• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2016

This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical traits of dry-cured hams made from two different three-way crossbred pigs: Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Duroc (YLD) and Yorkshire${\times}$Berkshire${\times}$Duroc (YBD). Animals were slaughtered at a live weight of 110 to 120 kg and cooled at $0^{\circ}C$ for 24 h in a chilling room, the ham portion of the carcasses were cut and processed by dry-curing for physico-chemical analyses. While the moisture and crude protein contents of dry-cured ham were higher in YLD than in YBD, crude fat and ash content were higher in YBD (p<0.05). The salt contents of ham from YBD were higher than those from YLD (p<0.05). YBD ham samples showed a higher $L^*$ and $b^*$ values than those from YLD, while YBD ham showed lower $a^*$ value (p<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of YLD hams were lower than those of YBD samples (p<0.05). Hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and shear force values of YBD ham were higher than those of YLD sample (p<0.05). Saltiness was significantly higher in YBD ham than in YLD samples (p<0.05). YLD ham displayed a superior quality than YBD. Considering the meat quality parameters of two-way crossbred ham, YLD hams could be more suitable for the production of dry-cured products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2019

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic characteristics of Berkshire (BS), Landrace (LR), and Yorkshire (YS) pig breeds raised in the Great Grandparents pig farms using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) information. Methods: A total of 25,921 common SNP genotype markers in three pig breeds were used to estimate the expected heterozygosity ($H_E$), polymorphism information content, F-statistics ($F_{ST}$), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size ($N_e$). Results: The chromosome-wise distribution of $F_{ST}$ in BS, LR, and YS populations were within the range of 0-0.36, and the average $F_{ST}$ value was estimated to be $0.07{\pm}0.06$. This result indicated some level of genetic segregation. An average LD ($r^2$) for the BS, LR, and YS breeds was estimated to be approximately 0.41. This study also found an average $N_e$ of 19.9 (BS), 31.4 (LR), and 34.1 (YS) over the last 5th generations. The effective population size for the BS, LR, and YS breeds decreased at a consistent rate from 50th to 10th generations ago. With a relatively faster $N_e$ decline rate in the past 10th generations, there exists possible evidence for intensive selection practices in pigs in the recent past. Conclusion: To develop customized chips for the genomic selection of various breeds, it is important to select and utilize SNP based on the genetic characteristics of each breed. Since the improvement efficiency of breed pigs increases sharply by the population size, it is important to increase test units for the improvement and it is desirable to establish the pig improvement network system to expand the unit of breed pig improvement through the genetic connection among breed pig farms.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.867-871
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• 2010

