• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

$\beta$-Glucuronidases (E.C. 3.2.1.31) from Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, and bovine liver activity have been investigated on 7-O-glucuronides (baicalin, wogonoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide) and 3-O-glucuronides (quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide). Bovine liver enzyme was not active on any of these substrates. E. coli and H. pomatia enzymes were active on 7-O-glucuronides, however, 3-O-glucuronides were resistant to $\beta$-glucuronidase hydrolysis. These results suggest that glucuronic acid at 7-position is more susceptible to E. coli and H. pomatia $\beta$-glucuronidases than that at 3-position. In addition, the subtle difference of aglycone structure on 7-O-glucuronides affected the preference of enzyme. E. coli enzyme was favorable for the hydrolysis of baicalin, however, H. pomatia enzyme was found to be efficient for the hydrolysis of wogonoside. Both enzymes showed the similar hydrolytic activity towards luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. When the Scutellaria baicalensis crude extract was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, baicalin and wogonoside were successfully converted to their aglycone counterparts with H. pomatia at 50 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer pH 4.0. Accordingly, the enzymatic transformation of glycosides may be quite useful in preparing aglycones under mild conditions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.266-274
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• 1989

The current study was undertaken to determine the effects of the ratios of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy restriction on insulin sensitivity in the growing rats. Male rats weighting 80-90g were fed experimental diets for two weeks. Rats were killed and epiddymal adipose tissue were removed and sliced. Explants of adipose tissues were incubated for 2 hours in KRB(Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate) buffer containing various concentrations of human insulin and [U-14C]glucose. Insulin sensitivity was determined as glucose conversion to total lipids (lipogenesis) during 2 hr incubation. Exp't I : Effects of Ratios of Fat to Carbohydrate on Insulin Sensitivity. Eighteen male rats were fed 3 diets for 2 weeks. Diet 1 was low fat-high carbohydrate (4% soybean oil and 66.5% cornstarch) ; diet 2, medium fat-medium sarbohydrate(12% soybean oil and 58.5% cornstarch) ; diet 3, high fat-low carbohydrate (20% soybean oil and 50.5% cornstarch). Insulin sensitivity was higher in the order of LF-HC, MF-HC and HF-LC diet groups (p<0.05), i.e, lipogenesis was higher at all insuline concentration in the explants from rats fed LF-HC diet. However, thers was no significant difference in body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue weight among treatments. Exp't II ; Effects of Energy Restriction on Insulin Sensitivity. Twelve rats were grouped into ad libitum feeding and restricted feeding(70% of ad libitum). The experimental diet was medium fat-medium carbohydrat diet as used in the Exp't I. Restricted feeding group tended to show higher insulin sensitivity compared to ad libitum group. However, there was no statistical difference between two groups. As expected, body weight gain and epididymal adipose tissue were higher in the ad libitum group. In summary, the resutls of the current study showed that the epididymal adipose tissue taken from the rats fed low fat-high carbohydrate diet showed higher insulin sensitivity compared to those fed high fat-low carbohydrate, and that resticted feeding tended to elevate insulin sensitivity in these tissues.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.831-842
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• 2001

배경: 심질환 환자는 심장의 구조적 혹은 기능적 결함으로 인하여 혈역학적 변화가 필연적으로 존재하며 그 결과 신체대사에 심각한 영향을 미치므로 수술전부터 산, 염기의 이상이 초래된다. 수술방법에는 필연적으로 비생리적인 체외순환법과 저체온법 및 혈액희석법과 같은 다양한 특수한 기법이 도입된다. 따라서 수술전 이미 존재하는 산 염기의 이상상태에서 체외순환이라는 수술적 침습에 의해 가해지는 shear압박으로 인하여 이미 악화된 상태의 산 염기 변화를 더욱 심하게 만들게 된다. 저자는 청색증을 포함한 소아심질환 환자와 선천성을 포함한 성인 심질환 환자에서 수술전 체외순환중, 수술후의 산, 염기의 치료지침을 얻기 위하여 본 연구를 시도하게 되었다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 1월부터 1999년 5월가지 체외순환하에 개심술을 시행한 52례를 연구대상으로 하였다, 연구대상은 소아 및 성인 심질환, 선천성 및 후천성 심질환, 그리고 비청색증과 청색증심장병으로 구분하여 수술전, 수술중의 체외순환중, 그리고 수술후 각각 $\alpha$-stat 동맥혈 가스분석 결과를 분석, 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 수술전 산 염기 상태는 모든 심질환 환자들에서 대상성 대사성 산증이 기본적으로 존재하였다. 또한 성인 심질환과 후천성 심질환 환자군에서 저탄산가스 혈증이 존재하였으며, 청색증 심질환 환자군에서만 유일하게 대상성 호흡성 염기증이 있었다. 체외순환중에는 성인 심질환 환자군에서는 염기증만이 발생하였고 후천성 심질환 환자군에서는 정상상태의 산 염기 상태이었다. 반면에 소아심질환 환자군에서는 저 탄산가스 혈증 및 대상성 대사성 산증과 호흡성 염기증이 함께 공존하였다. 선천성과 비청색증 심질환 환자군에서는 각각 비대상성 호흡성 염기증 경향과 비대상성 호흡성 염기증이 발생하였다. 청색증 심질환 환자군에서는 체외순환중에 오히려 대상성 호흡성 산증과 대사성염기증이 발생하였다. 수술후 성인 심질환 환자군에서는 정상 상태의 산 염기 상태로 회복되었으며, 후천성심질환 환자군에서는 단지 표준 bicarbonate가 증가한 것만이 나타났다. 소아, 선천성, 비청색증 및 청색증 심질환 환자군에서는 모두 공통적으로 buffer base가 부족한 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.33-44
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• 1982

