• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.654-666
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate how breastfeeding and complementary nutrition practices of mothers of 0-24-month-old children comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for infant and young child feeding and to compare the results with selected demographic parameters related to the mother and child. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The research sample comprised mothers (n = 250) with children less than 2 years old. Data were obtained via questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 package program. The Pearson χ² or Fisher's exact tests were used for assessing relationships between categorical variables. The one-sample t-test was used for comparisons with reference values. RESULTS: Most mothers (97.2%) breastfed their babies immediately after birth. The mean time to breastfeeding after delivery was 47.8 ± 14.8 minutes, and 40.8% of the mothers complied with the WHO recommendation. Furthermore, 59.8% of the mothers exclusively breastfed their children for 6 months (mean 5.2 ± 1.5 months). The mean duration to the start of providing complementary food was 5.8 ± 0.6 months, and 76.1% of mothers who complied with the WHO recommendation. Only 12.3% of mothers breastfed their children for at least 12 months (mean 7.7 ± 3.3 months). On average, mothers gave cow milk to their children for the first time at 10.1 ± 1.7 months and honey at 11.8 ± 2.3 months. The mothers' rates of compliance with the WHO recommendations on cow milk and honey feeding were 32.0% and 71.6%, respectively. The rate of mothers who complied with the WHO minimum meal frequency recommendation was 88.3%. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the WHO recommendations on this subject will be realized more fully by emphasizing the importance of the positive effects of breastfeeding until the age of 2 years and of a timely start of complementary food provision. Such changes will affect child health over the long term.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.419-426
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• 1992

After the virtual eradication of cattle during World War II, Papua New Guinea herds were rebuilt with Shorthorn and Aberdeen Angus cattle from Australia. These, and Red Sindhi and Sahiwal, imported in 1952, were considered unsuitable breeds. In 1954, Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries imported three Brahman bulls and three heifers from Texas and in 1960 began importations of Afrikaner from Queensland. In Central Province, Brahmans were crossed with Angus and at Erap (Morobe) the hottest place in Papua New Guinea, Shorthorns were crossed with Afrikaners. In 1965, Brahman and Brahman-cross were sent to Erap. Records of breeding and growth rates were collected for use in upgrading in cattle of the basis of performance, not pedigree. The data are not ideal for genetic analysis, since no control groups were maintained. Birth weights (BWT), weaning weights (WWT) and calving intervals (CI) were analysed for the period 1969-1978. After exclusion of unsatisfactory data, 2,514 calf records were used, including both breeds from 1969 to 1973, but only Brahman-cross subsequently. Breed mean BWT ranged only from 30.6 to 33.8 kg. As Brahman content increased, BWT decreased and WWT increased; within a genotype, there was a negative maternal effect of high Brahman content on BWT and a positive effect on WWT which ranged from 138 to 174 kg. Afrikaner calves had heavier BWT but lighter WWT. As expected, bulls were heaviest, heifers lightest and mature cows bore and reared heavier calves. Calving interval (405 days, equivalent to 90% calving) was unaffected by breed but 4-year old cows averaged 423 days. Breed differences in BWT and WWT are consistent with the body of literature on performance of Brahmans and Afrikaners. Since cattle tick are not present and internal parasites are insignificant at Erap, the superiority of Brahmans indicates that they were better at utilizing the mediocre quality grazing of the Markham Valley or were more heat tolerant. Performance selection over ten years resulted in the virtual elimination of Afrikaners, with the final genotype approximately 9/16 Brahman, 3/8 Shorthorn and 1/16 Afrikaner.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2020

저출산, 고령인구의 증가로 인해 많은 지역이 곧 사라지게 될 위기에 처해 있다. 이러한 위기를 극복하기 위해서는 마을공동체를 통해 지역소멸로부터 벗어날 수 있도록 노력을 기울여야만 한다. 본 연구는 마을공동체를 위한 온라인 플랫폼의 활용을 알아보기 위해 실시되었으며 문헌연구, 현황조사, 설문조사를 통해 온라인 플랫폼이 어떻게 활용되고 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현재 마을공동체 활성화를 위해 정부 주도하에 도시재생지원사업이 실시되고 있으며 온라인 플랫폼은 해당 지자체의 도시재생지원센터 홈페이지 위주로 활용되고 있다. 둘째, 일반인들의 온라인 플랫폼 사용 빈도를 보면 전 연령대에서 네이버를 가장 많이 사용하고 있으며 다음으로는 홈페이지를 사용하고 있다. 20대와 30대의 경우 인스타그램을 페이스북보다 많이 사용하고 있으며 40대와 50대의 경우는 페이스북을 인스타그램보다 많이 사용하고 있다. 마을공동체를 위해 온라인 플랫폼을 활용하는 데에 있어서 온라인 플랫폼의 현황과 사용 빈도를 종합적으로 고려하여 온라인 플랫폼을 활용하여야 한다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2015