체계적인 종돈관리와 우리의 식문화 특성을 고려하여 육질이 우수한 버크셔 계통조성을 위하여 총 8농장에서 종돈을 구입하여 유전적인 교류 유무에 따라 총 448두의 버크셔를 가계에 따라 5계통으로 분류하고 도축하여 육질을 비교한 결과 도축 후 45분 pH($pH_{45\;min}$)는 성장계통이 6.08로 육질 1계통과 3계통에 비하여 유의적으로 높았지만, 사후 24시간 pH($pH_{24\;h}$)는 육질 1계통과 계통5가 각각 5.69, 5.65로 유의적으로 낮았다. 수분함량은 계통5가 가장 높았고, 근내지방 함량은 계통 4가 3.07%으로 높았다. 보수력은 계통 3이 58.36%로 가장 높았고, 전단력은 계통 4가 2.84 kg로 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 육색 명도(CIE L) 값에서는 계통5가 51.59로 다른 계통들에 비하여 유의적으로 높았고, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 전반적인 결과를 볼 때 육질 측면에서 계통 4가 근내지방 함량과 pH가 높고, 육색 명도, 드립감량, 전단력가가 낮아 육질형, 계통 5는 성장형으로서의 한국형 버크셔 계통조성에 활용성이 높을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 제주 재래흑돈의 모색에 관여하는 MC1R 유전자를 이용하여, 모색유전자 빈도를 조사함으로써, 제주 재래흑돈군 확보를 위한 선발계획 수립에 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 공시동물은 랜드레이스, 대요크셔, 듀록 각 품종별 20두와 제주흑돈 93두 등 총 153두를 공시하여 수행하였다. 품종별 MC1R 유전자형을 설정하기 위하여 genbank에 등록되어 있는 돼지 MC1R 유전자(AF181964)를 참고로 하여 두 쌍의 primer (MERL1-EPIG2, EPIG1-EPIG3)를 제작 PCR 증폭을 수행하였다. 먼저 primer MERL1-EPIG2를 이용하여 428bp의 PCR 산물을 얻었으며, primer EPIG1-EPIG3를 이용하여 405bp의 PCR산물을 얻었다. 이들 증폭된 PCR 산물은 서로 다른 2개의 제한효소를 이용하여 PCR-RFLP를 실시하였다. 먼저 primer MERL1-EPIG2를 이용하여 증폭한 428bp의 PCR산물은 제한효소 BspHⅠ(TCATG|A)을 이용하여 절단하였으며, primer EPIG1-EPIG3으로 증폭한 405bp의 PCR산물은 제한효소 AccⅡ(CGC|G)를 이용하여 절단하였다. 이들 절단된 DNA 단편은 TBE buffer에서 전기영동 후 EtBr로 염색하거나 Silver stain 염색을 하여 다형현상을 관찰하였으며, 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 제한효소 BspHⅠ을 이용하여 PCR-RFLP을 수행한 결과 백색의 랜드레이스와 대요크셔는 전 개체 모두가 2개의 밴드(256bp, 172bp)가 확인되었으며, 듀록은 절단되지 않은 하나의 밴드(428bp)가 확인 되었다. 그러나 제주 흑돈에서는 3개의 서로 다른 형태의 밴드가 발견되었는데, 전체 93두중 밴드가 하나인 개체는(428bp)는 29두(31.2%), 밴드가 두 개인 개체는(256bp, 172bp)는 19두(20.4%), 밴드가 3개인(428bp, 256bp, 172bp) 개체는 전체의 절반 정도인 45두(48.4%)이었다. 2. AccⅡ를 이용하여 PCR-RFLP를 실시한 결과 랜드레이스와 대요크셔 종에서는 2개의 밴드(222bp, 183)가 확인 되었으며, 듀록은 한 개의 밴드(405bp)만이 관찰되었다. 그러나 제주흑돈에서는 3개의 서로 다른 형태의 밴드가 확인되었으며, 분포빈도는 BspHⅠ을 이용한 PCR- RFLP 결과와 동일하였다. 3. 이상의 결과를 MC1R 유전자형으로 분류하면 백색품종인 랜드레이스와 대요크셔 품종은 MC1R*3 allele이었으며, 적색의 듀록은 MC1R*4 allele로서 도입종의 모색유전자는 한가지 형태로 고정되어 있었다. 그러나 제주 재래흑돈에 있어서 MC1R*2 allele과 MC1R*3 allele 모두 다 나타났으며, 대부분은 이들의 헤테로 형태였다. 따라서 제주 재래흑돈의 모색고정을 위하여 종모돈 선정시 MC1R 유전자를 이용하면, 짧은 기간 내에 모색이 고정될 것으로 추정되며, 명확한 유전양상 구명을 위해서는 agouti 유전자의 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1634-1640
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare pork characteristics and to determine consumer acceptability of pork chops from antibiotic free Yorkshire crossbreds sired by Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY), Tamworth (TY) or Yorkshire (YY) boars and reared in hoop houses. The experiments were conducted at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NCA&TSU) Farm in Greensboro, NC and the Cherry Research Station Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) Alternative Swine Unit in Goldsboro, NC (source of antibiotic free Yorkshire sows used at both places). Twenty-four sows were artificially