• 제목/요약/키워드: Biological enzymes

검색결과 783건 처리시간 0.022초

다양한 식물병원성 곰팡이에 항진균 활성을 갖는 길항미생물의 탐색 (Screening of Antagonistic Bacteria having Antifungal Activity against Various Phytopathogens)

  • 양희종;정수지;정성엽;정도연
    • 한국균학회지
    • /
    • 제42권4호
    • /
    • pp.333-340
    • /
    • 2014
  • 미생물을 이용한 생물학적 방제제의 개발을 위해 연작피해가 없는 순창군 토양으로부터 다양한 미생물 201종을 분리하였고, 이들의 생물학적 활성을 조사하였다. 201종의 분리 세균 중에서 다양한 식물병원성 곰팡이에 대하여 항균활성이 우수한 5종을 선별하였다. 5종의 분리주에 대하여 siderophore를 생산하며 cellulase, protease, amylase와 같은 곰팡이 세포벽 분해효소를 생산하는 능력이 가장 우수한 SCS3 균주를 최종 선별하였다. 최종 선별한 균주 SCS3의 형태학적, 생리학적 및 생화학적 특성을 조사하였고, 16S rRNA 염기서열의 분석에 의해 B. subtilis SCS3으로 명명하였으며, 염기서열 분석에 기반하여 계통수를 작성하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 B. subtilis SCS3은 식물병원성 곰팡이의 방제를 위한 생물학적 방제제로 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

Enantiospecific separation in biphasic Membrane Reactors

  • Giorno, Lidietta
    • 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국막학회 1998년도 추계 총회 및 학술발표회
    • /
    • pp.15-18
    • /
    • 1998
  • Membrane reactors are systems which combine a chemical reactor with a membrane separation process allowing to carry out simultaneously conversion and product separation. The catalyst can be immobilized on the membrane or simply compartmentalized in a reaction space by the membrane. Membrane reactors are today investigated to produce optically pure isomers and/or resolve racemic mixture of enantiomers. The interest towards these systems is due to the increasing demand of enantiomerically pure compounds to be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and agrochemical industries. In fact, enantiomers can have different biological activities, which often influence the efficacy or toxicity of the compound. On the basis of current literature there are basically two schemes on the use of membrane technology to produce enantiomers. In one case, the membrane itseft is intrinsically enantioselective: the membrane is the chiral system which selectively separates the wanted isomer on the basis of its conformation. In the other, a kinetic resolution using an enantiospecific biocatalyst is combined with a membrane separation process; the membrane separates the product from the substrate on the basis of their relative chemical properties (i.e. solubility). This kind of configuration is widely used to carry out kinetic resolutions of low water soluble substrams in biphasic membrane reactors [Giomo, 1995, 1997; Lopez, 1997]. These are systems where enzyme-loaded membranes promote reactions between two separate phases thanks to the properties of enzymes, such as lipases, to catalyse reactions at the org ic/aqueous interface; the two phases are maintained in contact and separated at the membrane level by operating at appropriate transmembrane pressure. A schematic representation of biphasic membrane reactor is shown in figure 1, while an example of enantiospecific reaction and product separation carried out with these systems is reported in figure 2.

  • PDF

Hsp70 분자 샤페론과 조절인자 (Family of Hsp70 Molecular Chaperones and Their Regulators)

