• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.120-121
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• 2023

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.2 s.20
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• pp.51-59
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• 1976

Methylene bis (3, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid) 'MTPA' has been developed for the purpose of treatment of clonorchiasis. It has been rpeorted that, in patients treated with MTPA, the flukes in the liver were killed, elevated serum bilirubin returned to normal and the patients´ general condition was improved. However it took $1{\sim}4 $ weeks to obtain sufficient therapeutic effects. In rabbits, excretion of bilirubin in the bile was increased by the MTPA, and this action was enhanced by a combination of deoxycholic acid with MTPA. This study was designed as a part of a series to increase the therapeutic effect of MTPA, by observing the relation of the blood level of MTPA with the excretion of MTPA in the bile, and the excretion of MTPA with bilirubin excretion in the bile caused by the injection of MTPA alone or in combination with deoxycholic acid. $^{14}C-labeled$ MTPA alone or with deoxycholic acid were injected into the ear veins of rabbits. The amout of bile, MTPA and bilirubin in the bile and the blood level of MTPA were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The amount of excreted bile was decreased gradually as the time elapsed in both groups, that is groups injected with MTPA alone and with deoxycholic acid, without any significant difference between either group. 2. The largest amount of MTPA excretion in the early stage of the MTPA excretion in both groups, but deoxycholic acid caused an increase in blood level of MTPA whereas biliary excretion of MTPA decreased, especially in the early stage after drug injection. 3. The significant increment of bilirubin excretion began within an hour and it reached peak level in $2{\sim}2\frac{1}{2}$ hours after drug injection in both groups, but the amount of excreted bilirubin was larger in the combined group. The above results suggest that deoxycholic acid interferes with the biliary excretion of MTPA, and that there is no close relation between the increased excretion of MTPA and bilirubin excretion. But there is a close relation between blood level or tissue concentration of MTPA and bilirubin excretion. Concerning the influence of deoxycholic acid on the therapeutic effect of MTPA, deoxycholic acid would enhance the effect of MTPA, if the parasites take the drug from the blood, but diminish its effectiveness if they take the drug from the bile.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.98-107
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• 1997

To determine whether bile juice exclusion can prevent the mucosal damage, and Insulin-like growth factor-I can promote mucosal regeneration in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the bowel, 39 weanling rats with 10 cm of Thiry-Vella loop were studied. Animal groups were; Control, BL(common bile duct ligation), IGF{insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) infusion} and IGF-BL(combined treatment). IGF-I(1.5 mg/kg/day) was continuously delivered through a subcutaneously implanted miniosmotic pump. After 15 minutes of superior mesenteric artery clamping, a tissue specimen(P) was taken after 30 minutes of reperfusion. Intestinal continuity was restored to allow oral feeding. A specimen of main tract(M) and another of the Thiry-Vella loop(T) were collected for histomorphometry after 48 hours of reperfusion and free feeding. Villus size ratio(VSR), crypt depth(CD), crypt-depth/villus-height ratio(CVR) and injury score(IS) were measured in 15 consecutive villi. The postoperative mortalities of bile duct ligation groups(BL and IGF-BL) were higher than those of other groups. In control group, VSR of M was lower(P<0.05) than P or T, but not in the other groups. VSR of M in control was lower than those in other groups. CD of T in control, IGF and IGF-BL group were higher than those of M. CD of M and T showed gradual increments from control, IGF and IGF-BL group, respectively. CVR of M and T in IGF group were higher than those in control. CVR in IGF-BL group, T was higher than M, and M was higher than P. About IS, M of BL($20.1{\pm}2.5$) and IGF-BL($20.9{\pm}3.3$) groups were significantly lower than that of control($32.4{\pm}2.5$). These results suggest that the exclusion of bile juice reduces the severity of the reperfusion injury of the mucosa, by inability to activate pancreatic enzymes and IGF-I stimulates mucosal regeneration in injured bowel, and the effect is potentiated by bile juice exclusion.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2006

