• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to analyze abnormal dilatation of the extrahepatic bile ducts by using transabdominal ultrasound, to confirm the existence of bile ducts diseases and their interrelationship, and for it to give a new theoretical basis for the technical access to extrahepatic bile ducts, upon which to analyze the ripple effects of the scan training. After teaching technical access process based on the new theory about extrahepatic bile duct to the thirty students who are studying ultrasonography, we allocated three hours per one student (30 mins ${\times}$ 6 times) to focus on the training of scanning skill. Training has been performed by one-to-one method. For evaluation, all the students have to perform the scans on (1) confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (extrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct), (2) the suprapancreatic bile duct, (3) the intrapancreatic bile duct, (4) intrapapilla Duct, based on the clearly divided concept. The existing training and methods have had low confidency about transabdominal ultrasonography of the extrahepatic bile duct and had limitation with which they could image only the suprapancreatic bile duct. The evaluation after finishing the train based on the new theory, however, all the students (30students) can access to (1) confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts(extrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct), (2) the suprapancreatic bile duct objectively. 24 students can access to (3) the intrapancreatic bile duct and only one student can even make an image for (4) the intrapapilla Duct Though the evaluation on extrahepatic bile duct has to be performed with multi-sided method considering intrahepatic cause, bile duct cause and pathophysiological cause, only if we can image the extrahepatic bile duct to ampular of Vater objectively and confidently, we can greatly reduce invasive procedure such as ERCP, which is for the purpose of simple differential diagnosis and painful to the patients. Therefore if we concentrate on the scanning train based on the new theory to raise the confidency about ultrasonography, the effect will be doubled.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.262-266
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• 1999

Obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts is the most common cause of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia in early infancy. More than 90% of such obstructive lesions are accounted for by extrahepatic biliary atresia. A rare lesion is obstruction of the common duct by impacted, thickened secretions and bile. Bile plug syndrome is defined as extrahepatic obstruction of the bile ducts by bile sludge in term infants without anatomic abnormalities, congenital chemical defects of bile, or hepatocellular lesions. Obstruction of extrahepatic ducts by plugs of biliary material apperas to be due to the inspissation and precipitation of bile and mucus within the lumen of the ducts. Cholestasis and precipitation of bile develop in association with abnormal composition of bile in cystic fibrosis, hepatocellular damage, prolonged erythroblastic jaundice, altered biliary dynamics with total parenteral nutrition, gut dysfunction, diuretic therapy, exchange transfusions and perinatal hemolysis. In those cases, the term inspissated bile syndrome is used. The clinical and laboratory findings in bile plug syndrome are identical to those observed in biliary atresia and choledochal cyst. The diagnosis can be suspected based on the findings of clinical and laboratory examinations together with hepatobiliary imaging, ultrasonography, radionuclide scan and liver biopsy. We experienced a case of spontaneous resolution of bile plug syndrome in a 4-year-old girl. We report this case with brief review related literatures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.964-970
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• 2021

