• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.151-158
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• 1999

Biogenic source emissions refer to naturally occuring emissions from vegetation, microbial activities in soil, lightening, and so on. Vegetation is especially known to emit a considerable amout of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. Therefore, biogenic source emissions are an important input to photochemical air quality models. since most biogenic source emissions are calculated at the county-level, they should be geographically allocated to the computational grid cells of a photochemical air quality model prior to running the model. The traditional method for the spatial allocation for biogenic source emissions has been to use a "spatial surrogate indicator" such as a county area. In order to examine the applicability of such approximations, this study developed more detailed surrogate indicators to improve the spatial allocation method for biogenic source emissions. Due to the spatially variable nature of biogenic source emissions, Geographic Information Systems(GIS) were introduced as new tools to develop more detailed spatial surrogate indicators. Use of these newly developed spatial surrogate indicators for biogenic source emission allocation provides a better resolution than the standard spatial surrogate indicator.indicator.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.123-135
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• 1997

An air pollutant emission inventory system for the input preparations of photochemical dispersion model was developed. Using the system, anthropogenic emissions as well as biogenic emissions in the Seoul metropolitan area were calculated. Anthropogenic emission by fuel combustion using regional cosumption data, and the laundries and so forth was estimated. The biogenic emission was estimated based upon meteorological data and the distribution of land use type in the study area. The anthropogenic emission of pollutants was highest in Seoul, and the second highest in Inchon. TSP and $SO_2$ were found large quantities during the winter due to increased consumption of heating oil. NOx and THC were emitted without seasonal variation. Among biogenic emissions, PAR was very common while NO was the least common. PAR, OLE, and ALD2 were emitted in large volumes in coniferous forest areas, while ISOP was emitted in deciduous forest areas. Generally, most biogenic emissions increased during daytime, and peaked between oen and two o'clock. Because of strong solar radiation, emission during the summer was high. Biogenic NO emissions were found to be lower compared to anthropogenic emissons, and other VOC was indicated relatively high. In the study area, among biogenic emissions PAR was found to be 3 times, OLE 8 times,and ALD2 12 times more common than among anthropogenic emissions.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.423-438
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• 2008

BEIS2 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 2) and BEIS3.12 (BEIS version 3.12) were used to estimate hourly biogenic emissions over South Korea using a set of vegetation and meteorological data simulated with the MM5 (Mesoscale Model version 5). Two biogenic emission models utilized different emission factors and showed different responses to solar radiations, resulting in about $10{\sim}20%$ difference in the nationwide isoprene emission estimates. Among the 11-vegetation classes, it was found that mixed forest and deciduous forest are the most important vegetation classes producing isoprene emissions over South Korea comprising ${\sim}90%$ of the total. The simulated isoprene concentrations over Seoul metropolitan area show that diurnal and daily variations match relatively well with the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) measurements during the period of June 3${\sim}$June 10, 2004. Compared to BEIS2, BEIS3.12 yielded ${\sim}35%$ higher isoprene concentrations during daytime and presented better matches to the high peaks observed over the Seoul area. This study showed that the importance of vegetation data and emission factors to estimate biogenic emissions. Thus, it is expected to improve domestic vegetation categories and emission factors in order to better represent biogenic emissions over South Korea.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.751-771
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• 2011

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound (BVOC) emissions are estimated with BEIS3.12 (Biogenic Emissions Inventory System version 3.12) over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and then used in CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) simulations for two high ozone episodes in 2004 and 2007 June. The first- and second-order sensitivity coefficients of ozone to BVOC emissions are estimated with High-order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) simulation in order to estimate the influence of BVOC emissions on ozone using the Zero-Out Contribution (ZOC) approach. ZOC analysis shows that relative contribution of BVOC emissions on daily maximum 1-hr ozone is as high as 30% for high ozone days above 100 ppb. However simulated isoprene concentrations were over-estimated by a factor of 2 when compared to the observations at the PAMS (Photochemical Air Monitoring Station) for the 2007 episode. When assumed that actual BVOC emissions are 50% less than estimated, the ZOC of BVOC emissions on daily maximum ozone drops by more than 10 ppb for the episode. The result indicates that uncertainty in BVOC emissions may have significant impact on high ozone prediction in the SMA.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2015

