• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.125-135
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• 1979

This study was undertaken to search for a new antihypertensive or hypotensive agents in natural crude products in Korea. Betula schmidtii Regel, a tree belonging to the Betulaceae family, is cultivated for the most part of our country, and their cortecies or tree milk has been used as folk remedy, which exerted good antiinflammatory effect on rheumatic fever, arthritis or rheumatism. The rats were treated with several extracts from Betula schmidtii Regel, that is, extracts of water, methanol from inner cortecies, extracts of ether, methanol, hexane, chloroform or butanol from outer and total cortecies. In this experiment, we measured the blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats, and atropine, diphenhydramine, phentolamine, propranolol, epinephrine, hexamethonium and hydralazine were pretreated prior to Betula extracts to clarify the mechanism of the hypotensive action. The results of the experiment were as follows; 1. BOIE(Betula outer cortex water-insoluble extract) and BICE(Betula inner cortex chloroform extract) elevated the blood pressure and heart rate. 2. BIME(Betula inner cortex methanol extract), BIBE(Betula inner cortex butanol extract) and BIWE (Betula inner cortex water extract) significantly lowered the blood pressure and heart rate. 3. With the pretreatment of hydralazine, the hypotensive effect of Betula schmidtii Regel was significantly blocked. From the above results, it is suggested that the hypotensive effect of Betula schmidtii Regel is due to the direct vasodilation of blood vessel.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.553-559
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• 2021

The aim of study to investigate the phytochemicals and biological activities the bark of Betula schmidtii. The studies consisted of the solvent extraction, followed by the isolation of phenolic components 1~3 from ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of Betula schmidtii Bark. Their chemical structures were identified as arbutin (1), ρ-coumaric acid (2) and ferulic acid (3) using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectrophotometer, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) (negative ion mode), ¹H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), ¹³C-NMR, ¹H-¹H Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and ¹H-¹³C Hetero Nuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) spectral data. Compounds 1~3 shows the anti-oxidant effect with IC₅₀ values of 29.74±1.52, 21.32±1.07 and 34.41±1.24 in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, respectively. Also, compounds 1~3 exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 31.14±1.07, 42.54±1.46 and 69.22±1.43 µM, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.165-172
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• 2003

The objectives of this study were to examine the physiological responses to ozone and to measure ozone uptake rates of Betula species exposed to relatively high concentration of pollutants. At the end of the growing season, photosynthesis, pigments contents, antioxidants (SOD and GR) and ozone uptake rates were measured or estimated at the leaves of five Betula species (Betula costata, B. davurica, B. platyphylla var. japonica, B. schmidtii and B. ermanii) exposed to 100ppb ozone concentration. On the termination of the experiment, growth effects were determined by measuring leaf area and dry weights of leaf, stem and root. Ozone treatment showed the significant reduction the leaf area and dry weight of four Betula species, except for B. ermanii. Shoot / root (SR) ratio of five species represented two different types. SR ratio of B. costata and B. davurica were lower than control, in contrast, SR ratio of B. platyphylla var. japonica, B. schimidtii and B. emani, were higher than that of control. The photosynthetic responses of five species were different in responses to ozone exposure. Four species, except for B. emanii, maintained or increased the stomatal conductance, but B. emanii decreased both stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. SOD activities of five species decreased by the ozone exposure, especially B. ermanii showed the largest reduction, GR activities of B. platyphylla var. japonica and B. schmidtii increased, B. costata and B. emanii decreased. Instantaneous ozone uptake rate was the highest at the leaves of B. ermanii and B. costata, ozone uptake per seedling was the highest at the leaf of B. schmidtii and B. emanii. It was concluded that B. costata, B. davurica and B. platyphylla var. japonica, appeared the growth reduction and visible ozone injury, were sensitive species to ozone, and B. schmidtii with the increased antioxidant activity and B. ermanii without the growth reduction were relatively resistant species to high ozone concentration at the early growing stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 2001

This study was conducted to estimate the capability of Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa and Betula schmidtii for the uptake of Pb from the lead-contaminated soil and their tolerance to lead. Rooted cuttings in the former species and germinated seedlings in the latter species were planted in pots and irrigated with Pb-containing water for 60 days. In both tree species, growth inhibition was observed in 800, and 1,500ppm of $Pb(NO_3)_2$. Most Pb was accumulated in plant roots and only a small portion was transported to the shoots. The translocation rates of Pb for B. schmidtii and P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa were 1.6-2.6% and 1.2-1.6%, respectively. The maximum Pb content accumulated in shoots was 468.0mg/kg d.w. in P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa, and 602.0mg/kg d.w. in B. schmidtii. Although tolerance to lead was generally higher in B. schmidtii than P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa, the highest tolerance to lead was observed in P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa clone, 72-16. Finally, we discussed the applicability of P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa and B. schmidtii for phytoextraction based on their Pb uptake ability, high biomass production, and easiness in large-scale cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.87-96
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• 2010

