• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2018

Microalgae is considered as one of environmentally sustainable and potential feedstocks to produce biodiesels. However, recent studies on life cycle assessments (LCA) of microalgal buidiesels have shown that energy requirement is not small to produce biodiesel from microalgae, especially during cultivation stage. The costs for carbon sources, nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorous, and water for cultivation can contribute up to 80% of the total medium costs. In the present article, recent trends on the utilization of several promising nutrient sources such as municipal wastewaters, organic fertilizers, combustion exhaust emissions and organic solid wastes were reviewed, and the potential strategies to be used as substitutes of artificial culture media, especially for the biodiesel production, were discussed.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.447-461
• /
• 2016

Recently, the Renewable Fuel Standard(RFS) has been commenced from July 31, 2015 in the New and Renewable Energy Act for expanding the supply of renewable energy and reduction of national GHG target in Korea. The biodiesel is only a means of implementation for the RFS, therefore the biodiesel supply expansion is important for fulfilling the RFS obligation policy. The major key points of the biodiesl supply are expanding domestic feedstocks due to the over 60% dependence on foreign feedstock and reducing the price of feedstock because of the over 70% occupation of feed stock price in the biodiesl production cost. Therefore, we estimated actual amount of potential feedstocks which are possible to use for biodiesl production in Korea and investigated technical and political improvements for expanding biodiesl. For estimating a potential feedstocks, first selected the potential biodiesl feedstocks by investigating the status of global biodiesl feedstocks and then analyzed the possible potential amount of each feedstock by surveying the generation situations, the distribution structures and the technical level.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.1902-1909
• /
• 2005

A process for production of ethyl ester for use as biodiesel has been studied. The sodium hydroxide catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil with ethanol was carried out at different molar ratio of alcohol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount for a constant agitation in two hours of reaction time. Central composite design and response surface methodology were used to determine optimum condition for producing biodiesel. It was found that ethanol to oil ratio and catalyst concentration have a positive influence on ester conversion as well as interaction effects between the three factors considered. An empirical model obtained was able to predict conversion as a function of ethanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and catalyst concentration adequately. Optimum condition for soybean ethyl ester production was found to be moderate ethanol to oil ratio (10.5: 1), mild temperature range ($70^{\circ}C$) and high catalyst concentrations ($1.0\%$wt), with corresponding ester conversion of $93.0\%$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.57 no.3
• /
• pp.377-381
• /
• 2013

Thevetia peruviana (Yellow Oleander) seed oil was extracted with n-hexane in a soxhlet extractor. The ethanolysis and methanolysis of the oil were carried out with 50% of potassium hydroxide in ethanol and methanol respectively by weight of oil, as catalyst. The biodiesel was tested for biodegradability using E. coli. The percentage yield of the FAEE and FAME were 84.8% and 91.6% respectively. The biodegradability values of 81.4% and 86.2% were obtained for FAEE and FAME respectively after a period of 28 days. Other fuel quality parameters determined are the cetane index of 47.19 (FAEE) and 58.97 (FAME), flash point of $198^{\circ}C$ (FAEE) and $175^{\circ}C$ (FAME), kinematic viscosity at $40^{\circ}C$ of 5.21 $mm^2s^{-1}$ (FAEE) and 5.10 $mm^2s^{-1}$(FAME), pour point of $4^{\circ}C$ (FAEE) and $-2^{\circ}C$ (FAME) and a cloud point of $6^{\circ}C$ (FAEE) and $3^{\circ}C$ (FAME). Thus, Thevetia peruviana oil has a high potential for use in production of environmentally friendly biodiesel.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.1247-1256
• /
• 2010

