• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.572-580
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• 2018

Biologically active substances including gamma-aminobutryric acid (GABA) were added into whey by co fermentation using Bacillus subtilis HA and Lactobacillus plantarum EJ2014. The first fermentation using B. subtilis HA with 5% monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2% glucose enhanced the production of poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid (PGA), resulting in higher consistency of $4.09Pas^n$ as well as whey protein peptides. After the second fermentation using L. plantarum EJ2014, the remaining MSG (3.40%) as a precursor was completely converted to 2.21% GABA. Furthermore, the lactose content in whey decreased from 6.73 to 3.68% after co-fermentation, and the tyrosine content increased from 20.47 to 38.24%. Peptides derived of whey proteins were confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Viable cell counts of B. subtilis and L. plantarum were 5.83 log CFU/mL and 9.20 log CFU/mL, respectively. Thus, co-fermentation of whey could produce the novel food ingredient fortified with biologically active compounds including GABA, ${\gamma}$-PGA, peptides, and probiotics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2023

The goal of this study was to identify new bioactive peptides in extracts derived from Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae for the development of functional foods. After extraction from freeze-dried T. molitor larvae with various solvents on time course, the extracts showed the highest 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity at 5 and 10 hr per total protein and solid contents, respectively. When the water extract was fractionated, a high methanol concentration led to a reduced level of high-molecular-weight proteins in the centrifugal supernatant, whereas increased DPPH activity in the supernatants suggests low-molecular-weight peptides may mediate antioxidant activity in the supernatant. Most of the organic solvent partitions, excluding butanol, showed similar activities in the water phases, and the organic solvent partition fraction exhibited a 28~44% decrease in activity following heat treatment, implying that some components in the fraction become unstable in the presence of heat. The addition of proteinase K to the water extract increased DPPH activity by 10~20%, suggesting that peptides, when released from total proteins, partially increase antioxidant activity. Therefore, we suggest that the antioxidants in T. molitor larval extracts make them a potential source of functional animal food.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.528-534
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• 2017

Placenta is a special organ that contains many nutrients such as growth factors, minerals, and bioactive peptides. Dipeptides of glycine and leucine are major components of porcine placenta extracts (PPE) that has been used as an alternative of human placenta extracts. In this study, we investigated whether major peptides of PPE, Glycyl-L-Leucine (Gly-Leu), L-Leucyl-Glycine (Leu-Gly), and L-Leucyl-L-Leucine (Leu-Leu), affect skin hydration and elasticity in vitro and in vivo. We found that Gly-Leu and Leu-Gly dipeptides induced the expression of transglutaminase 1 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) whereas Leu-Leu dipeptides did not. Treatment with Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly significantly increased hyaluronan (HA) synthesis in NHEKs and the upregulation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) mRNA level was confirmed. In addition, elastase activity was inhibited in NHEKs treated with Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly dipeptides. Oral administration of Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly dipeptides increased skin hydration and elasticity in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. The significant upregulation of HA in UVB-irradiated hairless mice was observed in response to oral administration of Gly-Leu or Leu-Gly. These results suggest that the major dipeptides of porcine placenta, Gly-Leu and Leu-Gly, are potentially active ingredients for skin moisturization formulations.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Calculated chemical scores (computed in relation to the FAO/WHO reference protein) for salmon liver protein hydrolysates indicated that all amino acids (other than methionine and threonine) were present in adequate or excess quantities; thus, the raw liver material is a good source of essential amino acids. The hydrophobic amino acids contents in hydrolysates prepared from Oncorhynchus keta and O. gorbuscha were 38.4 and 39.1%, respectively. The proportion of released peptides exceeding 500 kDa was reduced when hydrolysates were treated with the commercial enzyme Alcalase, although proportions in the following MW ranges were elevated: 100-500 kDa and <50 kDa. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: pH 7.0, $50^{\circ}C$, and a reaction time of 1 h. Of the different proteases tested, Alcalase was the most efficient for production of salmon liver hydrolysate with the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The hydrolysates prepared from salmon liver had a balanced amino acid composition. The liver protein hydrolysates contained low molecular weight peptides, some of which may be bio-active; this bio-active potential should be investigated. Inhibition of the DPPH radical increased with increased degree of hydrolysis (DH), regardless of protease type. DPPH radical scavenging abilities, antithrombotic effects and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase enzyme inhibition effects of O. keta liver hydrolysate increased in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, salmon liver hydrolysate may be useful in functional food applications and as a source of novel products.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.261-263
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• 2014

Chronic inflammation is involved in cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease. Inerleukin-6 (IL-6) plays major roles in inflammation. Chungkookjang, fermented soybean contains diverse peptides produced by cleavage of soybean proteins. The peptides can be bioactive compounds. Peptide (Gly-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Met-Tyr was purified from Chungkookjang, and modified to be 6mer H, Glu-Val-Tyr-Tyr-Met-Tyr (EVYYMY). Peptide H's activity to suppress IL-6 expression in a human breast cancer cell, MDA-MB-231 was determined. IL-6 Expression was reduced in the cell treated with peptide H 25 times less than controls which were not treated with peptide H. Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells was inhibited by peptide H, which is concentration-dependent. Blocking of IL-6 signals is known to be effective in reducing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and cancers. Since peptide H can reduce inflammatory IL-6 expression, application of this study will contribute to drug development for diseases which are caused by excessive IL-6.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.355-358
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• 2004