전해질농도(電解質濃度)를 달리하고 morphine, naloxone 또는 morphine+naloxone을 가(加)하거나 가(加)하지 않은 modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer용액(溶液)에 흰쥐의 뇌절편(腦切片)을 incubate하여 저온처리(低溫處理)와 media내(內) 전해질조성(電解質組成)이 $(^3H)-morphine$의 saturable binding에 미치는 영향(影響)을 관찰(觀察)하여 다음과 같은 성적(成績)을 얻었다. 1) 저온처리(低溫處理)는 $(^3H)-morphine$의 saturable binding을 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)시켰고, maximal saturable binding은 증가(增加)시키나 $K_D$치(値)에는 영향(影響)을 미치지 못하였다. 2) 저온처리시(低溫處理時) media내 morphine과 naloxone은 $(^3H)-morphine$ 의 maximal saturable binding 과 $K_D$치(値)를 증가(增加) 시켰다. 3) 저온처리시(低溫處理時) media내(內) $K^+$감소(減少), $Mg^{++}$제거 또는$Mn^{++}$첨가(添加)는 $(^3H)-morphine$의 saturable binding을 현저(顯著)히 증가(增加)시켰고, $Na^+$감소(減少), $Ca^{++}$증가(增加)는 saturable binding에 영향(影響)을 미치지 못하였다. 4) 저온처리시(低溫處理時) media내(內) morphine에 의한 $(^3H)-morphine$의 saturable binding증가(增加)는 media내(內) $Na^+$감소(減少), $K^+$감소(減少), $Mg^{++}$제거 또는 $Mn^{++}$첨가(添加)로는 영향(影響) 받지 않았으나 $Ca^{++}$증가(增加)로 억제(抑制)되었고, media내(內) naloxone에 의한 saturable binding증가(增加)는 $Mn^{++}$첨가(添加)는 영향(影響)받지 않았으나 media내(內) $Na^+$감소(減少), $K^+$감소(減少), $Ca^{++}$증가(增加) 또는 $Mg^{++}$제거로 억제(抑制)되었다. 이상(以上) 실험성적(實驗成績)은 저온처리(低溫處理) 및 저온처리시(低溫處理時) media내(內) morphine 또는 naloxone이 opiate수용체(受容體)의 양적(量的)인 변동(變動)과 또는 친화력(親和力)의 변동(變動)을 유발(誘發)하며, media내(內) 전해질조성(電解質組成)이 이들 변동(變動)에 영향(影響)을 미침을 시사(示唆)한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.213-220
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• 1994