Since biodiesel as bioenergy is defined as ester compounds formed by esterification of animal/vegetable oils, in this study three vegetable cooking oils (market, waste and refined waste ones) were esterified by reactions of alkali catalyst and immobilized enzyme. The fatty acid composition of the formed ester compounds was analyzed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production. By lipolysis (i.e, hydrolysis of Triglyceride (TG)), all three vegetable oils used in this study were found to produce Diglyceride (DG), Monoglyceride (MD) and Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE). However, the amount of produced FAEE (which can be used as an energy source) was in the increasing order of market cooking oil, waste one and refined waste one. With NaOH catalyst, FAEE was produced about 24.92, 17.63 and 11.31 % for the respective oils while adding Lipozyme TL produced FAEE about 43.54, 38.16 and 24.47 %, respectively. This indicates that enzyme catalyst is more effective than alkali one for transesterification. In addition, it was found that the composition of fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of TG was unchanged with alkali and immobilized enzyme reactions. Thus it can be expected that stable conditions remain in the course of mixing with gasoline whose composition is similar to that of the fatty acids.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.435-440
• /
• 2018

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn) is one of the most widely grown plants in Indonesia. In addition, nyamplung oil has a future competitive advantage in that it can be processed into biodiesel. However, conventional methods for transesterification of nyamplung oil have been less effective. Therefore, in this study biodiesel was produced using microwaves as one of the alternative methods that can improve the shortcomings of conventional methods. In addition, optimization of parameters such as microwave power, catalyst concentration and transesterification time was done using Box-Behnken design. The combination of microwave with CaO catalyst and treated with Box-Behnken design are considered as a new and modern method for production of biodiesel from nyamplung oil and optimizing the factors that affected the transesterification process. The results showed that factors such as microwave power of 449.29 W, concentration of catalyst of 4.86% and transesterification time of 10.07 min can produce optimal yield of biodiesel of 92.73% with reliability of 93.22%.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2009

As the environmental pollution by the drastic increase of vehicles becomes one of the social major concerns, the method of reducing the harmful exhaust emission is being the subject of interest. Utilization of waste edible oil as a raw material for biodiesel production is helpful not only for the stable supply of raw materials but also costing down the biodiesel price. This study was conducted to examine the combustion and thermal characteristics with mixing ratio of biodiesel fuel. Flash points, fire points and autoignition temperature (AIT) were measured by using Tag closed cup, Cleveland open cup flash point tester and AIT apparatus. As the result, flash points, fire points and AIT increased with percentage of more contained biodiesel.

• New & Renewable Energy
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2012

Biodiesel was produced by "transesterification" of vegetable oils and animal fats as an alternative to petroleum diesel. The research analysed the fuel characteristics of biodiesel, the yield of by-products and biodiesel, using several vegetable oils - rapeseed oil, camellia oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, perilla oil, palm oil, olive oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil and animal fats such as lard, tallow, and chicken fat. The results showed the yields of biodiesel made from the vegetable oils and animal fats were $90.8{\pm}1.4{\sim}96.4{\pm}0.9%$ and $84.9{\pm}1.1{\sim}89.6{\pm}1.5%$ respectively. Production rates and oxidation characteristics were different depending on the fats applied.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.222-228
• /
• 2022

As a possible feedstock for biodiesel, the marine green alga Tetraselmis sp. was cultivated under different conditions of phototrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures. Glycerol, a byproduct from biodiesel production process, was used as the carbon source of mixotrophic and heterotrophic culture. The effects of glycerol supply and nitrate-repletion were compared for different trophic conditions. Mixotrophic cultivation exhibited higher biomass productivity than that of phototrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. Maximum lipid productivity of 55.5 mg L^-1 d^-1 was obtained in the mixotrophic culture with 5 g L^-1 of glycerol and 8.8 mM of nitrate due to the enhancement of both biomass and lipid accumulation. The major fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the produced biodiesel were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3). The degree of unsaturation was affected by different culture conditions. The biodiesel properties predicted by correlation equations based on the FAME profiles mostly complied with the specifications from the US, Europe and Korea, with the exception of the cold-filter plugging point (CFPP) criterion of Korea.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.137-144
• /
• 2008

In these days, there has been increased focus on global warming and the exhaustion of resources caused by the heavy consumption of fossil resources. In order to resolve these problems, biomass is increasingly gaining international attention as a source of renewable energy. Biodiesel fuel produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats is expected to be one of the eco-friendly biomass based alternatives to petrodiesel. This article reviews some of the research for effective of biodiesel production.