Background: 8,000 children in North Korea died before they reached the 1 year after births in 2013. The high mortality rate of children under five years of age is mainly caused by infectious diseases and malnutrition. The need for national pediatric immunization and supply of vaccines will be vital when the abrupt reunification occurs. Objective: The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the pediatric immunization coverage of North Korea. Additionally it is to estimate the amount and the costs needed to vaccinate. Methods: The target population is the children of North Korea. The method is based on a pre-survey and an interview of North Korea defectors. The target interviewees searched for are as follows; doctors, teachers, and others. The interview includes questions on mortality rates and immunization coverage. The analysis is largely based on the statements of the health care providers within the selected group. Results: The interviewees are 8; 7 female and 1 male. The birth years range from 1956 to 1982. 3 out of 8 are former health care providers; a doctor, a pharmacist, and a nurse. The morbidity rate of infectious diseases exceeds the data from WHO. The immunization coverage is nearly 0% after 1980s. In order to ensure the welfare of North Korean children, at least 8,234,000 vaccine doses, requiring over 105 million U.S. dollars, are needed. Conclusion: The morbidity rate of infectious disease in North Korea is conspicuous. The preparation for supply and expenditure of vaccines is vital.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

본 연구는 growth hormone receptor(GHR) gene의 동물생리에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 metallothionein promoter와 GHR gene을 이용하여 생쥐의 1-cell 수정란에 DNA 미세주입법에 의해 형질전환생쥐를 생산하였다. 세마리의 형질전환생쥐가 생산되었는데 DNA 분석결과 4~8 copy의 GHR 유전자를 지닌 것으로 확인되었다 이들 세 마리의 GHR 형질전환생쥐를 정상 형질전환생쥐와 교미시켜 F$_1$과 F$_2$ 새끼를 생산하였는데 이들의 전달율은 F$_1$에서 20~50%였고 F$_2$에서는 약 50%를 나타내어 모자익형태로 유전자가 정착되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 3주령까지의 사망률은 Fl과 F2 새끼에서 약 10~30%를 나타내어 GHR유전자의 발현이형질전환생쥐의 초기 사망에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2018

It has been claimed that artificial insemination (AI) of cows with frozen-thawed semen treated with commercially produced kits, Wholemom (in favour of female gender) increases the birth chance of calves with desired sex ratio by approximately 85% without decrease of pregnancy rates. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of wholemom kits as combined with frozen-thawed bovine semen during in vitro fertilization on the in vitro fertilization and developmental efficiency and sex ratios such as some reproductive parameters in bovine. For this, 1,737 oocytes were in vitro fertilized and developed. Agglutination effects on bovine after treatment of Wholemom kit were observed by time passage and dose respectively. To determine sex of embryos, Bovine embryo Y-specific gene primers(ConEY) and Bovine specific universal primer(ConBV) were used as multiple PCR method. Fertilization rate of wholemom-treated group was significantly lower than its of control group[66.9% (1,156/1,737) in Wholemom-treated group; 75.0% (610/813) in control group]. However, developmental rate after fertilization of both wholemom-treated and control groups were not significantly different [26.1% (404/1,156) in Wholemom-treated group; 27.4% (224/610) in control group]. Sex ratio of in vitro fertilized embryo with frozen-thawed semen treated with wholemom kit was determined by multi PCR. Female ratio in wholemom-treated group [85.4% (173/201)] was significantly higher than its of control group [47.2% (66/141)]. In conclusion, wholemom treatments of semen used in the in vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes provided increase in female ratio with decrease of fertilization rate.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.73-73
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• 2001