  • 정경태
    • 생명과학회지
    • /
    • 제17권12호
    • /
    • pp.1760-1765
    • /
    • 2007
  • 생명체 내에서 일어나는 거의 모든 반응은 단백질이 촉진하거나 수행한다. 단백질은 세포질과 소포체에서 합성될 때 엄격하게 조절된다. 그러나, 새로이 합성된 모든 단백질이 살아남아서 생명을 유지시키는 기능에 관여하게 되지는 않는다. 가장 알맞은 생리학적 in vitro 실험 조건에서 새로이 합성된 단백질의 약 3분의 1 정도는 합성되자마자 proteasome에 의해 빠르게 분해된다고 보고되었다. 또한, 단백질은 합성이 성공적으로 이루어진 이후에는 3차원 구조를 갖기 위해 접힘(folding)이 이루어져야 하고, subunit들은 assembly 과정을 거쳐야 비로소 성숙된 단백질로서 기능을 하게 된다. 어떤 단백질군은 자연적으로 접힘이 일어나는 반면 어떤 단백질군은 분자 샤페론(molecular chaperones)과 folding enzymes의 도움을 받아야만 접힘이 일어난다. 분자 샤페론은 세포 전역에 분포하고 있으며, 세균에서부터 고등 동식물에 이르기까지 모든 생명체에 존재한다. 이들 중 Hsp70군은 많이 연구된 분자 샤페론으로서 지난 10여년 동안 조절인자들이 새로이 발견되어 작용 mechanism이 보다 자세히 밝혀졌다. 본 총설에서 Hsp70군과 그 조절인자들에 대한 전반적인 서술을 하였으며, 이들의 기능이 분자 샤페론 기능 외에 생체 내에서 중요한 기능들이 새롭게 밝혀지고 있어 이들의 작용 mechanism을 조명함으로 이해를 돕고자 한다.

유기산 및 효소적 전처리를 이용한 다시마에서 바이오 에탄올 생산 (Organic Acid and Enzyme Pretreatment of Laminaria japonica for Bio-ethanol Production)

  • 이성목;이재화
    • 공업화학
    • /
    • 제23권2호
    • /
    • pp.164-168
    • /
    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 갈조류인 다시마의 당 성분 함량에 대한 분석과 효소 및 유기산 가수분해물을 이용한 생물학적 바이오 에탄올 생산에 대해 연구하였다. HPLC를 이용한 당 성분 분석 결과 alginate가 total sugar의 65.99%로 가장 많은 것으로 확인되었으며, laminaran과 mannitol이 각각 6.24, 27.77%로 나타났다. 1.5% acetic acid를 이용하여 $121^{\circ}C$, 60 min 동안 가수분해 결과 최대 1.874 g/L의 환원당이 생성되었으며, ascorbic acid의 경우 2.0%에서 최대 4.291 g/L의 환원당이 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. Alginate lyase와 laminarinase와 같은 효소를 이용한 가수분해에서 환원당 생성량은 최대 2.219 g/L였다. 다시마 가수분해물을 이용한 에탄올 발효 결과 유기산을 처리했을 때에는 에탄올 생산량이 오히려 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, alginate lyase와 laminarinase를 혼합처리 했을 때 에탄올 생산량이 1.26 g/L로 가장 높았다.

Phenyldiazenylaniline 유도체가 방향족탄화수소 수용체의 활성에 미치는 영향 (Study on the Effects of Phenyldiazenylanilines on the Activation of Arylhydrocarbon Receptor)

  • 이효성
    • 한국융합학회논문지
    • /
    • 제10권1호
    • /
    • pp.285-290
    • /
    • 2019
  • 방향성 탄화수소 수용체(Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, AHR)은 리간드에 의해 활성화되어 체내 외래물질의 대사를 조절하는 전사인자다. 생체 내에서 AHR의 생리학적 역할은 오랜 기간 연구되어 왔으나 길항제를 비롯한 적절한 화학적 도구의 부재로 그 역할 규명이 제한되어 있다. AHR이 다양한 질병의 발병기전에 관여되어 있다는 것이 밝혀짐에 따라 유효한 약물 표적으로 인식되고 있으나 치료나 예방을 위한 유효한 약물은 아직 개발되지 않았다. 길항제로 알려진 화합물들은 낮은 농도에서는 길항활성이 있어 연구 목적으로는 활용되고 있으나 높은 농도에서는 AHR을 활성화하는 부분적 agonist로 작용한다. 이에 AHR 활성화를 유도하지 않는 순수한 길항제의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이미 알려진 AHR 길항제인 Resveratrol과 CH223191의 구조를 기반으로 phenyldiazenylanline 구조를 설계하였고 이를 골격으로 다양한 유도체를 합성하고 화학적 구조와 생물학적 활성의 상관 관계에 대한 융합 연구를 통하여 신규 AHR 길항제를 도출하였다.