본 연구는 고혈압을 비롯한 순환기 질환의 예방이나 치료의 목적을 위해 민간요법으로 전수되어 사용되고 있는 천마의 효능에 대한 사실성을 확인하고, 나아가서는 이러한 효능에 대한 천마의 작용기전을 유추하려고 하였다. 현재까지 천마 extracts에 대한 유효성분의 분석이 이루어져 있지 않기 때문에, 본 연구는 SD 실험쥐와 선천성 고혈압의 소질을 지닌 SHR 실험쥐를 이용하여 천마의 water-extracts나 ethanol-extracts의 심장 및 관상 순환기능에 대한 약리적인 효능을 과학적으로 구체적인 실험방법을 통해서 조사하였다. 천마 extracts는 추출과정에 사용된 용매, 추출기간 및 실험쥐 model에 따라 관상 순환기능에 대한 작용효과가 상반된 현상으로 나타났다. 물이나 50% ethanol에 16시간 추출된 extracts는 사용된 농도에서 SD 실험쥐의 관상 혈관저항을 저하시켜 혈관확장의 효과를 가져왔지만, SHR 실험쥐에서는 ethanol에 추출된 extracts는 사용된 농도에서 심장기능 그 자체에 유의적인 독성효과를 주지 않는다는 것을 말해준다. 본 연구결과는 천마의 water-extracts에 의해서 나타난 혈관확장작용이 일반적으로 국소적인 혈관확장에 관여한다는 lactate 생성의 증가에 기인하는 것보다는 오히려 extracts에 의한 대사적 acidosis 현상에 기인한다는 사실을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서 천마의 수용성 extracts가 혈관확장작용 또는 혈압강하작용을 나타낸다는 사실이 제시된 것은 심장이나 순환기 질환을 예방하고 치료하기 위한 천마의 임상적인 활용측면에서 매우 중요한 성과이다. 그러나, 천마의 순환기능에 대한 약리적 효능을 나타내는 성분추출은 조사되어야 할 과제로 아직 남아 있다. 또한, 천마를 한방에서 약재로써 이용되는 반면에 천마를 식이로 이용하기 위해서 식이성 천마에 대한 효능을 연구해야 할 필요가 있다. 이러한 연구결과로써, 천마는 혈관순환기질환의 예방이나 치료에 이용되는 생약으로써 활용될 뿐만 아니라 안전성을 가진 건강식품으로 개발되어 국민보건 향상에 이바지하리라 기대된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.129-141
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• 2001

우식치아의 교합면과 정상치아의 교합면에서 균을 채취한 결과, 우식치아의 교합면에서는 $3.43\times10^5$ CFU, 정상치아의 교합면에서는$3.43\times10^3$ CFU가 MSB 배지상에서 검출되었다. API test를 이용하여 당발효 및 생화학적 성상을 관찰한 결과, 우식치면에서 분리된 세균은 20종 모두 S. mutans였으나, 건강한 치면에서는 2개의 세균만 S. mutans로 동정되었다. 우식치면과 정상치면에서 분리된 균주 S. mutans SM1과 S. mutans SM2는 $\alpha-galactosidase$ 활성을 제외하곤 당발효 및 생화학적 성상이 모두 일치하였다. 증식에 있어서, 두 균주 모두 pH 5.5에서 증식이 가장 활발하였고, 자당의 농도는 SM1은 20%일 때 SM2는 5%일 때 최대 증식을 보였다. SM1은 배지의 $CaCl_2$농도가 16mM, KCl농도가 160mM, $MgCl_2$농도가 6.4mM 이었을 때 증식이 가장 활발하였고, SM2는 $CaCl_2$ 농도가 16mM, KCl 농도가 40mM, $MgCl_2$ 농도가 6.4mM 이었을때 증식이 가장 활발하였다. Sodium bicarbonate 완충액과 Sodium phosphate 완충액의 경우, SM1과 SM2 모두 1mM에서 증식이 활발하였다. Tris 완충액의 경우, SM1은 1mM에서, SM2는 10mM에서 증식이 활발하였다. Potassium phosphate 완충액의 경우, SM2는 농도가 증가함에 따라 증식이 억제된 반면, SM1은 100mM 까지는 농도가 증가할수록 증식이 활발하였다. SM1과 SM2의 염색체를 추출한 후 Primer gtfB-F961과 gtfC-R5574를 사용하여 gtf 유전자를 PCR 한결과, 4.6kb의 단일 band를 얻었고 이 band를 분리하여 제한효소로 처리한 결과, EcoR I 처치시 S. mutans GS-5, SM1과 SM2모두 약 0.8kb와 3.8kb의 DNA절편을 보여 같은 양상을 나타냈고, Hind III 처치시 GS-5와 SM1은 잘리지 않았고, SM2의 경우 2.4kb, 1.8kb, 400bp의 3조각의 절편으로 나뉘어 SM1과 SM2의 gtf 유전자의 상사성이 관찰되었다. BamH I처치시 SM1과 SM2는 4조각의 절편으로 절단되어 같은 양상을 보였고, GS톤의 경우는 3조각의 절편으로 절단되었다. Kpn I, Sma I, Xho I 그리고 Pst I에는 절단되지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1970