Survival and stability of 19 bifidobacterial strains included 13 isolates from Korean infants against acid, bile acid and oxygen exposure were examined. Acid resistance of selected strains at pH values of 4.0, 3.0 and 2.0 was tested. Among the bifidobacterial strains tested, B. bifidum B3, B. longum D6, and B. adolescentis F1 exhibited higher viable cell counts exposed to acid whereas other strains had various results. The abilities of the strains to grow in the MRS broth containing 0.2% thioglycolic acid and 0.2% oxgall were tested and the tolerance of B. bifidum B3 and B. longum D6 to bile acid were higher than that of others. Even though in same species, the tolerance of tested strains to bile acid were variable. Stabilities of tested strains to oxygen exposure were variable and B. bifidum and B. longum strains showed relatively higher viable cell counts after 48 hours exposure to aerobic incubation. These results demonstrated that the survival and stability of bifidobacterial strains to acid, bile acid, and oxygen exposure were variable and strain-dependent. Due to their tolerant ability to environmental factors like acid, bile acid, and oxygen, B. bifidum B3 and B. longum D6 had good potential properties as probiotic cultures and may be useful for industrial application.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The distribution of the bile and hepatic ducts within the liver of 24 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into common bile ducts on 13 cases for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in 11 cases which were injected 30% barium sulfate solution into the common bile ducts and then radiographed on X-ray apparatus. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, and ducts of papillary process were collected into left hepatic ducts. The dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobe, ducts of caudate process and papillary process were collected into right hepatic ducts. 2. The bile ducts in the left hepatic lobes were collected into dorsal, ventral and intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes. The intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes was absent in some cases(5 cases, 20.83%). 3. In some cases, the ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes were collected into right hepatic ducts directly. 4. The ducts of quadate lobes were collected into left hepatic ducts(8 cases, 33.33%), ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes(13 cases, 54.17%), and dorsal duct of left hepatic lobes, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobe, common trunk collected into intermediate and ventral duct of left hepatic lobe and left hepatic duct(1 cases, 4.17%) respectively. 5. The ducts of papillary process were collected into left and right hepatic ducts(12 cases, 50%), left hepatic ducts only(11 cases, 45.83%) or right hepatic duct only(1 cases, 4.17%). 6. The average length of right hepatic ducts was 26.87(6-45.8)mm. The average length of left hepatic ducts was 56.68(6-127)mm. The length of gallbladder was 128.60(104-160)mm on the average. The breadth of gallbladder was 67.16(38.4-153.4)mm on the average. But there was a difference in the length and the breadth according to the quantity of bile. 7. The ramified angles of dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, ducts of papillary processes and caudate processes, dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes and cystic ducts were 130-170, 160-200, 190-250, 240-300, 90-140, 320-350, 30-100, 270-330 and 240-300 degrees respectively.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 1999

Purpose: Proliferation of bile duct-like structures and fibrosis is a hepatic cellular reaction observed in most forms of human liver disease and in a variety of experimental conditions associated with liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the activation of Ito cells and bile duct proliferation in the rat after common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Methods: Hepatic morphological abnormalities were examined in rats whose bile ducts had been irreversibly ligated for 15, 21, 24 and 28 days. The liver was examined by immunohistochemical staining for ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin, the known marker of activated Ito cells, and light and electron microscopes. Results: After CBDL, the bile canalicular proliferation and interstitial fibrosis were gradually increased in the periportal areas extended to hepatic sinusoids. Ito cells positive for ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin were frequently observed in the periductular space and in perisinusoidal space of Disse. Ito cells and myofibroblasts were gradually increased in the interstitial fibrosis until the 28th day after CBDL. Ito cells and myofibroblasts had microfilaments with dense body at the periphery of the cell. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Ito cells may be fibroblastic or myogenic. It has also been postulated that during the development of hepatic fibrosis, Ito cells become myofibroblasts or fibroblast like cells.

• Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.104-112
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• 2022

Backgrounds/Aims: In moderate and high-surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis, studies comparing percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) vs. endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETGS) vs. endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural gallbladder stenting (EUGS) are limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare efficacy and recurrence of cholecystitis after PC, ETGS, or EUGS during follow-up. Methods: We reviewed 143 moderate and high-surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis with or without concomitant common bile duct stones who underwent PC, ETGS, or EUGS at our hospital. Technical success rate (TSR), clinical success rate (CSR), and recurrence were compared. Results: TSR in PC or EUGS group was higher than that in the ETGS group for those with concomitant common bile duct stones (100% vs. 100% vs. 73.2%; p = 0.07) and for those without concomitant common bile duct stones (100% vs. 100% vs. 77.3%; p < 0.001). CSR in ETGS or EUGS group was higher than that in the PC group for those with concomitant common bile duct stones (96.2% vs. 100% vs. 87.5%; p = 0.41) and for those without concomitant common bile duct stones (94.1% vs. 100% vs. 63.0%; p = 0.006). Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, the overall recurrent risk was the highest in the PC group (p = 0.004). Conclusions: In moderate and high-surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis, EUGS provides significantly higher CSR with comparable TSR to PC. Thus, ETGS should be the first choice in those with concomitant common bile duct stones. Among the three patient groups, those who received PC had the highest rate of recurrence.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.598-602
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• 2008

Concentrated catfish Silurus asotus bile (SAB) containing high amounts of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and taurocholic acid may have immunosuppressive properties. To investigate the putative immunosuppressive properties of SAB, the anti-proliferation and suppression of early T cell activation markers, and the inhibition of cytokines induced by T cells in response to anti-CD3 mAb activation in mouse splenocytes were examined. The suppression of these activation repertoires are the main properties of calcineurin inhibitors. It was found that SAB effectively suppressed the activation of T cells, and cytokines from T cell activation, at levels similar to cyclosporine A, a calcineurin inhibitor. Although the mechanism in which suppression occurs is not clear, we speculate that SAB from Silurus asotus, which has been known to switch their intake habits to zoophagy during an early adult stage, may explain the suppressive effect of SAB as a result of high amounts of functional UDCA in bile. Our results suggest that the treatment or intake of SAB, either in therapy or as a food supplement, may act as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention of transplant rejection, although further investigation is required before this treatment can be applied clinically.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-124
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• 2014

Omega (${\omega}$)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to be effective in preventing and treating parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and several mechanisms were proposed for this observation. An 8-week-old male infant with cholestasis and acholic stool was diagnosed non-syndromic intrahepatic interlobular bile duct paucity by open-wedge liver biopsy. Initially he was treated with usual supportive medical therapy, including ursodeoxycholic acid. However, the clinical status and laboratory tests did not improve. Omega (${\omega}$)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (initially intravenous administration and oral administration later), were started and his liver function, including aminotransferase level and bilirubin levels normalized, and the ivory stool color turned green. We report the possible effectiveness of ${\omega}$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a potent choleretic agent for non-syndromic intrahepatic interlobular bile duct paucity, a very rare structural pediatric hepatic disease.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2013

We present a case of a 7-year-old boy who had cholestasis after trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination therapy. Liver biopsy was performed 36 days after the onset of jaundice because of no evidence of improving cholestasis. Liver histology revealed portal inflammation, bile plug, and biliary stasis around the central vein with the loss of the interlobular bile ducts. Immunohistochemical stains for cytokeratin 7 and 19 were negative. These findings were consistent with those of vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS). Chlestasis was progressively improved with dose increment of urosodeoxycholic acid from conventional to high dose. This is the first case report of trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole associated VBDS in Korean children. The case suggests that differential diagnosis of VBDS should be considered in case of progressive cholestatic hepatitis with elevation of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase after or during taking medicine to treat nonhepatobiliary diseases illness.