생물막 분산기작을 이용한 만성창상의 치료전략 (Therapeutic strategies to manage chronic wounds by using biofilm dispersal mechanisms)

  • 김재수;김민호
    • 미생물학회지
    • /
    • 제55권2호
    • /
    • pp.87-102
    • /
    • 2019
  • 대부분의 만성창상(chronic wounds)은 생물막으로 인해 상처 치유시 염증단계를 지속시킨다. 생물막은 항생제(antibiotics)에 대한 저항성을 가지며 침투력을 저하시키고 살균제(biocides)에 대한 내성을 지니며 국소면역반응을 약화시킨다. 또한 생물막은 주변의 조직에 단단히 붙어 있어 제거하는 작업이 매우 어렵다. 그러므로 주변 조직을 손상시키지 않으면서 단단한 생물막을 제거하는 전략은 매우 중요하다. 그 중에 하나가 분산기작을 이용한 생물막의 해체이며 지금까지 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 본 고찰논문에서는 특별히 화학주성, 파지요법, 다당류, 다양한 효소(당분해효소, 단백질분해효소, DNA 분해효소), 계면활성제, 분산신호, 자기유도인자, 조절인자, 억제제 등이 소개되었으며 더 나아가 항생제 치료 및 다른 치료와의 병행을 통한 병합요법도 소개되었다. 앞으로 본 논문에서 제시된 생물막의 분산기작의 지식을 이용하여 만성 창상 감염치료의 가능성이 더 높아지길 기대한다.

Agastache rugosa Kuntze Attenuates UVB-Induced Photoaging in Hairless Mice through the Regulation of MAPK/AP-1 and TGF-β/Smad Pathways

  • Yun, Mann-Seok;Kim, Changhee;Hwang, Jae-Kwan
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제29권9호
    • /
    • pp.1349-1360
    • /
    • 2019
  • Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, regarded as a major cause of extrinsic aging or photoaging characterized by wrinkle formation and skin dehydration, exerts adverse effects on skin by causing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Agastache rugosa Kuntze, known as Korean mint, possesses a wide spectrum of biological properties including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-atherosclerosis. Previous studies have reported that A. rugosa protected human keratinocytes against UVB irradiation by restoring the anti-oxidant defense system. However, the anti-photoaging effect of A. rugosa extract (ARE) in animal models has not yet been evaluated. ARE was orally administered to hairless mice at doses of 100 or 250 mg/kg/day along with UVB exposure for 12 weeks. ARE histologically improved UVB-induced wrinkle formation, epidermal thickening, erythema, and hyperpigmentation. In addition, ARE recovered skin moisture by improving skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Along with this, ARE increased hyaluronic acid levels by upregulating HA synthase genes. ARE markedly increased the density of collagen and the amounts of hydroxypoline via two pathways. First, ARE significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases responsible for collagen degradation by inactivating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein 1 pathway. Second, ARE stimulated the transforming growth factor beta/Smad signaling, consequently raising the mRNA levels of collagen-related genes. In addition, ARE not only increased the mRNA expression of anti-oxidant enzymes but also decreased inflammatory cytokines by blocking the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B. Collectively, our findings suggest that A. rugosa may be a potential preventive and therapeutic agent for photoaging.

Engineering of Biosynthesis Pathway and NADPH Supply for Improved L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate Production by Lactococcus lactis

  • Lu, Chuanchuan;Liu, Yanfeng;Li, Jianghua;Liu, Long;Du, Guocheng
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제31권1호
    • /
    • pp.154-162
    • /
    • 2021
  • L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is one of the biological active forms of folate, which is widely used as a nutraceutical. However, low yield and serious pollution associated with the chemical synthesis of 5-MTHF hampers its sustainable supply. In this study, 5-MTHF production was improved by engineering the 5-MTHF biosynthesis pathway and NADPH supply in Lactococcus lactis for developing a green and sustainable biosynthesis approach. Specifically, overexpressing the key rate-limiting enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase led to intracellular 5-MTHF accumulation, reaching 18 ㎍/l. Next, 5-MTHF synthesis was further enhanced by combinatorial overexpression of 5-MTHF synthesis pathway enzymes with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, resulting in 1.7-fold enhancement. The folate supply pathway was strengthened by expressing folE encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I, which increased 5-MTHF production 2.4-fold to 72 ㎍/l. Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was overexpressed to improve the redox cofactor NADPH supply for 5-MTHF biosynthesis, which led to a 60% increase in intracellular NADPH and a 35% increase in 5-MTHF production (97 ㎍/l). To reduce formation of the by-product 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, overexpression of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase converted 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methyltetrahydrofolate, which enhanced the 5-MTHF titer to 132 ㎍/l. Finally, combinatorial addition of folate precursors to the fermentation medium boosted 5-MTHF production, reaching 300 ㎍/l. To the best of our knowledge, this titer is the highest achieved by L. lactis. This study lays the foundation for further engineering of L. lactis for efficient 5-MTHF biosynthesis.