In an attempt to better understand the effect of whole body irradiation on the spontaneous motility and oxygen consumption rate of the isolated mouse duodenum, a whole body X-irradiation of 1,000r. was given to albino mouse, and 1) the total length of contraction of isolated duodenum was recorded on kymograph every five minutes for 60 minutes, 2) glucose and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) were added to the reaction medium of Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer(KRB) and response of the isolated duodenum to the drugs was observed, and 3) the oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum as well as the effect of glucose and 5-HT on $QO_2$ were measured by Warburg's standard manometric method and the comparison was made with the control(i.e. normal) group. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The spontaneous motility of the isolated duodenum in the irradiated groups showed a significantly elevated pattern for the first 15 minutes comparing with the control. The motility, however, decreased after 15 minutes and remained so in the irradiated groups to the level of the nonirradiated control, but 24 hours post-irradiation group showed a tendency of an increased motility while one hour post-irradiation group showed no difference comparing with the control. 2. Addition of glucose produced generally elevated motility of the isolated duodenum in both irradiated and non-irradiated groups comparing with the control throughout the experiment, but no difference was observed in contractile amplitude between the irradiated and non·irradiated groups. 3. When 5-HT was added to the irradiated group, the contractile amplitude of isolated duodenum was similar to that of the control, and 5-HT alone caused a slight increase of the motility comparing with the control. 4. The oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum was found to be ,slightly increased in one hour post·irradiated group, but similar in 24 hour post·irradiated group comparing with the control. Glucose produced a significant increase of $QO_2$ in all the groups, but 5-HT produced a tendency of decrease of $QO_2$ in all the groups.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.110-117
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• 1995

Tc-99m Labeled hexamethylenepropyleneamineoxime ([$^{99m}Tc$]-HMPAO) is a famous amino-oxime compound and is widely used to construct SPECT images of cerebral blood flow. To investigate the relationship between chemical structure and radiolabeling in these kind of diamine-oxime compounds, we synthesized seven compounds by Schiff's base formation and successive reduction with sodium borohydride. They were (RR/SS )-4,8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (2), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethy-lundecane-2,10-dione bisoxime (4), (RR/SS/meso)-4,8-diaza-3,10-dimethyldodecane-2,11-dione bisoxime (5), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-3,6,6,8-tetramethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (8), (RR/SS/meso)-4,7-diaza-5,6-cyclohexyl-3,8-dimethyldecane-2,9-dione bisoxime (10), (RR/SS/meso)-3,4-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl)-benzoic acid (12), and (RR/SS/ meso)-2,3-bis(1-aza-2-methyl-3-oxime-1-butyl) benzophenone (14). Chemical structures of all the synthesized compounds were identified by taking $^1H$ spectrum. Among them, 2 and 4 are propyleneamine oxime (PnAO), 6 is butyleneamine oxime (BnAO) and 8, 10, 12 and 14 are ethyleneamine oxime (EnAO). Each compound (0.5 mg) was incubated with stannous chloride (0.5 g - 8 g), carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (final concentration = 0.1 M, pH 7 - pH 10) and Tc-99m-pertechenate (1 ml). Tc-99m labeling of these compounds were checked by ITLC (acetone), ITLC (normal saline), reverse phase TLC (50 % acetonitrile) and ITLC (ethyl acetate). According to the results, EnAO's were not labeled by Tc-99m in any of above condition. About 11 % of maximum labeling efficiency was obtained with BnAO. However, 4 (PnAO) was labeled with Tc-99m to 85 % which is similar to the labeling efficiency of 2 (HMPAO). Hydrophilic impurity (9 % ) was the most significant problem with the labeling of 4, however, pertechnetate (3 % ) and colloid (3 %) were minor problem. In conclusion, we synthesized seven diamine blsoxlme compounds. Among them, four EnAO compounds were not labeled by Tc-99m. A BnAO was labeled poorly and two PnAO's were labeled well. These labeling can be explained by tertiary structure of their Tc-99m chelate.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1984