This study was conducted to select environmentally-friendly and low-cost mulching material that could replace soil molding which can be used to restore vegetation in an abandoned coal mine area. To this end, we established 20 experimental plots (4m ${\times}$ 10m in size) on the steep, south west-facing slope of the abandoned coal mine area in Hwangji-Dong, Taebaek City, Gangwon Province in April 2006. We planted two-year-old 1,600 seedlings (at intervals of 0.6m ${\times}$ 0.8m) of drought-resistant tree species including Betula schmidtii, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Amorpha fruticosa, and Quercus mongolica in the plots. After planting seedlings, mulching was applied by using five different kinds of material such as HWAP (Teracotem), peat moss, straw mats, wood chips, and control (no-mulching) and the effects of different mulching material on the survival rate and growth performance were compared. Three years after planting, the survival rate was the highest in wood chip mulching, followed by straw-mat, peat moss, HWAP, and control. The survival rate was the highest in Quercus mongolica, followed by Betula schmidtii, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and Amorpha fruticosa. Meanwhile the height growth was the best in Betula platyphylla var. japonica, followed by Betula schmidtii, Quercus mongolica, and Amorpha fruticosa. The height growth of seedlings was the best in HWAP mulching, followed by peat moss, woody chips, straw mat, and control. From an economic point of view, wood chips are considered to be the best mulching material. The results showed that mulching without soil molding and/or mixing applications would be effective for restoring vegetation in an abandoned coal mine areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.33-42
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• 2000

This study is carried out to investigate plant community structure, actual vegetation map and flora for examining the relationship between naturally introduced vegetation and surrounding vegetation in Hamtae coal-mined spoil lands. According to the analysis of vegetation, surrounding vegetation was divided into five plant community groups : Pinus koraiensis community, Pinus densiflora - Quercus mongolica community, Q. mongolica - Deciduous broadleaved trees community, Betula schmidtii - B. davurica community, Larix leptolepis community. Robinia pseudo-acacia, which had been planted, was dominant species in coal-mined spoil lands. Young trees, which were naturally introduced, such as B. schmidtii, B. davurica etc., partially appeared with the high density($15{\sim}19ea/100m^2$) in coal-mined spoil lands. The flora of this area was listed as 54 taxa; 22 families, 42 genus, 50 species, 3 varieties and 1 forma. Especially Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, Arundinella hirta, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia iwayomogi and Youngia denticulata appeared with the high frequency. It is estimated that the proper way for harmonious and effective revegetation is to target B. schmidtii - B. davurica communities and to seed B. schmidtii - B. davurica mixing highly frequent herbaceous species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.189-192
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• 2005

We tested the field adaptation of Betula schmidtii on the abandoned coal-mine soil with sludge amendment methods for promoting physiological activity of B. schmidtii seedlings under several environmental stress. Sewage sludges were amended to coal-mine soil with B. schmidtii seedlings which grown in the mixture of artificial soil and composted sludge soil before transplanting (before-fertilized treatment, BF) and fertilized with composted sludge after transplanting (after-fertilized treatment, AF). The percent of establishment of seedlings for AF (80.7%) was lower than that for BF (92.7%). Nitrate reductase activity and photosynthetic pigment content were higher in AF than in BF, but malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were lower in AF than in BF These results represent that after-fertilized seedlings increase resistance against physiological stress at field condition using nitrogen source of composted sludge. On the contrary, before-fertilized seedlings were susceptible to environmental stress on abandoned coal-mine soil by exhausting of nitrogen source from composted sludge.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to understand differences among three half-sib families of Betula schmidtii seedlings in the effect of three Cd levels on growth and photosynthesis. One-year-old seedlings of B. schmidtii were treated with 0, 0.4 and 0.8 mM CdSO$_4$ㆍ8/3$H_2O$ for two months. Growth and physiological responses to Cd treatment levels of three families determined using dry weight, relative height growth rate(RHGR), apparent quantum yield and carboxylation efficiency. The B. schmidtii seedlings exposed to 0.4 and 0.8 mM Cd showed statisticall significant decrease in dry weight and RHGR relative to controls. In addition, the growth inhibition of B. schmidtii seedlings was accompanied by a significant decrease in net photosynthesis measured as $CO_2$ assimilation. Apparent quantum yield and carboxylation efficiency were also affected by Cd treatment, undergoing a significant and progressive reduction with increasing Cd concentrations in all families. We also found significant difference among three families of B. schmidtii in growth, biomass and photosynthesis when exposed to Cd stress. Therefore the present study showed that the difference in Cd tolerance among families might be attributed to genetic factor in response to Cd stress.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.680-689
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• 2008

This present study was conducted to investigate photosynthetic responses and chlorophyll fluorescence performances of Cornus controversa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Betula schmidtii, Prunus leveilleana, and Acer mono seedlings growing under four different light intensity regimes (full sun, and 65~72%, 29~40%, 7~12% of full sun). As result, Cornus controversa, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Betula schmidtii showed outstanding photosynthetic capacities in full sun and showed low shade tolerance. Prunus leveilleana showed good photosynthetic capacity in three treatment levels except for 7~12% of full sun and showed common shade tolerance. While, Acer mono showed good photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence in 29~40% of full sun. Acer mono showed the highest shade tolerance compared to the other four species.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.457-458
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• 2010