• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.447-469
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• 2011

The flora of Bongamsa (Temple) area, Mungyeong were listed 552 taxa; 99 families, 303 genera, 468 species, 1 subspecies, 70 varieties and 13 forms. Based on the rare plants (IUCN), total 12 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Polypodiaceae), Eranthis stellata (Ranunculaceae), Cnidium tachiroei (Umbelliferae), Monotropa hypopithys (Pyrolaceae), Rhododendron micranthum (Ericaceae), Salvia chanroenica (Labiatae), Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae), etc. Based on the endemic plants, total 11 taxa; Asarum chungbuensis, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis maculata, Lonicera subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Saussurea seoulensis, etc. Based on the specific plants by floral region were total 48 taxa (8.7% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants); 2 taxa in class V, 5 taxa (Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Wistaria floribunda, Elsholtzia angustifolia, etc.) in class IV, 10 taxa (Betula davurica, Spiraea chinensis, Acer barbinerve, Vaccinium koreanum, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, etc.) in class III, 7 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola orientalis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Melica nutans, Veratrum parulum, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus, Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Triadenum japonica, Lobelia sessilifolia, etc.) in class I. Based on the naturalized plants, total 21 taxa (Silene armeria, Oenothera lamarckiana, Symphytum officinale, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc.) and naturalization rate was 3.8% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants. The flora of importance in the Bongamsa, rare plants were Crypsinus hastatus, Eranthis stellata, Gastrodia elata, Monotropa uniflora, Monotropa hypopithys, Rhododendron micranthum and Cnidium tachiroei, Iris ensata var. spontanea in intermediate marsh and alien species classify into planted species of Bongamsa, area for investigation of afforestation and artificial forests, introduced of naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze character of distribution of plants by landforms and altitude in Mt. myeonbong. The chemical properties of soil in this study sites were as follows; pH 4.86, organic 52.53 g/kg, $P_2O_5$ 7.57 mg/kg, potassium $0.18cmol^+/kg$, calcium $2.45cmol^+/kg$ and magnesium $0.49cmol^+/kg$. Generalists in the upper layer were analyzed as follows; Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, and specialists; Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, Morus bombycis etc. In the middle layer, generalists were Betula schmidtii, Quercus mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia and specialists; Lindera erythrocarpa, Quercus serrata, Staphylea bumalda etc. Generalist of shrubs; Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Sorbus alnifolia, and specialists; Morus bombycis, Pinus densiflora, Deutzia glabrata etc. Generalists of herbaceous layer; Rhus tricocarpa, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum and specialists; Liparis kumokiri, Davallia mariesii and Chrysosplenium flagelliferum etc.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1987

This experiment was undertaken for the purpose of investigation of relative durability about thirty sorts of the korean native wood and nine sorts of the wood destroying fungi Polystictus versicolor, Irpex consors. Poria vaporaria, Merulius lacrymans, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes pini, Lenzites betulina, Paxillus panuoides by means of a laboratory methods. The results obtained are; (from the table 2 to 10) 1. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Polystictus versicolor, the sap wood contained in Junipeus chinesis was calculated at 18.2%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood contained in Pinus densiflora was measured at 44.10%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 2. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Irpex consors, the heart wood contained in Butula schmidtii was calculated at 1.23%, therefore durability is very high and the heart wood contained in Quercus dentata was calculated at 26.79%, therefore durability is very low. 3. By measuring the percentage of lass in weight with regard to Lenzites betulina, the heart wood contained in Betula schmidtii was calculated at 5.33%, therefore it is much higher durability than any others and the sap wood with regard to Abies holophylla was measured at 45.48%, therefore durability is very low. 4. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Poria vaporaria, the sap wood contained in Fraxinus rhynchophylla was calculated at 5.57%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Paulownia coreana was calculated at 35.6%, therefore it is much lower durability than any others. 5. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Merulius lacrymans, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was measured at 0.09% and in the next place, the heart wood contained in Abies holophylla calculated at 0.15% did not decay almost and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was measured at 32.88%, therefore it is lower durability than any others. 6. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Schizophyllum commune, the sap wood cantained in Junipensis chinensis was calculated at 1.09%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 36.87%, it is much lower durability than any others. 7. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Trametes pini, the sap wood contained in Robinia pseudo-acacia was calculated at 1.33%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Comus controversa was calculated at 33.19%, it is much lower durability than any others. 8. By measuring the percentage of loss ill weight with regard to Paxillus panuoides. the heart wood contained in Zelkova serrata was calculated at 1.73%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Populus deltoides was calculated at 42.30%, therefore durability in very low. 9. By measuring the percentage of loss in weight with regard to Dardalea quercina, the heart wood contained in Castanea crenata was calculated at 0.92%, therefore durability is very high and the sap wood contained in Cornus controversa was calculated at 32.00% therefore durability is very low. The above results are summarized as follows 1. Durability between the heart wood and the soft wood find that it is nonsignificant, while durability is higher heart wood than sap wood. 2. Special sorts including in the element like Castanea cenata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Juniperus chinensis and heart wood like Betula schmiditii and Styrax obasia are highly durable and soft wood like Cornus controversa, Populus davidiana, Salix koreensis, Celtis jessensis are lowly durable in general. 3. Among the wood destroying fungi Paxillus panuoides is highly durable and as follows. Poria vaporaria, Lenzites betulina and the Daedalea quercina is less in general and Irpex consors, Mersulius lacrymans are a middle degree.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.149-157
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• 2008