inseminated at each location in each of three trials. Litters were weaned at 4 wks old, and reared within deep-bedded outdoor hoop houses. To compare pork characteristics, 104 randomly selected animals were harvested at a USDA-inspected abattoir at approximately 200 d of age. Variables measured included pH, color score, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, marbling score, drip loss, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), and slice shear force. Sensory panel tests were also conducted at two time periods. The data was analyzed with GLM in SAS 9.01 including location, trial, and sire breed as fixed effects. Backfat thickness, LMA, color score and $a^*$ were different among breeding groups (p<0.05). The LBY pigs had thicker backfat and smaller LMA than the other breed types. The TY and YY had less backfat than all other breed groups. Color score was lower for YY than BY and LBY but intermediate for TY. The $a^*$ was lower for TY than other breeds except LBY which was intermediate. For one sensory panel test, YY pork was more preferred overall as well as for juiciness and texture compared to BY and LBY (p<0.05), but no impact of breed type was noted for the other test, with values similar for BY, LBY, TY and YY pork. This information may help small farmers make decisions about breed types to use for outdoor production.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the meat quality characteristics of pork belly from 3 different two-way crossbreeds of Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace (YL), Yorkshire${\times}$Berkshire (YB), and Yorkshire${\times}$Chester White (YC), which were domesticated for Korean consumers. Twenty pigs from each crossbreed (total n=60) were randomly selected when they reached the 110-120 kg range of market weight, slaughtered, and cooled at $0^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The pork bellies on the left side of the cooled carcasses were then sampled and analyzed. The pH of pork bellies was the lowest in YC among the crossbreds. There was no significant difference in fat content by crossbred, but YB bellies had the lowest moisture content (p<0.05). The cooking loss of YB bellies was lower than those of others (p<0.05). The TBARS values in YB was significantly higher than those of the others at 14 d. YL bellies had a higher percentage of stearic acid, oleic acid, and MUFA than the other breeds, while YB and YC had a higher percentage of myristic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and n-6 fatty acids than the YB (p<0.05). PUFA content and P/S were significantly higher in YC compared with YL. Except for arginine, the concentrations of most free amino acids were higher in YB bellies than in others, (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation scores of bellies were higher for YC than for other breeds (p<0.05).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2013