The exocrine pancreatic secretion is controlled mainly by gastrointestinal hormones as well as cholinergic nerves. The adrenergic influence on exocrine pancreas is thought not to he important and the evidences supporting this contention are still contradictory. In an effort to elucidate the adrenergic influence on the exocrine pancreas, we have determined the amylase release from pancreatic slices of rats treated with adrenergic drugs. The albino rats of either sex, weighing $60{\sim}80\;g$, were decapitated and the uncinate pancreata were isolated and incubated in screw top vials containing 2 ml krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer solution gassed with 95% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$. These vials were shaken continuously in a waterbath maintained at $37^{circ}C$, and enzyme release was stimulated with acetylcholine$(10^{-5}M)$. For chronic treatment methoxamine$(an\;{\alpha}-adrenergic\;agonist,\;5\;mg/kg)$, isoproterenol (a\;{\beta}-adrenergic\;agonist,\;10\;mg/kg) and reserpine (0.5 mg/kg) along with cholecystokinin octapeptide$(CCK-op,\;2{\mu}g/kg)$ were given i.p. in rats daily for 3, 5, 7, 9 or 12 days. For acute experiment these drugs were added directly to the incubation medium in a concentration of $10^{-5}M$ except CCK-OP $(10^{-9}M)$. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The addition of methoxamine, isoproterenol or reserpine to the incubation medium containing pancreatic slices augmented the release of amylase induced by acetylcholine and among them the effect of isoproterenol was most prominent. 2) Chronic treatment of methoxamine or reserpine caused enhancement of acetylcholine response in amylase release from pancreatic slice throughout the experimental period, but the amylase release was less than that of control by 12 days isoproterenol treatment. 3) In the pancreatic slices obtained from 12 days treatment of CCK-OP, the amylae release responding to acetylcholine was enhanced. By these finding it is suggested that methoxamine, isoproterenol and reserpine had marked influence on the exocrine pancreatic functions in rats and that these effects are due to their inherent actions rather than sympathetic nerve or adrenergic receptor function.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.73-90
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• 1970

Clinical perfusion data on 16 cases of cardiopulmonary bypass using Sigmamotor pump and RyggKyvsgaard Oxygenator which performed at Seoul National University Hospital during the period of Aug. 1968 to Aug. 1970 was analized. AIl cases were hemodiluted and the perfusion was carried out under the normothermic condition. The age of the patients ranged between 6 and 43 years. The b:dy weight varied between 18.3 and 54.0 kg and the body surface area between 0.78 and 1. 59$M^2$. The priming solution was consiste:I with fresh ACD blood. Hartmann solution and Mannitol. The average amount of priming was approximately 2242 ml. The average hemodilution rate was 17%. The flow rate ranged from 1.7L to 3.5L/Min/$M^2$ and averaged 2.4L/Min/$M^2$ or 78mI/Min/kg. The duration of perfusion varied from 22 to 110 min with average of 56.9 minutes. Some hemodynamic responses were observed. The arterial pressure dropped immediately after the initiation of partial perfusion and was more marked after the total perfusion foIlowed by gradual increase to the safety level. The central venous pressure reflected the reduced blood volume especially in the cases of prolonged perfusion which lasted over 60 min. In most of the cases, red blood cell count decreased and white blood ceIl count increased after the perfusion. Hemoglobin level was decreased, averaging of 12.5mg%, Hct 3.3% and platelets count of 18% postoperatively. Plasma hemoglobin increased mildly, from pre-perfusion average value of 4. 06mg% to postperfusion value of 22.5mg%. Serum potassium was 4.4mEq/L pre-operatively and was decreased to 3.7mEq/L postoperatively. Five cases showed definite hypopotassemia immediately after the operation. Sodium and chloride decreased mildly. These electrolyte changes are thought to be related with hemodilution. diuretics and reduced blood volume during and after the perfusion. Arterial blood pH value revealed minimal to moderate elevation from preperfusion average value of 7.376 to 7.461 during perfusion and then 7.365 after perfusion. The pC02 and hicarbonate showed minimal to moderately lowered values. The total CO2 was decreased. Buffer base decreased during perfusion (Av. 42.6mEq/L) and further decreased after the perfusion (Av. 40.8mEq/L). These arterial blood acid base changes suggested that the metabolic acidosis was accompanied by respiratory alkalosis during and immediately after the perfusion. Authors belived that the acidosis could more effectively be corrected with the more additional dose of bicarbonate than we used by this study. The chest tune drainage during the first 24 hours following operation was 1158 ml in average. One case (Case No. 15) showd definite bleeding tendency and it was believed that the cause might be due to the defect of heparin and protamine titration. The average urinary out put during 24 hours post-perfusion was 1291ml. One case (Case No. ]) showed definite post perfusion oliguria. As conclusion hemodilution using fresh ACD blood. Hartmann and Mannitol solution added with Bivon and high flow rate unler normothermia. was thought to amelioratc the severity of mctabolic acidosis during and after perfusion with relatively satisfactory effect on the diuresis and bleeding tendency.