• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2012

바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 대체 바이오매스 자원으로 갈조류인 다시마의 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 산 가수분해와 에탄올 발효 특성을 검토하였다. 산 가수분해는 발효 가능한 당류의 생산량을 증가시켜 에탄올 생산량을 크게 증가시켰다. 최대 환원당 생산량은 묽은 황산(1.0 N)을 이용하여 $130^{\circ}C$에서 6시간 가수분해하는 조건에서 다시마 건조무게 기준 135 mg/g이었다. Saccharomyces cerevisiae(ATCC 24858)는 글루코오스, 갈락토오스 및 만노오스와 같은 $C_6$-당을 에탄올로 발효시킬 수 있지만 아라비노오스나 자일로오스와 같은 $C_5$-당은 에탄올 발효기질로 이용하지 못하였다. 최적 발효시간은 글루코오스 48시간, 갈락토오스 72시간, 만노오스 96시간으로 단당류에 따라 달랐다. 그럼에도 불구하고 S. cerevisiae를 이용하여 $35^{\circ}C$에서 96시간 발효를 통해 가수분해물로부터 얻을 수 있는 에탄올 생산량은 가수분해물 중의 총환원당으로부터 얻을 수 있는 이론적 생산량에 비해 4배 정도 높은 다시마 건조무게 기준 242 mg/g에 달하였다. 이는 가수분해물에 용존되어 있는 비환원당과 올리고당류들이 에탄올 발효에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 나타낸다. 가수분해 용액 대비 다시마의 주입비율을 1에서 5%(w/v)로 증가시킴에 따라 에탄올 농도는 2.4에서 9.2 g/L로 증가하는 반면 단위무게당 에탄올 생산량은 242에서 185 mg/g으로 감소하였다. 다시마의 에탄올 생산성은 대략 7,400~9,600 kg/ha/year 정도로 평가되어 다시마가 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 바이오매스 자원으로 매우 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Purpose: The kinetic evaluation was performed for swine manure (SM) degradation and biogas generation. Methods: The SM was anaerobically digested using batch digesters at feed to inoculum ratio (F/I) of 1.0 under mesophilic conditions ($36.5^{\circ}C$). The specific gas yield was expressed in terms of gram total chemical oxygen demand (mL/g TCOD added) and gram volatile solids added (mL/g VS added) and their effectiveness was discussed. The biogas and methane production were predicted using first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model. The critical hydraulic retention time for biomass washout was determined using Chen and Hashimoto model. Results: The biogas and methane yield from SM was 346 and 274 mL/ TCOD added, respectively after 100 days of digestion. The average methane content in the biogas produced from SM was 79% and $H_2S$ concentration was in the range of 3000-4108 ppm. It took around 32-47 days for 80-90% of biogas recovery and the TCOD removal from SM was calculated to be 85%. When the specific biogas and methane yield from SM (with very high TVFA concentration) was expressed in terms of oven dried volatile solids (VS) basis, the gas yield was found to be over estimated. The difference in the measured and predicted gas yield was in the range of 1.2-1.5% when using first order kinetic model and 0.1% when using modified Gompertz model. The effective time for biogas production ($T_{Ef}$) from SM was calculated to be in the range of 30-45 days and the critical hydraulic retention time ($HRT_{Critical}$) for biomass wash out was found to be 9.5 days. Conclusions: The modified Gompertz model could be better in predicting biogas and methane production from SM. The HRT greater than 10 days is recommended for continuous digesters using SM as feedstock.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2016

식물의 이차생장의 결과로 생산되는 바이오매스의 대부분은 식물의 이차세포벽에 축적된다. 식물의 이차세포벽은 크게 셀룰로스, 헤미셀룰로스, 리그닌이라는 3가지 물질로 구성되며 이들 중 페놀성 복합 화학 물질인 리그닌은 셀룰로스나 헤미셀룰로스와 달리 알코올 발효과정의 저해 물질로이다. 따라서, 식물의 이차세포벽 생합성의 과정을 조절함으로 전체 바이오매스의 생산량과 조성을 바이오 에너지 생산을 위해 최적 조건으로 조절함으로써 바이오 에탄올 생산을 최대화할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 애기장대 유래 MYB7 유전자를 CaMV35S 프로모터 조절 하에서 과별현되게 한 식물체와 식물의 전사조절에서 하위 특정 유전자의 발현을 저해시키는 것으로 잘 알려진 SRDX 융합 단백질 즉, MYB7-SRDX 과발현체를 제작하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 MYB7 전사조절 인자가 리그닌의 생합성을 억제 조절한다는 결과를 관찰하였다. 이는 MYB7 전사조절인자를 이용하면 바이오 에탄올 발효과정에 저해 물질로 작용하는 리그닌을 경감시킬 수 있는 기초 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 청정기술
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2020