We investigated chlorophyll contents and growth performances of five deciduous hardwood species growing in central temperate zone of Korean forest. Cornus controversa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Prunus leveilleana, and Acer mono seedlings were grown under four different light intensity regime (full sunlight, $65{\sim}72%$, $29{\sim}40%$, and, $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight) for the experiment. The chlorophyll contents of all of the species were highest in $7{\sim}12%$ of the full sunlight, while lowest under the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root collar diameter and height were decreased with increasing shading level except for Acer mono that showed the highest relative growth rate under $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. Total biomass and root volumes of the seedlings studied decreased as the light intensity decreased with different shade levels. For Acer mono, however, the biomass and root volumes were highest in $29{\sim}40%$ of the full sunlight. The relative growth rate of root comparing to shoot decreased as shading increased, and as a result, the ratio of aboveground to belowground biomass increased. As the shading level increased, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and leaf weight ratio (LWR) of most species increased.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2008

The vascular plants in the Eco-Arboretum site, Mt. Gumwon appeared to be 369 taxa; 84 families, 217 genera, 319 species, 43 varieties and 7 forms. Based on the list of the rare plants, 2 taxa existed in the studied areas; Abies koreana (Preservation priority order; No. 73), Paeonia obovata (No. 97) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 12 families, 14 genera, 11 species, 3 varieties, 1 hybrid, 15 taxa existed; Cephalotaxus koreana, Abies koreana (Planted species), Carex okamotoi, Salix hallaisanensis, Salix purpurea var. japonica, Clematis trichotoma, Thalictrum actaefolium, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia nipponica, Stewartia koreana, Hypericum attenuatum var. confertissimum, Paulownia coreana (Planted species), Weigela subsessilis, Aster koraiensis (Planted species). Specific plant species by floral region were total 38 taxa; Paeonia obovata in class V , 13 taxa (Lilium leichtlinii var. tigrinum, Betula costata, Betula davurica, Ulmus davidiana, Spiraea frutschiana, Prunus maackii, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, Cynanchum inamoenum, Lonicera subhispida, Cacalia firma, etc.) in class III , 5 taxa (Heloniopsis orientalis, Chrysosplenium pilosum, Acer triflorm, Viola tokubuchiana var. takedana, Teucrium veronicoides, etc.) in Class II . 19 taxa (Dryopteris erythrosora, Arisaema ringens, Veratrum versicolor, Polygonatum inflatum, Salix glandulosa, Betula schmidtii, Alnus hirsuta, Quercus variabilis, Aconitum japuense, Dicentra spectabilis, Chrysosplenium flagelliferum, Impatiens noli-tangere, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Trigonotis icumae, etc.)in class I . The naturalized plants in this site were 5 families, 13 genera, 15 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens, Oenothera odorata, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Bidens frondosa, Taraxacum officinale, etc.) and naturalization rate was 4.1% of all 369 taxa vascular plants.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.585-591
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• 2006

We measured the litterfall quantity and investigated the nutrient dynamics in decomposing litter for three years at the LTER sites installed in a deciduous broadleaf natural forest in Mt. Gyebangsan, South Korea. Litterfall production was significantly different among the sampling dates, whereas it was not significantly different among the years. The total annual mean litterfall production for three years was 6,593 kg $ha^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$ and leaf litter accounted for 82.6% of the litterfall. The leaf litter quantity was highest in Quercus mongolia, followed by leaf of other species, Betula schmidtii, Kaplopanax pictus, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, etc., which are dominant tree species in the site. The mass loss from the decomposition of leaf litter was fastest in Cortinus controversa (100%), followed by A. preudo-sieboldianum, K. pictus, and B. schmidtii. 100% of litter for C. controversa, 96.1% for A. pseudo-sieboldianum, 92.8% for K. pictus decomposed, while 66.2% of litter for Q. mongolia decayed for 1,003 days. The lower rate of the mass loss in the litter of Q. mongolia may be attributed to the difference in substrate quality, such as lower nutrient concentrations compared with those of other tree species. The concentrations of N, P, and Ca for five litter types increased over time, while the concentrations of K and Mg decreased over time. Compared with the nutrients in the litter of Q. mongolia, the nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in the litter of other species, C. controversa, A. pseudo-sieboldianum, and K. pictus, were released more rapidly. The results showed that the mass loss and the nutrient dynamics in the litter are variable depending on the tree species even in the same site conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 1994

