P_{OR}$=0.011; dominant: OR=0.733, 95%CI=0.593-0.905, $P_{OR}$=0.004; recessive: OR=0.565, 95%CI=0.337-0.947, $P_{OR}$=0.030). Subgroup analysis indicated that C2C2 genotype was significantly associated with decreased bladder cancer risk under the homozygote genetic model in Caucasians. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias. Conclusions: The current meta-analysis suggested that the CYP2E1 RsaI/PstI polymorphism might be associated with bladder cancer susceptibility, especially in Caucasians. Further studies are needed to validate the above conclusion.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10813-10817
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• 2015

Background: Possible roles of nestin expression in terms of predicting intravesical BCG therapy response in T1 high grade bladder cancer patients were investigated. Materials and Methods: T1 high grade bladder cancer patients who were treated with intravesical BCG between 1990-2009 were included. Immunohistochemical staining for nestin expression was performed. Nestin(+) and nestin(-) patients were compared in terms of recurrence and progression rates. Results: Sixty-three patients were included and median follow-up time was twenty-five months. After staining; 33 patients (52.4%) were classified as nestin (+) and 30 (47.6%) as (-). Nestin (+) patients were more likely to recur compared to nestin (-) patients (60.6% vs. 30%, p<0.05). Progression rates were also higher in nestin (+) patients, although this result did not reach statistical significance (15.2 % vs. 10 %, p=0.710). Conclusions: Nestin expression, which seems effective in predicting recurrence, appears to have a potential role in the urothelial carcinoma tumorigenesis. Patients with high grade bladder cancer and positive nestin expression need close follow-up and might be informed about more tendency to recur. Further comprehensive studies including larger patient cohorts may clarify the role of nestin in bladder cancer.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제82권5호
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• pp.1033-1052
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• 2021

방광암은 비교적 흔히 진단되는 암이며 재발이 흔해 영상의학적 검사에서 흔히 만날 수 있다. 방광암의 정확한 진단과 병기 평가는 어떤 치료를 할 것인지를 정하고 예후를 평가하는데 큰 영향을 미친다. 방광암의 임상적 병기 평가는 요도경유방광종양절제술로 진단과 치료를 겸해서 이루어졌지만, 저평가되는 경우가 흔히 있다. 수술 전 방광암의 위치, 크기, 근육층 침범 유무, 림프절전이, 원격전이, 상부요로 암 유무 등을 영상의학적 검사에서 정확히 진단 및 평가할 수 있다면 더욱 적절히 처치 및 관리를 할 수 있다. 이런 정확한 진단을 위해서는 영상을 판독하는 영상의학과 의사는 먼저 방광암의 임상적인 특징을 잘 알고 있어야 한다. 그리고 영상 검사들의 종류와 특징, 한계를 알고 있어야 한다. 최근 자기공명영상의 발달로 방광 영상의 질 및 방광암의 진단과 평가가 향상되었다. 그리고 방광 이미징 보고 및 데이터 시스템이 발표되어 객관적으로 방광암의 근육층 침범 가능성을 평가할 수 있게 되었다. 방광암 치료 종류를 알고 그에 따른 치료 후 변화에는 무엇이 있는지 어떻게 평가하는지도 알아야 하겠다. 이 종설에서는 방광 요로상피세포암의 특징과 다양한 영상의학 검사와 소견에 대해서 알아보고자 한다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 2015

Objectives : This study aims to report the effect of Korean medicine treatment on Sequela of Bladder Cancer. Methods : The patient was treated with korean medicine of Paljeongsan-gamibang, acupuncture at Qihai (CV6), Guanyuan (CV4), Qugu (CV2), Hyeolhae (SP10), Sameumgyo (SP6) and we evaluated treatment effects by visual analogue scale (VAS) and urine analysis (UA) finding. Results : After treatments, the symptoms such as perineal pain, painful urination, dysuria, anorexia were improved and taking number of narcotic analgesic was reduced. Conclusions : This clinical study suggests that korean medicine treatment shows possibility to care for sequela of bladder cancer patient.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.258-266
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• 2017

Background: Welders are exposed to many known and suspected carcinogens. An excess lung cancer risk among welders is well established, but whether this is attributable to welding fumes is unclear. Excess risks of other cancers have been suggested, but not established. We investigated welding cancer risks in the population-based Canadian Census Health and Environmental Cohort. Methods: Among 1.1 million male workers, 12,845 welders were identified using Standard Occupational Classification codes and followed through retrospective linkage of 1991 Canadian Long Form Census and Canadian Cancer Registry (1992-2010) records. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models based on estimated risks of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and nasal, brain, stomach, kidney, and bladder cancers, and ocular melanoma. Lung cancer histological subtypes and risks by industry group and for occasional welders were examined. Some analyses restricted comparisons to blue-collar workers to minimize effects of potential confounders. Results: Among welders, elevated risks were observed for lung cancer [HR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.31], mesothelioma (HR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.01-3.18), bladder cancer (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15-1.70), and kidney cancer (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01-1.67). When restricted to blue-collar workers, lung cancer and mesothelioma risks were attenuated, while bladder and kidney cancer risks increased. Conclusion: Excess risks of lung cancer and mesothelioma may be partly attributable to factors including smoking and asbestos. Welding-specific exposures may increase bladder and kidney cancer risks, and particular sources of exposure should be investigated. Studies that are able to disentangle welding effects from smoking and asbestos exposure are needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.381-386
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• 2016

Background: Bladder cancer is an international public health problem. It is the ninth most common cancer and the fourteenth leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Given aging populations, the incidence of this cancer is rising. Information on the incidence and mortality of the disease, and their relationship with level of economic development is essential for better planning. The aim of the study was to investigate bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates, and their relationship with the the Human Development Index (HDI) in the world. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from incidence and mortality rates presented by GLOBOCAN in 2012. Data on HDI and its components were extracted from the global bank site. The number and standardized incidence and mortality rates were reported by regions and the distribution of the disease were drawn in the world. For data analysis, the relationship between incidence and death rates, and HDI and its components was measured using correlation coefficients and SPSS software. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: In 2012, 429,793 bladder cancer cases and 165,084 bladder death cases occurred in the world. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized incidence were Belgium 17.5 per 100,000, Lebanon 16.6/100,000, Malta 15.8/100,000, Turkey 15.2/100,000, and Denmark 14.4/100,000. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized death rates were Turkey 6.6 per 100,000, Egypt 6.5/100,000, Iraq 6.3/100,000, Lebanon 6.3/100,000, and Mali 5.2/100,000. There was a positive linear relationship between the standardized incidence rate and HDI (r=0.653, P<0.001), so that there was a positive correlation between the standardized incidence rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. A positive linear relationship was also noted between the standardized mortality rate and HDI (r=0.308, P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the standardized mortality rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. Conclusions: The incidence of bladder cancer in developed countries and parts of Africa was higher, while the highest mortality rate was observed in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East. The program for better treatment in developing countries to reduce mortality from the cancer and more detaiuled studies on the etiology of are essential.