Methylglyoxal-Scavenging Enzyme Activities Trigger Erythroascorbate Peroxidase and Cytochrome c Peroxidase in Glutathione-Depleted Candida albicans

  • Kang, Sa-Ouk;Kwak, Min-Kyu
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    • /
    • 제31권1호
    • /
    • pp.79-91
    • /
    • 2021
  • γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gcs1) and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity maintains minimal levels of cellular methylglyoxal in Candida albicans. In glutathione-depleted Δgcs1, we previously saw that NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) are the most active methylglyoxal scavengers. With methylglyoxal accumulation, disruptants lacking MGD1 or ADH1 exhibit a poor redox state. However, there is little convincing evidence for a reciprocal relationship between methylglyoxal scavenger genes-disrupted mutants and changes in glutathione-(in)dependent redox regulation. Herein, we attempt to demonstrate a functional role for methylglyoxal scavengers, modeled on a triple disruptant (Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1), to link between antioxidative enzyme activities and their metabolites in glutathione-depleted conditions. Despite seeing elevated methylglyoxal in all of the disruptants, the result saw a decrease in pyruvate content in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 which was not observed in double gene-disrupted strains such as Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. Interestingly, Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 exhibited a significantly decrease in H2O2 and superoxide which was also unobserved in Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes erythroascorbate peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase were noticeably higher in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 than in the other disruptants. Meanwhile, Glr1 activity severely diminished in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Monitoring complementary gene transcripts between double gene-disrupted Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1 supported the concept of an unbalanced redox state independent of the Glr1 activity for Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Our data demonstrate the reciprocal use of Eapx1 and Ccp1 in the absence of both methylglyoxal scavengers; that being pivotal for viability in non-filamentous budding yeast.

Cultivation and Nutritional Value of Prominent Pleurotus spp.: An Overview

  • Raman, Jegadeesh;Jang, Kab-Yeul;Oh, Youn-Lee;Oh, Minji;Im, Ji-Hoon;Lakshmanan, Hariprasath;Sabaratnam, Vikineswary
    • Mycobiology
    • /
    • 제49권1호
    • /
    • pp.1-14
    • /
    • 2021
  • Pleurotus species are commercially essential mushrooms and widely cultivated throughout the world. The production of Pleurotus mushrooms alone accounts for around 25% of that total cultivated mushrooms globally. In America and Europe, Pleurotus species are considered specialty mushrooms, whereas, in Korea, their cultivation is economically profitable, and it is one of the highly consumed species. Pleurotus species are predominantly found in tropical forests and often grow on fallen branches, dead and decaying tree stumps, and wet logs. Biographical studies have shown that the Pleurotus genus is among the more conspicuous fungi that induce wood decay in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide due to its formidable lignin-modifying enzymes, including laccase and versatile peroxidases. Pleurotus species can be grown easily due to their fast colonization nature on diversified agro-substrates and their biological efficiency 100%. Pleurotus mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, water-soluble vitamins, and minerals. These mushrooms are abundant in functional bioactive molecules, though to influence health. Pleurotus mushrooms are finding unique applications as flavoring, aroma, and excellent preservation quality. Apart from its unique applications, Pleurotus mushrooms have a unique status delicacy with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present review provides an insight into the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. using different agro-waste as growth substances paying attention to their effects on the growth and chemical composition.