• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the contents of antioxidative components from pulpy and seed in wild haw (Crataegus pinnatifida $B_{UNGE}$). Pulpy and seed of haw were smashed, then measured for color properties, antioxidative components of ascorbic acid, phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, anthocyanin, total carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a, b and tannin. The $a^*$, $b^*$ and $C^*$ values of seed were significantly lower than pulpy, but $L^*$ and $H^{\circ}$ values were higher than that of pulpy. Ascorbic acid contents of pulpy and seed were found to be $10.89{\pm}1.69mg/100g$ and $1.45{\pm}0.16mg/100g$, respectively. Phytic acid, proanthocyanidin, total carotene and tannin contents of pulpy and seed were $689.17{\pm}3.63mg/g$, $597.78{\pm}2.93mg/g$; $355.61{\pm}19.39mg/g$, $49.12{\pm}4.97mg/g$; $8.32{\pm}0.42mg%$, $0.80{\pm}0.01mg%$; $7.53{\pm}0.09mg/g$, $1.02{\pm}0.03mg/g$, respectively. Similarly, ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents of pulpy also displayed higher values than that of seed. On the contrary, anthocyanin content of seed ($4.24{\pm}0.33mg/L$) was remarkably higher than pulpy ($0.99{\pm}0.62mg/L$). The results showed that pulpy could be severed as great natural antioxidant and biohealth functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

The influences of fluorescence, scattering, and flocculation in random media were interpreted for the scattered fluorescence intensity and wavelength, it has been studied the molecular properties by the spectroscopy of laser induced fluorescence(LIF). The effects of optical properties in scattering media have been found by the optical parameters(${\mu}_s$, ${\mu}_a$, ${\mu}_t$). Flocculation is an important step in many solid-liquid separation processes and is widely used in Photodynamic therapy. The interactions of several colloid particles can come into play which have major effect on the flocculation and LIF process. We measured scattering and fluorescence spectra of the sample in vitro as function of distance from lase source to detector. The value of scattering coefficient ${\mu}_s$ is and ${\beta}$-carotene were measured as larger values(I, ${\delta}$) by means of closer distance from source to detector.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.708-719
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• 2007

Glutathione S-transferase genotypes GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 were characterized in 104 healthy male and female subjects and compared with parameters of oxidative stress at the level of DNA and lipids, with antioxidant enzymes, and with plasma antioxidants in smokers and non.smokers. Of the 104 subjects studied, 57.4% were GSTT1 present and 47.6% were GSTM1 present. The GSTP1 polymorphisms a and b were represented as follows: a/a, 75.5%; a/b, 21.6%; b/b type, 2.9%. The GSTT1 null genotype was associated with decreased glutathione in erythrocytes and elevated lymphocytes DNA damage. GST-Px was higher in GSTT1 null compared with GSTT1 present type. The homozygous GSTP1 genotype was not associated with any antioxidant status or DNA damage. The difference in plasma ${\alpha}$-carotene and erythrocytes GSH-Px and GST activities between smokers and non-smokers was detected in the GSTT1 null genotype. Plasma ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and ${\beta}$-carotene decreased significantly in smokers having GSTM1 null genotype. When GSTT1 and GSTM1 were combined, plasma lycopene and erythrocyte GST were reduced in smokers in both null types of these genes. As for GSTP1 genotype, plasma ${\alpha}$-carotene and erythrocytes GSH-Px decreased significantly in smokers with GSTP1 b/b, while erythrocytes GSH-Px activities decreased in smokers with GSTP1 a/b. The different ${\beta}$-carotene level between smokers and non-smokers was seen with both GSTP1 a/a and a/b genotype. It seems that polymorphisms in the phase II metabolizing enzyme glutathione S-transferase may be important determinants of commonly measured biomarkers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1355-1364
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• 1998