This study was to examine whether the vitrified, one-step diluted and direct transferred Hanwoo IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts can be successfully survived in vivo and they were succeeded into the live birth. For vitrification, blastocysts were serially exposed in glycerol (G) or/and ethylene glycol (EG) mixtures [10% (v/v) G for 5 min, 10% G plus 20% EG (v/v) for 5 min, and 25% G plus 25% EG (v/v) for 30 sect] which is diluted in 10% FBS added D-PBS. Thawing of straw was carried out in air for 10 sec and then in water bath of $25^{\circ}C$ for 20 sec. One-step dilution within the straw was done in water bath of $25^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. Vitrified and one-step diluted embryos were directly transferred into 36 (natural or hormone induced synchronized) recipient cows in 6 areas of Kyungsang Buk-Do. Pregnancies were confirmed at first when recipient cows did not return to the subsequent estrus cycle, and later by manual palpation per rectum on day 45, 90 and then living calves were derived into parturition. Overall pregnancy was 33.3%(12/36), However, higher pregnancy was obtained when the recipients exhibited estrus one day earlier than the age of transferred embryos (53.3 vs 25.0-27.3%), irrespective of synchronization methods. Also, parous recipients became pregnant higher than nulliparous heifers, And, there were not different in pregnancy rates by the aspect of corpus luteum (CL) quality of recipients (good, 29.4; fair, 37.5; poor, 33.3%). One hundred eight of frozen-thawed Hanwoo blastocysts were directly transferred into 36 recipient cows. In 12 of pregnant cows, 3 cows were aborted and 9 cows were calved [single, 66.7% (6/9): twin, 33.3% (3/9)]. Total embryo implantation rate was 11.1% (12/108). However, 9 Hanwoo calves were lived. Therefore, these results demonstrate that direct transfer technique of vitrified and one-step diluted bovine blastocysts can be applied easily and effectively with the higher pregnancy rate on field trial without the equipment and embryological skills.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2006

To study the signaling effect of insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-1), transgenic mice containing IGF-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) cDNA fused to metallothionein promoter were produced by DNA microinjection into the pronucleus of mouse zygote. Three founders were produced with transgenic mice containing IGF-1R gene. Transgenic mice lines contained approximately $4{\sim}20$ copies of transgenes per cell and transmission of this gene into the progeny with Mendelian manner were determined. The founder mice were mated with normal mice to produce $F_1$ mice and then $F_2$ mice. Transmission rates of IGF-1R transgene in the progeny mice were $25{\sim}60%$ in $F_1$ generation and $40{\sim}50%$ in $F_2$ generation. The mRNA expression of IGF-1R transgene in liver was analyzed using RT-PCR for IGF-1R gene in liver. When body weights of transgenic pups were measured during 4, 10 and 14 weeks after birth, IGF-1R transgenic mice grew faster than non transgenic littermates. This study indicated that growth regulation by IGF-1 signaling through IGF-1R can be elucidated using IGF-1R transgenic mice.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.702-714
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• 2020

주식 투자는 재테크의 하나로 금리 인하와 비과세 제도의 축소에 따라 주목을 받기 시작했다. 그러나 투자에 전문적인 지식이 필요할 뿐 아니라 위험 부담이 크다는 단점이 있다. 따라서 주가 경향의 정확한 예측은 개인투자자에게나 주식 투자 관련 서비스를 제공하는 회사에 중요한 능력이며, 더욱 정확한 예측을 위한 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 그러나 예측 연구들의 공정한 비교와 최고의 예측 모델을 얻기 위한 하이퍼-파라미터의 최적화에는 예측 모델의 성능을 정확하게 평가하는 방법이 필요한데, 지금까지 예측 모델의 성능 평가에 대한 연구는 미진한 상태이며, 기존 방법들을 그대로 답습하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 주가 예측 모델 성능 평가를 측정기준과 데이터 구성의 관점에서 분석하고, 예측 불균형 비율을 이용한 주가 경향 예측 모델의 공정한 성능 평가 방법을 제안한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권8호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to review the clinical presentation of preterm infants with gastrointestinal perforations and compare the clinical features of gastric perforation with other intestinal perforations. Methods: The medical records of preterm neonates with pneumoperitoneum, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between January 1994 and December 2013, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-one preterm infants underwent exploratory laparotomy to investigate the cause of the pneumoperitoneum. The sample consisted of five patients (23.8%) with gastric perforation and 16 patients (76.2%) with intestinal perforation. No statistical differences were found in the birth history and other perinatal factors between the two groups. Underlying necrotizing enterocolitis, bilious vomiting, and paralytic ileus preceding the perforation were statistically more common in the intestinal perforation group. All preterm infants with gastric perforation survived to discharge; however, six preterm infants with intestinal perforation expired during treatment in the NICU. In the gastric perforation group, sudden pneumoperitoneum was the most common finding, and the mean age at diagnosis was $4.4{\pm}1.7days$ of life. The location and size of the perforations varied, and simple closure or partial gastrectomy was performed. Conclusion: Patients with gastric perforation did not have a common clinical finding preceding the perforation diagnosis. Although mortality in previous studies was high, all patients survived to discharge in the present study. When a preterm infant aged less than one week presents with sudden abdominal distension and pneumoperitoneum, gastric perforation should first be excluded. Prompt exploratory laparotomy will increase the survival rates of these infants.