Chunkookjang, Korean traditional fermented soybean food emerges as a functional food to improve intestinal function and blood circulation. During Chungkookjang fermentation, microorganisms, enzymes, and diverse bioactive compounds increase sharply. Chungkookjang contains diverse oligo-peptides. Formation of peptides was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Solube fermented soybean in our sample contained Tyr, Gln-Lys, Trp, Gln, and Lys-Pro as major components. Lys-Pro (0.083 mg/100 g sample) was purified by HPLC analysis. Angiotensin I­converting enzyme (ACE) causes hypertension by converting angiotensin I to angiotension II. ACE inhibitory activity of Lys-Pro was determined to be $IC_{50}=32.1\;{\mu}M.$ Whether or not eating Chungkookjang can lower blood pressure was also determined. Sistolic blood pressure dropped by 15 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure by 8 mmHg 2 hr after a single administration of 20 g of fermented soybean. Chungkookjang might be helpful in improving blood circulation since it has ACE inhibitor and antihypertenisve effect.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Colostrum, a nutrient-rich fluid produced by female mammals after giving birth, is the specific initial diet of mammalian neonates. Colostrum is important for the nutrition, growth, and development of newborn infants and contributes to the immunologic defense of neonates. It contains immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, such as lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, and other bioactive molecules, including growth factors, such as IGF (insulin-like growth factor), EGF (epithermal growth factor), $TGF-{\beta}$ (transforming growth factor), and FGF (fibroblast growth factor). Bovine colostrum is a rich source of growth factors, which play a central role in wound healing. The biological activities of colostrum emphasize the relevance of the synergistic activity of growth factors to stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and migration, which are essential for tissue repair. Colostrum increases the expression of early differentiation markers, such as keratin 1 and 10 and involucrin, and late differentiation markers, including loricrin and filaggrin. Additionally, colostrum increases granulation tissue volume in the dermis, suggesting that it has a beneficial effect on wound healing. The therapeutic use of colostrum or individual peptides present in colostrum has a positive and curative influence on various gastrointestinal diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.145-153
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• 2020

Depression is a kind of mood disorder characterized by decline in motivation, interest, attention, mental activity, and appetite. Although depression is caused by a variety of causes, including genetic, endocrine and environmental stress, mild depression has been reported to improve with diet. Therefore, various type of food sources including functional and nutritional supplement are required to treat the depressive patients. Cheese contains bioactive peptides that have beneficial effects on host health. In particular, Jersey milk has been reported to contain higher solids than does Holstein milk. This study investigated the effects of Gouda cheese from Jersey and Holstein milk on chronic, unpredictable, mildly stressed (CUMS) mice. Here, spontaneous alterations in cheese-fed stressed mice were noted to be effectively recovered with statistical significance regardless cow species. Interestingly, for the analysis of fecal microbiota, Bacteroidetes were noted to increase with a reduction in Firmicutes at the phylum level with Jersey cheese. Taken together, we suggest that cheese intake provided a beneficial effect on stressed mice in recovering recognition ability. In particular, changes in internal microbiota were observed, suggesting that the bioactive ingredients in cheese act as improvement agents with respect to mood and brain function.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1675-1686
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• 2016

We characterized the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus helveticus strains KII13 and KHI1 isolated from fermented cow milk by in vitro and in vivo studies. The strains exhibited tolerance to simulated orogastrointestinal condition, adherence to Caco-2 cells, and antimicrobial activity. Both L. helveticus strains produced bioactive tripeptides, isoleucylprolyl-proline and valyl-prolyl-proline, during fermentation of milk. KII13 showed higher in vitro cholesterol-lowering activity (47%) compared with KHI1 (28%) and L. helveticus ATCC 15009 (22%), and hence, it was selected for in vivo study of cholesterol-lowering activity in atherogenic diet-fed hypercholesterolemic mice. For the study, mice were divided into four groups (viz., normal diet control group, atherogenic diet control group (HCD), KII13-atherogenic diet group (HCD-KII13), and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121-atherogenic diet group (HCD-L.ac) as positive control). The serum total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 8.6% and 7.78% in the HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups (p < 0.05), respectively, compared with the HCD group. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in both HCD-KII13 and HCD-L.ac groups were decreased by 13% and 11%, respectively, compared with the HCD group (both, p < 0.05). Analysis of cholesterol metabolism-related gene expression in mice liver showed increased expression of LDLR and SREBF2 genes in mice fed with KII13. By comparing all the results, we conclude that L. helveticus KII13 could be used as a potential probiotic strain to produce antihypertensive peptides and reduce serum cholesterol.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.575-581
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• 2010

This investigation was aimed at developing a ready-to-reconstitute beverage by utilizing probiotics and whey protein hydrolysates carrying bioactive peptides. Cheddar cheese whey was ultrafiltered. The 18% protein retentate was subjected to protein hydrolysis using Neutrase. The hydrolyzed retentate was further condensed to 35% total solids and spray-dried at $75^{\circ}C$ outlet air temperature. Different levels of sugar, citric acid and stabilizer were blended for spray-dried hydrolysates. Spray-dried hydrolysate was further inoculated with different levels of probiotics grown in a whey medium and dried in fluidized-bed drier at $40^{\circ}C$ to obtain a ready-to-reconstitute beverage. Hydrolysis was greatest at an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1:25 for 3 h. Spray-dried hydrolysate reconstituted to 1% protein and blended with 15% sugar, 0.2% citric acid and 0.15% xantham gum resulted in a superior product with no sedimentation. Accordingly, sugar, citric acid and xanthum gum were dry-blended with spray-dried hydrolysates. Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus that was grown separately in a whey medium, blended to produce 2% spray-dried hydrolysate and dried as described above resulted in a readyto-reconstitute beverage mix. The fluidized dried product typically exhibited a probiotic count of $10^8$colony forming units (CFU)/g. However, blending of probiotic to the retentate and direct spray-drying precipitously reduced the probiotic count to $10^4$ CFU/g of powder.