• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2010

The contents and antioxidant activities of various polyphenolic fractions from commercial cocoa powder were investigated. Total phenolics extracted by 0.01 M HCl, ethyl acetate, and acidic methanol, from an 80% (v/v) methanolic extract of cocoa, were 19.25, 202.24, and 295.83 mg/g, respectively. Each fraction was capable of scavenging DPPH radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the various fractions, the acidic methanol fraction had the highest ABTS radical scavenging ability. The reducing power of the 0.01 M HCl, ethyl acetate, and acidic methanol fractions were 0.44, 3.15, and 3.87, respectively, at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$. Antioxidant activities, as assessed by $\beta$-carotene bleaching and linoleic acid autoxidation, of the various phenolic fractions from cocoa decreased in the order acidic methanol > ethyl acetate > 0.01 M HCl. Inhibition of $\beta$-carotene bleaching mediated by the acidic methanol fraction was similar to that of the ethyl acetate fraction. The values were 60.18% and 58.97%, respectively, at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$. Therefore, cocoa and cocoa-containing products may contain natural antioxidants useful in prevention of diseases associated with aging.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.880-886
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• 1999

The present study was attempted to investigate the contents of antioxidant nutrients in green juice of Angelica keiskei, kale, carrot, celery, cucumber. All 5 green juice were found to contain antioxidant nutrients such as ${\beta}-carotene$, vitamin E, vitamin C, Se, Cu, Mn, Zn and phenols. ${\beta}-carotene$ contents of carrot, kale, Angelica keiskei, celery and cucumber juice were 5909.0, 3285.3, 1398.4, 176.7 and 61.4 mg/l00 g, respectively. ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ contents of 5 green juices were $0.04{\sim}1.41$ mg/l00 g. Kale juice had highest ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and celery juice contained lowest, kale juice also contained highest vitamin C (105.1 mg/l00 g) and Angelica keiskei, cucumber, celery and carrot had vitamin C contents of 31.4, 9.3, 7.5 and 5.2 mg/l00 g, respectively. Angelica keiskei had highest amount of antioxidant minerals among the sample such as Cu (0.40 mg/l00 g), Mn (0.5 mg/l00 g), Zn (0.24 mg/l00 g), Se $(0.61\;{\mu}g/kg)$. Kale was the second best source of antioxidant minerals which were Cu (0.45 mg/l00 g), Mn (0.22 mg/l00 g), Zn (0.24 mg/l00 g), Se $(0.33\;{\mu}g/kg)$. However, celery and cucumber were poor in antioxidant minerals. Total phenolic contents of 5 green juices were $0.01\;{\sim}0.05%$, kale juice also had highest total phenolics among the samples.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate whether antioxidant nutrient suppplementation with $\alpha$-tocopherol, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene, and selenium reduces the lipid peroxide levels and increases the antioxidative enzyme activities in patients with coronary hart disease. Eighty nine patients participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The antioxidant group (45 patients) was given daily doses of $\alpha$-tocopherol (400 IU), vitamin C (50 mg), $\beta$-carotene (15 mg), and selenium (50 $\mu\textrm{g}$) and forty four patients received a placebo. Thirty eight subjects (84.4%) of the antioxidant group and thirty nine subjects (88.6%) of the placebo group completed the three-month supplementation. Serum levels of tocopherol, vitamin C and $\beta$-carotene significantly increased in the antioxidant group compared with the baseline (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances(TBARS) decreased significantly (0.6 nmol MDA/mL) in the antioxidant group compared with that (0.09 nmol MDA/mL) in the placebo group (p=0.03). However, antioxidant supplementation did not affect the level of oxidized-LDL measured as autoantibodies against oxidized-LDL. The superoxide dimutase activity in red blood cells increased in the antioxidant group compared with the baseline (p<0.05). However, glutathione peroxidase activities did not change after supplementation in both groups, and catalase activity significantly decreased in the placebo group (p<0.05). These results suggest that antioxidant supplementation for 3 months with $\alpha$-tocopherol, vitamin C, $\beta$-carotene and selenium in patients with coronary heat disease may be partially protective against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of functional cover film on oriental melon fruit quality under unheated plastic greenhouse cultivation in cold period. The 6 kind of films having different characteristics were covered at plastic greenhouses and oriental melon seedlings were cultivated at 2 regions of Seongju, respectively. The air-temperatures in plastic greenhouses of J-1 and J-2, having high infrared absorption rate, were about $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ higher than K-3. The contents of ${\beta}-carotene$ and sugar of fruit showed significant difference between functional and normal films. The sucrose, determining a sweetness during maturation, and soluble solids content of fruits cultivated in J-1, J-2, J-3, and K-1 were higher than those of K-2 and K-3. Ascorbic acid of fruits was highest in K-2 having low light transmission rate and thermo-keeping capacity. There was no significant difference in mineral content among all of cover films. These results indicated that the use of functional greenhouse covering films could improve fruit quality such as ${\beta}-carotene$ and sugar content of oriental melon.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.540-546
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• 2018