This study was planned to investigate the effect of 40 plant ethanolic extracts on antioxidant activities in vitro. The total phenolics, $\beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-tocopherol and selenium contents were also determined . Antioxidant activities fo the ethanolic extracts(0.02%, w/w) in the soybean oil were measured both by determining the peroxide value (POV) during 35 days of storage at 4$0^{\circ}C$ in a forced draft air-incubator and by determining changes in conductivity at 11$0^{\circ}C$(Rancimat method.). Soybean oil without any additives was used as a control and that treated with 0.02% BHT was used as a positive control. Based on the POV determination, green tea extract was found to be the most effective in stabilizing soybean oil, then followed by long tea, which both of them showed higher antioxidant activities compared to the BHT treatment. The antioxidant activities of them showed higher antioxidant activities compared to the BHT treatment. the antioxidant activities of coffee, cinnamomi cortex, acanthopanacis cortex, black tea, orange peel , instant coffee, peony and crni fructus extracts were stronger compared to the control .By the Rancimat method, green tea leaf and oolong tea leaf, foxglove, acanthopanacis cortex and peony extracts. Compared to other extracts, green tea leaf, black tea leaf, foxglove, acanthopanacis cortex and peony extracts had stronger antioxidative effects in both the POV and Rancimat methods used in this study. ethanolic extracts which showed the stronger antioxidative effect also has the higher contents of total phenolics, $\beta$-carotene, and/or $\alpha$-tocopherol. The antioxidative effect of ethanolic extracts was found to be due to the combined effect of various antioxidants.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.677-691
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• 2016

To assess South Korean commercial tomato cultivars, regular and cherry tomato cultivars were grown in the greenhouse and evaluated for color attributes, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, carotenoids (lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene), total phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity. Significant differences (p < 0.05 using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT)) were observed in the levels of most phytochemicals, quality parameters, and antioxidant activity among the twenty South Korean tomato cultivars tested. Lycopene and ${\beta}$-carotene contents varied significantly (p < 0.05 using DMRT), from $0.95mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $5.12mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ and $0.65mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ to $3.56mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ of fresh weight, respectively. ${\beta}$-carotene contents exhibited the highest genetic variation (59.2%), followed by naringenin (52.8%) and other phytochemicals. Most of the cherry tomato cultivars had statistically higher levels (p < 0.05 using DMRT) of carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity compared to the regular tomato varieties, suggesting their higher nutritional value. Lycopene content was highest in the cultivars YoYo, Jicored, Titi-Chal, TY-Endorphin, and Rubyking. Cultivars Rubyking, TY-Endorphin, and Titi-Chal also showed relatively higher antioxidant activities in three assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All the antioxidants, except luteolin, were positively correlated with antioxidant activities; the highest correlation was observed between total phenol and antioxidant activities, followed by the correlation between rutin and vitamin C. Cultivars identified to have superior nutritional status would be useful in tomato breeding programs to further improve quality and health benefits of tomatoes for the fresh and processed markets.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes ($mean{\pm}SD$) were $887.77{\pm}401.35{\mu}g $ retinol equivalents or $531.84{\pm}226.42{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was $175.92{\pm}129.87{\mu}g/day$. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P<0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were $3,828.37{\pm}2,196.29{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-carotene, $472.57{\pm}316.68{\mu}g/day$ ${\alpha}$-carotene, and $412.83{\pm}306.46{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was $1.22{\pm}0.34{\mu}mol/L$. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < $0.70{\mu}mol/L$ indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < $1.05{\mu}mol/L$, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.292-297
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• 2007

The unicellular green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis used as a biological production system for astaxanthin. It accumulates large amounts of the red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin when exposed to various environmental stress such as active oxygen species and high light intensities. To induce astaxanthin biosynthesis of H. pluvialis, cells were incubated in either nitrate free at $25^{\circ}C$ under continuous high light intensity ($1,000\;{\mu}mol$ photons $m^{-2}s^{-1}$) for 2 days or high light stress only. Expressions of astaxanthin biosynthetic genes such as carotenoid hydroxylase, IPP isomerase and ${\beta}$-carotene ketolase were monitored under different culture conditions by using real time RT-PCR. All the subjected genes increased their expression under highlight and N-deprivation condition where a large amount of astaxanthin was accumulated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.25-32
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• 1990