The bio-oil produced from the fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass contains a high amount of oxygenates, causing variation in the properties of bio-oil, such as instability, high acidity, and low heating value, reducing the quality of the bio-oil. Consequently, an upgrading process should be recommended ensuring that these bio-oils are widely used as fuel sources. Catalytic fast pyrolysis has attracted a great deal of attention as a promising method for producing upgraded bio-oil from biomass feedstock. In this study, the fast pyrolysis of tulip tree was performed in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor under different reaction temperatures, with and without catalysts, to investigate the effects of pyrolysis temperature and catalysts on product yield and bio-oil quality. The system used silica sand, ferric oxides (Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄), and H-ZSM-5 as the fluidized-bed material and nitrogen as the fluidizing medium. The liquid yield reached the highest value of 49.96 wt% at 450 ℃, using Fe₂O₃ catalyst, compared to 48.45 wt% for H-ZSM-5, 47.57 wt% for Fe₃O₄ and 49.03 wt% with sand. Catalysts rejected oxygen mostly as water and produced a lower amount of CO and CO₂, but a higher amount of H₂ and hydrocarbon gases. The catalytic fast pyrolysis showed a high ratio of H₂/CO than sand as a bed material.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2013

Microalgae are receiving an increasing attention because of their potential use as $CO_2$ capture method and/or as feedstock for biofuels production. On the other hand the current microalgae-based technology is still not widespread since it is characterized by technical and economic constraints that hinder its full scale-up. In such contest the growth kinetics of Nannochloris eucaryotum (a relatively unknown marine strain) in batch and semi-batch photobioreactors is quantitatively investigated with the aim of obtaining the corresponding kinetic parameters suitable for process engineering and its optimization. In particular the maximum growth rate was evaluated to be 1.99 $10^{-3}\;h^{-1}$. Half saturation concentrations for nitrates ($K_N$) and phosphates uptake ($K_P$) were evaluated as 5.4 $10^{-4}\;g_N\;L^{-1}$ and 2.5 $10^{-5}\;g_P\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Yield factors for nitrogen ($Y_N$) and phosphorus ($Y_P$) resulted to be 5.9 $10^{-2}\;g_N\;g^{-1}$ biomass and 6.0 $10^{-3}\;g_P\;g^{-1}{_{biomass}}$, respectively. The possibility of using 100% (v/v) $CO_2$ gas as carbon source is also evaluated for the first time in the literature as far as N. eucaryotum is concerned. The strain showed a good adaptability to high concentrations of dissolved $CO_2$ as well as to low pH. The lipid content under 100% $CO_2$ is about 16.16 %wt $wt^{-1}$ and the fatty acid methyl esters composition of the extracted oil is in compliance with the European regulation for quality biodiesel.

• ALGAE
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.267-276
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• 2016

Microalgae are currently a very promising source of biomass and triacylglycerol (TAG) for biofuels. In a previous study, we identified Chlorella saccharophila as a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production because it showed high biomass and lipid content with an appropriate fatty acid methyl esters profile. To improve the TAG accumulation in C. saccharophila, in this study we evaluated the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) addition on cell concentration, lipid content and TAG production in this microalga. First, we evaluated the effects of four ABA concentrations (1, 4, 10, and 20 μM) added at the beginning of a single-stage cultivation strategy, and found that all concentrations tested significantly increased cell concentration and TAG content in C. saccharophila. We then evaluated the addition of 1 μM ABA during the second stage of a two-stage cultivation strategy and compared it with a nitrogen deficiency treatment (ND) and a combination of ND and ABA (ND + ABA). Although ABA alone significantly increased lipid and TAG contents compared with the control, ND showed significantly higher TAG content, and ND + ABA showed the highest TAG content. When comparing the results of both strategies, we found a superior response in terms of TAG accumulation with the addition of 1 μM ABA at the beginning of a single-stage cultivation system. This strategy is a simple and effective way to improve the TAG content in C. saccharophila and probably other microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.114.1-114.1
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• 2011