Annona muricata, generally known as soursop, graviola, or sirsak, is native to the warmest tropical areas of North and South America and is now widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including India and Nigeria. This study tested the contents of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and minerals, as well as the antioxidative effects of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, Fe/Cu-reducing power, linoleic-acid peroxidation using thiobarbituric-acid (TBA) methods and peroxidation of rat-hepatocyte microsomes, and ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay. These were tested with in-vitro experimental models using water, ethanol, and methanol extracts of the Annona muricata leaf (AMl). Water extracts of AMl showed the highest extraction yield (1.76%). The total polyphenol-compound concentration was the highest in the methanol extract of AMl. However, the flavonoids concentration was the highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. AMlMl major minerals were Ca, K, and Mg. In DPPH radical-scavenging activity, the contents exhibited a strong scavenging effect on the ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. Additionally, the Fe/Cu-reducing power was strong in ethanol and methanol extracts of AMl. $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate-induced linoleic-acid peroxidation using TBA methods and auto-oxidation of rat-hepatic microsomes showed strong antioxidative activities in ethanol extracts of AMl. ${\beta}$-Carotene bleaching was also highest in the ethanol extracts of AMl. These results may provide the basic data to understand the chemical characteristics and antioxidative effects of Annona muricata leaf extract for the development of functional foods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The changes of vitamin A contents of transitional (7th day postpartum) and mature (60th day postpartum) milk were comparatively studied from 20 Korean lactating women to provide the basic information for recommended dietary allowances. The mean retinol contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of transitional milk in primiparae and multiiparae were 79.71 (${\pm}$50.61) and 73.43(${\pm}$31.02) and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 44.73(${\pm}$19.03) and 38.25(${\pm}$17.63) respectively. The mean ${\beta}$-carotene contents ($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of transitional milk in primiparae and multiparae were 10.44(${\pm}$7.43) and 14.15(${\pm}$11.81) and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 4.97(${\pm}$2.22) and 5.36(${\pm}$4.23) respectively. The total content of vitamin A($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) in transitional milk was 81.44(${\pm}$ 51.47) in primiparae and 75.79(${\pm}$31.99) in multiparae, and those of mature milk in primiparae and multiparae were 45.56(${\pm}$19.12) and 39.14(${\pm}$17.73) respectively. The vitamin A content decreased with increase of lactation period. The mean content of vitamin A between primiparae and multiparae during lactation was not significantly different (p>0.05) However, there was a significant difference in the total vitamin A contents according to lactation period. The average content($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of retinol in lactating mothers delivered boys and girls were 74.45 (${\pm}$43.84) and 78.96(${\pm}$35.98) in transitional milk, 40.27(${\pm}$16.61) and 42.51(${\pm}$21.22) in mature milk, respectively. However, no significant difference was found between retinol contents contentscontentsin lactating mothers delivered boys and girls. The average contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of ${\beta}$-carotene in lactating mothers delivered boys and girls were 11.34(${\pm}$4.27) in mature milk. The contents($\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$) of total vitamin A was significantly different (p<0.05) between transitional and mature milk the difference of total vitamin A content between lactating mothers delivered boys and girls. and primiparae and multiparae was not significant(p>0.05) As a result the contents of vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene in transitional and mature milk decreased according to the increase of lactation period.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.527-538
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• 2002