The Shindae resting place-Jibong valley forest in Tokyusan area was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope. Forty eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 750m to 1,247m and part of the slope. Density of trees in tree strata decreased as increasing elevation, and mean DBH of trees in tree strata increased as increasing elevation. With increasing elevation the importance values of Quercus mongolica, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica increased, while those of Quercus serrate, Betula schmidtii decreased. As going from lower part to upper part of the slope, the importance values of Quercus mongolica and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa increased while those of Cornus controversa and Fruxinus mandshurica decreased. The number of species, species diversity and evenness tended to decreased as increasing elevation. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts, and parts of the slope were 55.3~67.1％ and 36.8~71.7%, respectively. According to importance value and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into four forest communities of Quercu serrata community of lower part of slope of low elevation belt, Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata community of middle and upper part of slope of low elevation belt, Quercus mongolica-deciduous tree species community of middle and high elevation belt and Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schzippinbachii community of the top area.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.462-470
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• 2021

To find out the wood species used in national wood structures in the late Joseon Dynasty, 11 volumes of Yeonggeon-Uigwes were reviewed. It was confirmed that the wood was mainly used for the repair and restoration of palaces, shrines, and fortresses. In the 17th to 20th centuries, the wood species specified in Yeonggeon-Uigwes have revealed either hardwood or softwood. As hardwood species, Juglans mandshurica, Zelkova serrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Paulownia coreana, or Quercus spp. (Quercus aliena; Q, variabilis; Q, dentata; Q, acutissima; Q, mongolica; Q, serrata) were used. As softwood species, Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis were used. Investigation of the wood species is important part because the same species is required as a principle when reparing cultural heritage. In this study, the anatomical images of the wood species were investigated for some samples which were taken from the same species that has been stored in the wood specimen room of the National Institute of Forest Science, instead of the actual wood material used. It was possible to find out the wood species of each member in the wooden cultural heritage buildings by reviewing the Yeonggeon-Uigwes in the late Joseon Dynasty, and the anatomical images of the wood species required for determining the wood species in the repair or restoration of the buildings.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2002

This study was carried out to evaluate bending property on principal domestic species such as sargent cherry(Prunus sargentii), bitter wood(Picrasma quassioides), horn beam(Carpinus laxiflora), cork oak(Quercus variabilis), birch(Betula schmidtii), painted maple(Acer mono), basswood(Tilia amurensis), red pine(Pinus densiflora), pitch pine(Pinus rigtda), royal pawlonia(Paulownia tomentosa) by microwave heating. In this study, radius of curvature(ROC) for bending process was classified by radius of curvature(ROC) of bending plate such as 4 cm, 6 cm, and 10 cm, and thickness of metal-strap(TMS) was 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm. Bending process was successfully operated for 100 percent in bitter wood, horn beam, birch and painted maple. On the other hand, there was a success rate of 58 percent in sargent cherry and 83 percent in cork oak and 29 percent in basswood and 8 percent in royal pawlonia which is the worst bending property. All specimens of basswood and royal pawlonia were broken at 4 cm of ROC. Success rate of bending property was shown 44 percent in red pine and 56 percent in pitch pine. TMS has an effect on only drying speed in drying process than difficulty and facility of bending property. It was considered that the thinner TMS in drying process is the faster in drying speed of bent wood.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1032-1046
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information on ecological forest management in Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun. Vegetation data were collected from Janggunbong, Bonghwa-Gun, from July, 2014 to October, 2015. We carried out an analysis of vegetation types on the physiognomically dominant species of 111 quadrates. In the natural forest area, the vegetation community was classified into Quercus mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis and Tilia amurensis. In the plantation area, the vegetation community was classified into Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Based on the analysis of the importance value of the species in the slope area, it was seen that the tree layers of the natural forest were dominated by Quercus mongolica at 44.3, and Pinus densiflora at 12.1. The importance values of the subtree layer of the natural forest were found to be 27.6 for Quercus mongolica, and 12.4 for Fraxinus sieboldiana. Also, the importance values of the tree layers in the plantation areas were found to be 22.6 for Pinus koraiensis, 15.4 for Larix kaempferi, and 13.3 for Fraxinus rhynchophylla, while those of the subtree layers of the plantation area were found to be17.9 for Quercus variabilis, 14.1 for Parthenocissus tricuspidata, and 10.4 for Quercus mongolica in that order. Vine plants showed higher importance values in the plantation area than in the natural forest area. Species diversity in the valley area was 2.334 in the natural forest area, and 1.734 in the plantation area. That of natural forest area was 1.931, and that of plantation area was 1.927 in slope area. For management of the forest vegetation in Mt. Janggunbong, a distinct forest management plan, customized for each topography and physiognomical community unit should be made Particularly, the administration is required to consider strategies to reduce the higher importance value for vine plants in the plantation areas.