• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2847-2852
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• 2016

Background: Although the breast cancer incidence rate in Japan is lower than in western countries, the age-specific rates have markedly increased in recent years, along with the problems of declining birth rate and an aging population. Materials and Methods: We examined past trends of age-specific breast cancer incidence using data from the Osaka Cancer Registry from 1976 to 2010, and estimated future trends until 2025 based on the changes observed and population dynamics using a log linear regression model. Results: The age-specific breast cancer incidence rate has increased consistently from the 1970s, and the rates have caught up with those of Japanese-Americans in the US. Assuming the increasing tendency of age-specific breast cancer incidence to be constant, the average annual incidence of breast cancer will increase 1.7-fold from 2006-2010 to 2021-2025. Furthermore, the number of patients aged 80 years should increase 3.4-fold. Conclusions: The medical demand for breast cancer care in Japan may increase explosively in the future, particularly among the elderly. We need to prepare for such a future increase in demand for care, although careful monitoring is needed to confirm these results.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.421-431
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• 2023

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to socio-economic issues, highlighting the importance of strengthening health systems for future infectious diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between health system preparedness, response levels, and COVID-19 fatality rates across 194 countries. Methods: This study examined various indicators of national health system preparedness and response, including health service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, essential medicines and health products, health financing, and leadership and governance. Results: A correlation was found between the health system and the COVID-19 case fatality rate (CFR). Further examination of specific indicators within health service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, health financing, and leadership/governance showed significant correlations with the CFR. Multiple regression analysis, considering aging and urbanization rates, identified reproductive/maternal/newborn and child health, infectious diseases, nursing and midwifery personnel density, birth registration coverage, and out-of-pocket health expenditure as significant factors affecting the CFR. Conclusion: Countries with strong health system indicators experience lower case fatality rate from COVID-19. Strengthening access to essential health services, increasing healthcare personnel and resources, ensuring reliable health information, and bolstering overall health systems are crucial for preparedness against future infectious diseases.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2020

The effects of the number of frozen-thawed ram sperm per single and double intra-cervical artificial insemination (AI) on fertility in ewes were studied. A total of 89 non-pregnant ewes were synchronized for oestrus with two doses of 100 ㎍ PGF_2α (Cloprostenol) 9 days apart. The ewes were randomly assigned to one of four groups; D200 (n = 23; double AI with 200 × 10⁶ sperm), S200 (n = 24; single AI with 200 × 10⁶ sperm), D100 (n = 24; double AI with 100 × 10⁶ sperm) and S100 (n = 18; single AI with 100 × 10⁶ sperm). Ewes were inseminated within 12 to 18 h for single AI and, within 10 to 12 h and 16 to 18 h for double AI after the onset of oestrus. The onset of oestrus ranged from 28 to 76 h (54.33 ± 1.28 h). The high percentage (29.2%) of ewes showed oestrus between 51 to 60 h. The non-return rates were highest in group D200 (56.5%) and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from group S100 (11.1%). No ewes were pregnant in group S100, and the pregnancy rates among the remaining groups did not differ. The mean gestation period was 152.8 ± 0.5 days and no difference was observed among the groups. The lambing and multiple birth rates were 100% in group D200. The single and twin lambing was highest in group D100 (33.3%) and group D200 (83.3%), respectively. Only one triplet lambing and the highest lambing size (2.2 ± 0.2) was recorded in group D200. In conclusion, double AI with 200 × 10⁶ sperm showed comparatively most practical for achieving high pregnancy rates and lambing performances in Bangladeshi ewes under field conditions.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.118-138
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• 1985

This paper is aimed to analyse the recent changes in family planning as a step in an evaluation of the results of the population control policy which has been strenuously pursued by the government since December 1981. The data used in this analysis comes from the 1985 national fertility and family planning survey conducted by the Korea Institute for Population and Health (KIPH) in May 1985. According to the 1985 survey data, there have been great changes in both the contraceptive practice and fertility rates since the strengthening of the government's population control policy in 1 981. The contraceptive practice rate for married women aged 15-44 has increased from 57.7% in 1982 to 70.3% in 1985, an increase of 12.6% points in the short span of only 3 years. During the same period, the total fertility rate has declined from 2.7 in 1982 to the population replacement level which was planned to achieve by 1 988. More than 80% of women aged over 30 or with two children or more are practicing contraception, while the practice rates of women with 0-1 children are 14.0% and 45.1% respectively. The survey has revealed that the increase of contraceptive practice rate during 1982-1985 has mainly attributed to the high acceptance of sterilization procedures which practice rate of the married women has increased from 28.1% to 40.3% for the period. Also, the survey data shows that 24.7% of those women with only one child is practicing contraception for thepurpose of fertility termination. The government, taking into account of rapid changes in contraceptive practice and fertility rates, is formulating a population plan during the sixth fiveyear economic and social development plan (1987-1991) to achieve 1% ofpopulation growth rate by 1993, which was planned to realize by 2000. In order to meet this demographic goal, the existing population control policy measures should be improved to be suited to the recent contraceptive use and fertility changes. From this standpoint, the following considerations should be put forth; 1) improvement of the current program management systems including target allocation and evaluation schems for recruiting new acceptors in the young 20s groups to use contraceptives for birth spacing and to increase high continuation rates through the strengthening of follow-up services for the acceptors, 2) increase of self-supporting contraceptive users by promoting commercial advertisements on contraceptives through mass media including T.V. and radio, 3) development of social support policies including incentive schems, and strengthening of IE & C activities for increasing the proportion of the one-child family, 4) strengthening of population and family planning education in and out school youth, and 5) strengthening of management capabilities at the provincial and local program managers.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-136
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• 2012