Body antioxidant status is an important factor in the prevention of many chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress, especially in the elderly and is affected by health-related habits, such as smoking, drinking and regular physical activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between these health-related habits and plasma antioxidant status in the elderly. Plasma antioxidant status was examined by determining plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, A, E, $\beta$ -carotene), total antioxidant status (TAS) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) . The subjects included 225 elderly persons aged over 60 yews (63 males, 162 females) living in the Ulsan area. They were interviewed to collect data on their general characteristics and health behaviors such as smoking, exercise and alcohol consumption by means of questionnaires. Their dietary intakes were obtained by means of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) The study population was divided into two or three groups according to their smoking, drinking, and exercise status. The ratio of smoker, drinker and exerciser was 16.7%, 31.0% and 44.2% respectively. The dietary antioxidant vitamin intakes were not significantly different among groups of smoking and drinking status, but tended to be higher in non-smokers and non-drinkers than in smokers and drinkers. Plasma vitamin C and $\beta$ -carotene levels were significantly higher in non-smokers, but Plasma vitamin A and TBARS levels were significantly lower in non-smokers than in smokers. Plasma TAS was not significantly different among the smoking groups, but showed a tendency to decrease with an increase in the number of packyear. Plasma vitamin C and $\beta$ -carotene levels of the non-drinkers were higher than those of drinkers and past-drinkers, but plasma vitamin A, C, E, TAS and TBARS showed no difference among the groups of drinker. All vitamin intakes of the exercisers were slightly higher than those of the non-exercisers, but vitamin C intake was significantly higher in female exercisers than in non-exercisers. Plasma $\beta$ -carotene levels were significantly higher in male exercisers and plasma vitamin A, C, E, TAS and TBARS levels tended to be higher in exercisers than in non-exercisers. These results suggested that change to non-smoker, modulation of alcohol consumption and regular exercise could enhance antioxidant defences against reactive oxygen species and might increase the likelihood of a healthier life span.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.194-199
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• 1975

The physiological and chemical investigations to explain the after-ripening processes in got green pepper fruit were carried out by treating the fruit with ethephon either alone or with phenylalanine. The studied metabolic changes in fruit during after-ripening period was carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in interior of the pepper fruit, total carotenoid, ${\beta}-carotene$, total sugar, and free reducing sugar in pepper fruit. These metabolic changes were explained inrelation to the color enhancement judged by the color score to explain the after-ripening processes. Ethephon treatment at 500 ppm significantly accelerated color enhancement as compared to the control and further ethephon treatment increased the number by 20 percent which was not possible in control during same after-ripening period. The oxygen concentration in interior of the pepper fruit during after-ripening period was increased in control when the color score (color enhancement) increased rapidly. However, with ethephon treatment, the oxygen concentration was decreased when the color score increased. Although total and free reducing sugar content were decreased during the after-ripening period total carotenoid and ${\beta}-carotene$ content was increased by 50 and 200 percent, respectively, over control. Also the capsaicin contents was increased by 20 percent by ethephon treatment over control. Although phenylalanine treatment did not affect the capsaicin content, capsaicin content tended to be increased by phenylalanine treatment when treated with ethephon. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by funds from Korean Traders Scholarship Foundation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 2014

Common cruciferous vegetables, kohlabi (Brassica oleracea) and radish (Raphanus sativus), contain phytochemicals such as glucosinolates and carotenoids. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and anti-adipogenic effects of kohlrabi sprout extract (KSE) and radish sprout extract (RSE). The total carotenoid and glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $39.50{\pm}0.67$ and $76.73{\pm}2.75mg/g$, respectively. The total glucosinolate contents of KSE and RSE were $2.65{\pm}0.02$ and $8.13{\pm}0.54mg/g$, respectively. The in vitro-antioxidative activities of KSE and RSE were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-carotene and glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These results suggest that glucosinolate-enriched KSE and RSE, especially RSE, can be used in the treatment of obesity and as a natural source of antioxidants.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.600-608
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• 2019

The aim was to determine the physiological activity and antioxidant activity by lipid peroxidation inhibitory action of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Bioactive compound of total carotenoid $1.581{\pm}0.005mg$ ${\beta}$-carotene equivalents (BCE)/g dry weight. Total phenol content was the highest in the ethyl acetate (EA) extract, followed by chloroform:methanol (CM, 2:1, v/v) and 70% methanol extracts. Antioxidant effects (nitrogen oxide radical scavenging activity, nitrite scavenging activity, ${\beta}$-carotene bleaching assay, and lipid peroxidation inhibition action) of 70% methanol, CM, and EA extract of turmeric. Turmeric extracts yield were 70% methanol 16.54%, CM 5.64%, and EA 4.14%, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the samples exhibited a dose-dependent increase. However, in the current study, none of the samples evaluated showed activity as strong as the BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole) and trolox. Further, nitrite scavenging activity was the highest for the EA extract. As a result of this experiment, indicating their commercial value and potential applications in food and nutraceuticals.