The swine is one of the most widespread mammalian throughout the whole world. Presently, many studies concerning microsatellites in swine, especially domestic pigs, have been carried out in order to investigate general diversity patterns among either populations or breeds. Until now, a lot of time and effort spend into a single PCR method. But simple and more rapid multiplex PCR methods have been developed. The purpose of this study is to develop a robust set of microsatellites markers (MS marker) for traceability and individual identification. Using multiplex-PCR method with 23 MS marker divided 2 set, various alleles occurring to 5 swine breed (Berkshire, Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc and Korea native pig) used markers to determine allele frequency and heterozygosity. MS marker found 4 alleles at SW403, S0227, SWR414, SW1041 and SW1377. The most were found 10 alleles at SW1920. Heterozygosity represented the lowest value of 0.102 at SWR414 and highest value of 0.861 at SW1920. So, it was recognized appropriate allele frequency for individual identification in swine. Using multiplex-PCR method, MS markers used to determine individual identification biomarker and breed-specific marker for faster, more accurate and lower analysis cost. Based on this result, a scientific basis was established to the existing pedigree data by applying genetics additionally. Swine traceability is expected to be very useful system and be conducted nationwide in future.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.825-830
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• 2010

본 연구는 버크셔 품종에서 PRLR3와 RBP4 후보유전자의 두 개의 대립유전자가 산육형질과 번식형질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 5,919두의 혈통자료, 3,480두의 산육기록과, 244두의 모돈의 775마리의 산자기록을 이용하여 유전능력 평가를 수행하였다. 유전자형 분석은 144두와 156두에서 PRLR3와 RBP4 유전자의 유전자형을 각각 분석하였다. 평가된 개체들의 육종가를 이용 두 마커의 유전자형 효과와 유의 확률을 추정한 결과 PRLR3 유전자는 번식형질의 총산자수(TBN)와 생존산자수(NBA)에서 -0.28과 -0.13두의 상가적 효과를 각각 나타내었다. RBP4 유전자는 일당증체량에서 10.58 g의 우성적 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 RBP4 유전자의 다형성은 번식형질의 총 산자수(TBN)와 생존산자수(NBA)에서 -0.34와 -0.33두의 상가적 유전적 효과를 각각 나타났다. 따라서 PRLR3와 RBP의 B 대립유전자를 선호하는 MAS (Marker Assist Selection) Scheme은 버크셔 품종의 산자수의 개량에 이용 할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2007

본 연구는 종료웅돈의 변화를 통한 도체성적을 개선시키고 그에 따른 육량 조사를 통한 경제성을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 평균성적에서 과거 연구보다 등지방이 다소 얇았고 도체율은 높거나 비슷하였다. 품종별 분석에서는 YL(♀)×BD(♂)가 생체중에 비해 도체중이 가장 낮았지만, 정육율에서는 YL(♀)×BD(♂) 보다 수치상으로 높았다.부분육 중량에서 YL(♀)×BD(♂)가 삼겹살 중량에서 비교대상의 교배조합에 비해 높았고, 도체중이 낮은 것을 감안한다면 다른 부분육 중량에서도 YL(♀)×D(♂)와 차이가 없을 것이라 사료된다.표현형 상관관계에서는 도체 등지방이 다른 부분육에 부의 상관을 보였으나 삼겹살 중량에서는 정의 상관을 보였다. 본 연구에서 분석한 교배조합 중 BD(F1)을 종료웅돈으로 사용한 경우 도체형질이나 부위별 실중량 측정에서 Duroc 종을 종료웅돈으로 사용한 것과 차이가 없었으나 삼겹살 중량이 많고 AB 등급 출현율이 우수하여, 새로운 비육돈(YLBD)가 농가 수익증대에 기여 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.616-627
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• 2014

The Lanyu is a miniature pig breed indigenous to Lanyu Island, Taiwan. It is distantly related to Asian and European pig breeds. It has been inbred to generate two breeds and crossed with Landrace and Duroc to produce two hybrids for laboratory use. Selecting sets of informative genetic markers to track the genetic qualities of laboratory animals and stud stock is an important function of genetic databases. For more than two decades, Lanyu derived breeds of common ancestry and crossbreeds have been used to examine the effectiveness of genetic marker selection and optimal approaches for individual assignment. In this paper, these pigs and the following breeds: Berkshire, Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire, Meishan and Taoyuan, TLRI Black Pig No. 1, and Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station Black pig are studied to build a genetic reference database. Nineteen microsatellite markers (loci) provide information on genetic variation and differentiation among studied breeds. High differentiation index ($F_{ST}$) and Cavalli-Sforza chord distances give genetic differentiation among breeds, including Lanyu's inbred populations. Inbreeding values ($F_{IS}$) show that Lanyu and its derived inbred breeds have significant loss of heterozygosity. Individual assignment testing of 352 animals was done with different numbers of microsatellite markers in this study. The testing assigned 99% of the animals successfully into their correct reference populations based on 9 to 14 markers ranking D-scores, allelic number, expected heterozygosity ($H_E$) or $F_{ST}$, respectively. All miss-assigned individuals came from close lineage Lanyu breeds. To improve individual assignment among close lineage breeds, microsatellite markers selected from Lanyu populations with high polymorphic, heterozygosity, $F_{ST}$ and D-scores were used. Only 6 to 8 markers ranking $H_E$, $F_{ST}$ or allelic number were required to obtain 99% assignment accuracy. This result suggests empirical examination of assignment-error rates is required if discernible levels of co-ancestry exist. In the reference group, optimum assignment accuracy was achievable achieved through a combination of different markers by ranking the heterozygosity, $F_{ST}$ and allelic number of close lineage populations.