This paper investigates effects of family size on private tutoring expenditures, using a data set drawn from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families (KLoWF). To deal with endogeneity of family size, the paper employs an instrumental variable (IV) method in which the sex of the first-born of the family is used as an IV. The results suggest that quantity-quality trade-offs of children within a family function in a way that varies by the sex of the child. While the effect of an increase in family size on private turoring expenditures of a second-born daughter is negative, the effect for a second-born son is indeterminate. The result for daughters implies that high costs of raising a child are likely to explain low birth rates of Korea.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.708-716
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• 2019

This study explored Jeju natural resources with healing function and tried mixed dyeing of Ecklonia cava and onion shell to improve dyeing. The results showed that silk dyed with a mixture of Ecklonia cava powder and onion shells rather than Jeju's individually dyed silk had better color power to develop fashion products. In addition, all friction lightning bolts, dry cleaning and sweat mining levels were excellent as well as excellent UV protection rates. The three baenaet jeogori worn during a birth anniversary and four rest suits that infants and children can wear comfortably maintained the dyeing and functioning of Ecklonia cava and onion shell mixture that was proven through abnormal experiments. For the three baenaet jeogori and two rest suits, the company has developed a fashion product recognized for high value-added merchandise using a variegation dyeing method made in a handmade style for expressing a person's natural sensibility through dyeing fabrics. Based on the results of the above research, it is expected that various fashion product developments will be possible by dyeing a mixture of functional and colorful extracts of the drug and colorful dye.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.329-339
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• 1993

Effects of relative light intensity and N, P fertilization on the growth and ramet dynamics of the rhizomatous plants, Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensi and Spdiopogon sibiricus were studied in Chuncheon, Kangweon-Do. Ramets emerged in one pulse a year, withered in one pulse at the end of the growing season in M. sinensis and S. sibircus stands, while the birth and death pulse in A. hirta stands were two times. Total births of ramet were 9 times and 3.6 times greater in the unshaded fertilized stands of A. hirta and M. sinensis than in the shaded, However, those of S.sibiricus were 2.1 times greater in the shaded stands. Flowering rates of A. hirta, M.sinensis and S.sibiricus I the unshaded fertilized stands were 1.8, 2.7 and 1.04 times greater than in the shaded unfertilized stands, respectively. Height of ramets of A. hirta and M.sinensis were the hightest in the unshaded fertilized stands. However, that of s.sibiricus was the highest in the shaded fertilized stand. Aboveground production of A.hirta in the fertilized stand was 2.4 times greater in the unshaded stand than in the shaded one. Results of inflorescence frequency, shoot height and the ratio of aboveground to belowground were smiliar to the total births. The added fertilizer markedly increased the ramet density and the shoot productivity of three rhizomatous plants, especially of A. hirta.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.84-95
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• 2005

With recent advancement in informational sciences, educational systems are undergoing a revolutionary facelift on how students attain their education. These developments have diminished the traditional method of teaching and learning and have improved the overall quality of the educational environment. They have also ignited the birth of cyber-education in which students have the flexibility and responsibility on what and when to study, thus providing a greater freedom to control one's education. Cyber-educational environment not only requires physical hardware but also an organizational structural component and most importantly, a software component that drives and gives the student management power to tailor their studies based upon their educational requirements. Due to the fact that individuals learn and develop at different rates, one of the important features of a cyber-educational program will be its ability to adjust and customized to individual needs and requirements. In this thesis, a novel software which encompasses these ideas was designed and developed. This program allows the individual more flexibility and management of courses based on their ability and needs. Because the software customizes to one's ability and it allows the student to advance at a more comfortable pace, it boosts the student's confidence and desire to learn. In the future, new and improved programs similar to the one developed here will further enhance the cyber-educational environment and will undoubtedly improve the overall quality of student's education.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2003

Transgenic mice containing GH Receptor (GHR) gene fused to metallothionein promoter were analyzed to evaluate effect of GHR expression on growth in vivo. Three founder mice lines contained copies of GHR transgene and transmitted these genes into F$_1$ and F$_2$ progenies. The mRNA expression of transgene was identified using RT-PCR with GHR genes in tissues. To analyze the effects of transgenes on growth performance, body weights of pups were measured at 4, 10 and 14 weeks after birth. The body weight of transgenic mice was higher compared with that of non-transgenic control mice regardless of sex (P<0.05). Body weights between transgenic and non-transgenic mice were increased with aging. Overall, GHR transgenic mice tended to grow about 10 to 15 ％ faster than non-transgenic mice without any pathological defects.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2002

While the survival rate of preterm infants and employment rates of mothers with infants have been dramatically increasing, little is known about the impact of maternal employment and having premature infants on maternal health recovery after delivery. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine differences in postpartum health by mother's employment and infant's prematurity over time during the first 3 months postpartum. The study used a longitudinal design and was secondary data analysis from a large study. A convenience sample of 132 mothers was recruited with mothers who had fullterm or preterm infants through the postpartum unit. They were followed up for 3 times (at 1-2 days, 6 weeks, and 3 months) during the first 3 months postpartum period. Level of fatigue and hysical symptoms were indicators for postpartum physical health; Positive affect and negative affect were assessed for postpartum mental health, and role functional status after childbirth was for role performance. Finding indicated that health indicators changed significantly over time but there was no main or interaction effect for maternal employment status. There were main effects of infant's prematurity on positive affect, negative affect, and role functional status (self-care and social and community activities). This study enhanced the understanding of postpartum health of mothers with preterm infants as well as those with fullterm infants during the postpartum period.