This study was carried out to observe the effects of dietary sources of vitamin A and Zn levels on Zn and vitamin A distribution in rats fed excess vitamin A diet. In this study, 40 weanling male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, weighing 40-50g, were chosen and divided into for groups by dietary Zn levels and the sources of vitamin A. The two levels of dietary Zn were supplied: adequate Zn(30mg Zn/Kg diet), low Zn(3mg Zn/Kg diet). Excess vitamin A level was 100 times of RDA, retional and $\beta$-carotene were used as the sources of vitamin A. Vitamin A concentration of plasma and liver were significantly higher in rats fed retional than in rats fed $\beta$-carotene (p<0.05), but these were not affected by dietary Zn levels. Vitamin A accumulationin the liver appeared to be servere in rats fed retinol and low Zn diet. Zn levels of plasma and liver were not affected by the sources of vitamin A whereas Zn levels of kidney were slightly lower in retinol group, and Zn levels of tests were found to be significantly lower in rats fed retinol and low Zn diet. Fragility of erythrocytes in hypotonic saline soultion was greater in low Zn groups, whereas the lower fragility was found in adequate Zn groups in feeding excess vitamin A diet. Thus, these results suggest that an adequate Zn intake is preferable when excess vitamin A is taken, and $\beta$-carotene intake is more beneficial than retinol in order to diminish toxic effects of vitamin A.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2069-2079
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• 2012

Background and Objective: A comprehensive overall review of gastric cancer (GC) risk and protective factors is a high priority, so we conducted the present study. Methods: Systematic searches in common medical electronic databases along with reference tracking were conducted to include all kinds of systematic reviews (SRs) about GC risk and protective factors. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the methodological qualities and the quality of evidence using R-AMSTAR and GRADE approaches. Results: Beta-carotene below 20 mg/day, fruit, vegetables, non-fermented soy-foods, whole-grain, and dairy product were GC protective factors, while beta-carotene 20 mg/day or above, pickled vegetables, fermented soy-foods, processed meat 30g/d or above, or salty foods, exposure to alcohol or smoking, occupational exposure to Pb, overweight and obesity, helicobacter pylori infection were GC risk factors. So we suggested screening and treating H. pylori infection, limiting the amount of food containing risk factors (processed meat consumption, beta-carotene, pickled vegetables, fermented soy-foods, salty foods, alcohol), stopping smoking, avoiding excessive weight gain, avoidance of Pb, and increasing the quantity of food containing protective components (fresh fruit and vegetables, non-fermented soy-foods, whole-grain, dairy products). Conclusions: The conclusions and recommendations of our study were limited by including SRs with poor methodological bases and low quality of evidence, so that more research applying checklists about assessing the methodological qualities and reporting are needed for the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.441-452
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• 1996

The effects of chlorophyll, tocopherols($\alpha$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and $\delta$-tocopherol), carotenoids ($\beta$-carotene and lutein), light sources, light intensities and strage temperatures on the photooxidative stability of soymilk were studied by measuring TBA value and depleted headspace oxygen(DHO) of soymilk. The samples were stored in the light storage box for 6 days and evaluated for the photooxidative stabilities. As the concentrations of chlorophyll increased, TBA value and DHO of the sample increased significantly(p<0.05), indicating chlorophyll acting as a photosensitizer. However, as the concentrations of tocopherols ($\alpha$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol and $\delta$-tocopherol) and carotenoids ($\beta$-carotene and lutein) increased, TBA values and DHO of the samples decreased significantly(p<0.05). The light screening effects of carotenoids on DHO in the samples were not significantly different from the control at p>0.05. Therefore, there was no light screening effects of carotenoids on the oxidative stability of soymilk. The results indicate that tocopherols and carotenoids reduce the photooxidative stability of soymilk. $\delta$-Tocopherol was the most effective in photosensitized oxidation followed by ${\gamma}$-and $\alpha$-tocopherols in the order of increasing stability. $\beta$-Carotene was significantly(p<0.05) more effective than lutein in minimizing the chlorophyll-sensitized photooxidation of soymilk. Visible light was more effective than UV light in decreasing the photooxidative stability of soymilk. Therefore, photooxidation of soymilk containing chlorophyll is mainly due to photosensitized oxidation rather than photolysis reaction. As the intensities of fluorescence light increased, TBA values and DHO of the samples increased significantly at P<0.05. However, as the storage temperatures increased, TBA values and DHO of soymilk did not change significantly at p>0.05.