Extrahepatic duct duplication is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma with extrahepatic bile duct duplication was reported; however, intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) with extrahepatic bile duct duplication has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. We report a rare case of IPNB with extrahepatic bile duct duplication of a 64-year-old female. The patient underwent extended right hepatectomy, and the results of a subsequence histopathological examination were consistent with an IPNB with extrahepatic bile duct duplication. We report this rare case with radiologic imaging findings and a brief review of the current literature.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.220-228
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: In Korea, pancreatic cancer and "gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer" were ranked the 8th and 9th most frequent cancers in 2019 and the 4th and 6th most common causes of cancer deaths in 2020, respectively. Methods: This review provides national cancer statistics and secular trends of 207,521 patients with gallbladder (n = 44,178), extrahepatic bile duct (n = 61,856), and pancreatic cancer (n = 101,487) between 1999 and 2019 in Korea. Results: The crude incidence rate in both sexes increased in the gallbladder (2.8 to 5.4 per 100,000), extrahepatic bile duct (3.6 to 9.0), and pancreatic cancer (5.5 to 15.8). The age-standardized incidence rate in both sexes significantly increased in the extrahepatic bile duct (3.7 to 4.1) and pancreatic (5.6 to 7.6) cancers but decreased in gallbladder cancer (2.9 to 2.4). The overall 5-year relative survival rate increased in the gallbladder (21.8% to 30.6%), extrahepatic bile duct (23.1% to 27.5%), and pancreatic (8.5% to 13.3%) cancers. Between 2006 and 2019, the proportion of localized or regional stages remained stable. The proportion of surgical treatment within the first 4 months after diagnosis was relatively higher in the gallbladder (42.2%) and extrahepatic bile duct (45.9%) cancers than in pancreatic cancer (22.2%). Conclusions: The crude incidence and mortality rates of the gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, and pancreatic cancer are steadily increasing in Korea, and the prognosis remains poor. Early detection, active application of surgical treatment, and minimization of the proportion of untreated patients are required to improve the survival rates of these cancers.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.220-225
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• 2023

Congenital duplication of the extrahepatic bile duct (DEBD) is an unusual anomaly of the biliary system. It occurs due to inability of the embryological duplex biliary system to regress. DEBD has various subtypes depending on the morphology and opening of the aberrant common bile duct. It can have distinct complications. We encountered a 38-year-old lady who experienced pain in the right upper abdomen along with a low-grade fever. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed DEBD with multiple calculi in the right hepatic duct (ductolithiasis) and joining of the right hepatic duct with the left hepatic duct in the intrapancreatic region. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography failed to clear the calculi from the right duct. They were then managed by common bile duct exploration and roux-en-Y right hepaticojejunostomy for biliary drainage. Her postoperative period was uneventful. She is currently doing well after three months of follow-up. Hence, a proper preoperative delineation of such rare anomalies is essential. It could avoid inadvertent injury to the bile duct and operative complications.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.45 no.2 s.142
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• pp.77-85
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• 2007

Among several diagnostic tools for clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis infection), radiologic examinations are commonly used in clinical practices. During the 2 past decades, many reports regarding imaging findings of clonorchiasis were introduced. The basic imaging finding of clonorchiasis is diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intra-hepatic bile ducts, without dilation of the large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. By this finding, however, active clonorchiasis cannot be differentiated from cured infection. Some recent radiologic studies suggested specific findings of active clonorchiasis. Besides direct demonstration of worms, increased periductal echogenicity on sonography and periductal enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT or MR imaging possibly represent active clonorchiasis. Those images of the liver clonorchiasis are known to be correlated with worm burdens (EPG counts) in their frequency and also severity. The images of cholangiocarcinoma associated with clonorchiasis show both the tumor with obstruction images and diffuse dilatation of the peripheral intrahepatic bile ducts. Radiological images can be a good practical alternative diagnostic method of clonorchiasis.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 1995

In order to examine the effect of extrahepatic cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation on the hepatic function, the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and d-propranolol were investigated in rats. In addition, in an attempt to observe the degree of direct hepatic injury, light and electron microscopic observations and conventional pathologic test using serum were performed. Five days after common bile duct ligation, antipyrine(15 mg/kg) and d-propranolol(3 mg/kg) were intravenously administrated to the rats, respectively. The total clearances of antipyrine and d-propranolol were significantly(p<0.05) decreased. Because hepatic clearance of antipyrine poorly extracted by the liver and that of d-propranolol highly extracted by the liver are respectively dependent on the hepatic intrinsic clearance and the hepatic blood flow, it may be concluded that extrahepatic cholestasis following five days after common bile duct ligation decreased the hepatic intrinsic clearance and the hepatic blood flow. SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, bilirubin(total bilirubin, direct bilirubin) and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased(p<0.05). The proliferation of bile ducts was prominent, and degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes were observed by light microscope. Also, ultrastructurally, bile canaliculi were containing the amorphous materials and losing microvilli, and SER and RER in hepatocytes were dilated and vacuolated.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