Bioenergy production from lignocellulosic biomass and agriculture wastes have been attracted because of its sustainable and non-edible source. Especially, canola is considered as one of the best feedstock for renewable fuel production. Oil extracted canola and its agriculture residues are reuseable for bioethanol production. However, a pretreatment step is required before enzymatic hydrolysis to disrupt recalcitrant lignocellulosic matrix. To increase the sugar conversion, more efficient pretreatment process was necessary for removal of saccharification barriers such as lignin. Alkaline pretreatment makes the lignocellulose swollen through solvation and induces more porous structure for enzyme access. In our previous work, aqueous ammonia (1~20%) was utilized for alkaline reagent to increase the crystallinity of canola residues pretreatment. In this study, significant factors for efficient soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment on canola residues was optimized by using the response surface method (RSM). Based on the fundamental experiments, the real values of factors at the center (0) were determined as follows; $70^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 17.5% of ammonia concentration and 18 h of reaction time in the experiment design using central composition design (CCD). A statistical model predicted that the highest removal yield of lignin was 54% at the following optimized reaction conditions: $72.68^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 18.30% of ammonia concentration and 18.30 h of reaction time. Finally, maximum theoretical yields of soaking in aqueous ammonia pretreatment were 42.23% of glucose and 22.68% of xylose.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.459-463
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• 2015

This study evaluated the microbial conversion of coconut oil waste, a major agro-residue in tropical countries, into single cell oil (SCO) feedstock for biodiesel production. Copra cake was used as a low-cost renewable substrate without any prior chemical or enzymatic pretreatment for submerged growth of an oleaginous tropical mangrove fungus, Aspergillus terreus IBB M1. The SCO extracted from fermented biomass was converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transesterification and evaluated on the basis of fatty acid profiles and key fuel properties for biodiesel. The fungus produced a biomass (8.2 g/l) yielding 257 mg/g copra cake SCO with ~98% FAMEs. The FAMEs were mainly composed of saturated methyl esters (61.2%) of medium-chain fatty acids (C12-C18) with methyl oleate (C18:1; 16.57%) and methyl linoleate (C18:2; 19.97%) making up the unsaturated content. A higher content of both saturated FAMEs and methyl oleate along with the absence of polyunsaturated FAMEs with ≥4 double bonds is expected to impart good fuel quality. This was evident from the predicted and experimentally determined key fuel properties of FAMEs (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value, acid number, cetane number), which were in accordance with the international (ASTM D6751, EN 14214) and national (IS 15607) biodiesel standards, suggesting their suitability as a biodiesel fuel. The low cost, renewable nature, and easy availability of copra cake, its conversion into SCO without any thermochemical pretreatment, and pelleted fungal growth facilitating easier downstream processing by simple filtration make this process cost effective and environmentally favorable.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.561-569
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• 2023

푸르푸랄(furfural)은 리그노셀룰로오스 바이오매스(lignocellulose biomass)의 헤미셀룰로오스(hemicellulose) 성분 중 하나인 자일로스(xylose)로부터 생산되는 플랫폼 화학물질이다. 푸르푸랄은 페놀류 화합물이나 바이오 연료 등의 중요한 원료로 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 푸르푸랄 생산공정에서 일반적으로 사용되는 산 촉매인 황산(sulfuric acid)과 친환경적 촉매인 포름산(formic acid) 두 가지 촉매를 이용하여 회분식 반응 시스템(batch system)에서 자일로스로부터 푸르푸랄을 생산하기 위한 조건을 비교 및 최적화하였다. 자일로스의 초기 농도(10 g/L~100 g/L), 반응 온도(140~200 ℃), 황산 촉매(1~3 wt%), 포름산 촉매(5~10 wt%), 반응 시간에 따라 자일로스로부터 푸르푸랄 수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 촉매 종류에 따른 최적 조건은 다음과 같았다. 황산 촉매의 경우, 3 wt%의 촉매농도, 50 g/L의 초기 자일로스 농도, 180 ℃의 온도 10분의 반응시간에서 최대 58.97%의 푸르푸랄 수율을 얻었다. 포름산 촉매의 겨우, 5 wt%의 촉매농도, 50 g/L의 초기 자일로스 농도, 180 ℃의 온도, 150분 반응 시간에서 65.32%의 푸르푸랄 수율을 확보하였다.

• 공업화학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.10-15
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• 2016

에너지 수요의 증가와 화석연료 고갈에 대비해 재생가능한 자원에 대한 관심이 높다. 목질계 바이오매스는 지속 및 재생 가능하며, 원유로부터 생산되는 화학물질을 대체할 수 있고, 바이오 기반의 화학물질과 바이오연료를 생산하는 원료물질로 인식되고 있다. 푸르푸랄은 푸란을 기반으로 하는 메틸퓨란, 터트라하이드로퓨판, 메틸테트라하이드로퓨란, 에틸테트라하이드로퓨릴 이써, 에틸 레부리네이트, 레불루닉산과 알칸 등 화학물질 및 용매 생산을 위한 천연 전구체이며, 바이오 화학물질과 바이오연료를 위한 재생 가능한 화학 플랫폼으로 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 바이오리파이너리 개념, 푸르푸랄의 생산과 응용분야에 대해 고찰을 하였다.