The emissions of ozone precursors, NOx and VOCs from a biogenic source and port-related sources (ship, shipping container truck, and cargo handling equipment) were estimated in Busan during 2013. Total biogenic isoprene emission in Busan during 2013 was estimated to be $4,434ton\;yr^{-1}$ with the highest emission (e.g., $28ton\;day^{-1}$) in summer using a BEIS method. Seasonal ozone production rates by isoprene ranged from 0.15 (winter) to 2.08 (summer) $ppb\;hr^{-1}$, contributing the predominant portion to ambient ozone levels. Total emissions of NOx and VOCs from ship traversing Busan ports were estimated to be 29,537 and $814ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively, showing the significant contribution to total NOx emission in Busan. The emissions of ozone precursors were significantly different depending on ship tonnage and port location. Compared to the ship emission, the emissions of NOx and VOCs from the shipping container trucks in Busan were insignificant (2.9% for NOx and 3.9% for VOCs). Total NOx and VOCs emissions from the cargo handling equipment were estimated to be 1,440 and $133ton\;yr^{-1}$, respectively with the predominance of yard tractors.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2000

Photochemical air quality models are essential tools in predicting future air quality and assessing air pollution control strategies. To evaluate air quality using a photochemical air quality model, emission inventories are important inputs to these models. Since most emission inventories are provided at a county-level, these emission inventories need to be geographically allocated to the computational grid cells of the model prior to running the model. The conventional method for the spatial allocation of these emissions uses "spatial surrogate indicators", such as population for mobile source emissions and county area for biogenic source emissions. In order to examine the applicability of such approximations, more detailed spatial surrogate indicators were developed using Geographic Information System(GIS) tools to improve the spatial allocation of mobile and boigenic source emissions, The proposed spatial surrogate indicators appear to be more appropriate than conventional spatial surrogate indicators in allocating mobile and biogenic source emissions. However, they did not provide a substantial improvement in predicting ground-level ozone(O3) concentrations. As for the carbon monoxide(CO) concentration predictions, certain differences between the conventional and new spatial allocation methods were found, yet a detailed model performance evaluation was prevented due to a lack of sufficient observed data. The use of the developed spatial surrogate indicators led to higher O3 and CO concentration estimates in the biogenic source emission allocation than in the mobile source emission allocation.llocation.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2006

In this study, a fundamental work for developing a biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds(BVOC) emission model in Korea has been carried out. Two different approaches, Biogenic Emission Inventory System(BEIS2) and CORINAIR Methodology(CORINAIR) were compared for estimating BVOC emissions. It was found that BEIS and CORINAIR showed very similar results each other BVOC emissions estimated by two different methods were about the same on a national and regional(provincial) scale. In case of monthly emissions the difference between BEIS and CORINAIR were larger than those on a national and regional(provincial) scale, especially in summer season(June, July and August). Although BEIS and CORINAIR are quite different techniques to correct the environmental conditions, they revealed similar results. Therefore, it is proven that both the methods are able to be applied to the estimation of the BVOC emissions in Korea.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.417-418
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• 2004

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.277-279
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• 2009

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.829-841
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• 2010

The estimation of a biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC, especially isoprene) and the influence of isoprene emissions on ozone concentrations in the Greater Busan Area (GBA) were carried out based on a numerical modeling approach during a high ozone episode. The BVOC emissions were estimated using a biogenic emission information system (BEIS v3.14) with vegetation data provided by the forest geographical information system (FGIS), land use data provided by the environmental geographical information system (EGIS), and meteorological data simulated by the MM5. Ozone simulation was performed by two sets of simulation scenarios: (1) without (CASE1) and (2) with isoprene emissions (CASE2). The isoprene emission (82 ton $day^{-1}$) in the GBA was estimated to be the most dominant BVOC followed by methanol (56) and carbon monoxide (28). Largest impacts of isoprene emissions on the ozone concentrations (CASE2-CASE1) were predicted to be about 4 ppb in inland locations where a high isoprene was emitted and to be about 2 ppb in the downwind and/or convergence regions of wind due to both the photochemical reaction of ozone precursors (e.g., high isoprene emissions) and meteorological conditions (e.g., local transport).