Congenital web formations are extremely rare anomalies of the extrahepatic biliary tree. We herein report a case of common bile duct septum combined with multiple intrahepatic bile duct strictures in a 74-year-old female patient who was successfully treated with radiological intervention. The patient initially visited the hospital because of upper abdominal pain. Imaging studies revealed multifocal strictures with dilatation in both intra- and extrahepatic ducts; the final clinical diagnosis was congenital common bile duct web combined with multiple intrahepatic duct strictures. Surgical treatment was not indicated because multiple biliary strictures were untreatable, and the disease was clinically diagnosed as benign. The multiple strictures were extensively dilated twice through bilateral percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) for 2 months. After 1 month of observation, PTBD catheters were successfully removed. The patient is doing well at 6 months after completion of the radiological intervention, with the maintenance of normal liver function. Congenital web of the bile duct is very rare, and its treatment may vary depending on the patterns of biliary stenosis. In cases where surgical intervention is not indicated for congenital web and its associated disease, radiological intervention with balloon dilatation can be a viable therapeutic option.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2000

Objective: To compare the efficacy of suprapapillary and transpapillary methods of transhepatic biliary metallic stent placement in malignant biliary strictures and to specify the indications of each method applied. Materials and Methods: Stents were placed in 59 patients. Strictures were categorized as type A (within 3 cm of the ampulla, n = 27), type B (over 3 cm from ampulla, n = 7), type C (within 3 cm of the bending portion, n = 9), or type D (over 3 cm above the bending portion, n=16). The stenting method was suprapapillary in 34 cases and transpapillary in 25. The rates of initial and long-term patency and of early recurrence were compared. Results: Initial patency rates for the suprapapillary and transpapillary methods were 1/7 (14.3%) and 20/20 (100%) respectively for type A (p < 0.0001), 4/5 (80.0%) and 2/2 for type B, 3/7 (42.9%) and 2/2 for type C, and 15/16 (93.8%) and 0/0 for type D. Early recurrence rates were 7/30 (23.3%) using the suprapapillary method and 4/29 (13.8%) using the transpapillary method (p = 0.51). The long-term patency rate did not differ significantly according to either type (p = 0.37) or method (p = 0.62). Conclusion: For good initial patency, the transpapillary method is recommended for strictures of the distal extrahepatic duct near the ampulla and just above the bending portion. Long-term patency is not influenced by the stenting method employed.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2023

Backgrounds/Aims: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) can be classified as intrahepatic CCA or extrahepatic CCA (eCCA). We intended to analyze and reports the survival outcomes for eCCA. Methods: Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) registry, site recode C24.0, was used to select cases of eCCA from 2000 to 2018. Patients with incomplete data or ages <18 years were excluded. Results: Male (52.69%) and White race (77.99%) predominated. Compared with 2000-2006, survival increased in 2013 (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj]: 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-0.70; p < 0.01). Surgery with chemoradiotherapy (HRadj: 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.7; p < 0.01) and surgery with chemotherapy (HRadj: 0.72, 95% CI 0.62-0.83; p < 0.01) improved survival over surgery alone. Compared with surgery without lymph node (LN) removal, surgery of four or more regional LN reduced the risk of death by 58% (HRadj: 0.42, 95% CI 0.36-0.51; p < 0.01). Compared with patients without surgery, patients who underwent bile duct excision (HRadj: 0.82, 95% CI 0.72-0.94; p < 0.01), simple or extended lobectomy (HRadj: 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.95; p = 0.009), and hepatectomy (HRadj: 0.80, 95% CI 0.72-0.88; p < 0.01) significantly improved survival. Patients with distal CCA had a 17% higher survival than perihilar CCA (HRadj: 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.92; p < 0.01) and LN dissection was equally beneficial for both subgroups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Surgery with chemoradiotherapy has a proven increase in the 5-year survival of the eCCA. LN resection, bile duct excision, lobectomy, and hepatectomy have better outcomes.