• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2004

Aroma compounds in 6 different Byeolmijang were extracted by SDE (simultaneous steam distillation extraction) and analyzed with GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (mass-spectrometry). The major aroma compounds in the 6 different Byeolmijang during aging were 1-octene-3-ol, hexanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, pyrazine compounds, benzyl-alcohol, furan compounds and phenol type compounds. Generally, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, pyrazine compounds and phenol type compounds were increased during aging. On the other hand, 1-octene-3-ol, hexanal, benzyl-alcohol and furan compounds were decreased during aging. 2-Heptenal and 2,4-decadienal in Daemaekjang, pyrazine and phenol type compounds in Sanghwangjang and phenol type compounds including phenol, 4-methoxy-phenol and 4-ethyl-phenol in Mujang were identified as major aroma compounds, respectively. The major aroma compound in Bizijang was 2,4-decadienal and in Sodujang, the major aroma compounds were 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Linaool, geraniol, 6-elemene, 6-lonone and ledene were detected in Jigeumjang possibly due to the addition of powdered red pepper.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1997

This study was carried out to present a analysis of pyrolytic degradation of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzal dehyde(vanillin) pyrolyzed at $330^{\circ}C{\sim}920^{\circ}C$ by Curie-point pyrolyzer connected with GC/MSD by on-line system. Identified by GC/MSD were 100 pyrolytic products of vanillin. The pyrolysis of the compound gave benzene, phenol, 1,3-cyclopentadiene, methyl benzene, benzaldehyde, benzofuran, and cresol as major products, which were produced by pyrolytic degradation and synthesis of vanillin radicals.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.268-274
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• 2019

Morus alba L., known as white mulberry, is a medicinal plant belongs to family Moraceae. It has long been used commonly in Ayurvedic for the treatment of lung-heat, cough, asthma, hematemesis, dropsy and hypertension. In the present study, seven prenylated flavonoids, along with four benzofuran compounds were isolated by means of repeated column chromatography. The structures of the known compounds were identified as kuwanon G (1), kuwanon E (2), kuwanon T (3), morusin (4), sanggenon A (5), sanggenon M (6), sanggenol A (7), moracin R (8), mulberofuran G (9), mulberofuran A (10) and mulberofuran B (11), by comparing their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. For these isolates, containing trace compounds, the inhibitory activity against IL-6 production in $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cells was examined. All isolated compounds (1 - 11) showed excellent inhibitory activity against IL-6 production in $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cells. Especially this study is first time to report that sanggenon A (5), sanggenon M (6), sanggenol A (7), mulberofuran G (9), mulberofuran A (10) and mulberofuran B (11) showed the inhibitory activity of IL-6 production. Our study suggested the possibility of anti-inflammatory regulation by compounds (1 - 11) isolated from M. alba.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.343-351
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• 2021

Screening was conducted using 200 kinds of plant extracts to explore herbicide-activated components of plant origin. We separated and purified active substances and elucidated chemical structures using Ligularia stenocephala M., which has strong activity and has not yet been studied. When the solvent fractions of the leaves of Ligularia stenocephala M. were tested for their herbicidal activity, ethyl acetate and chloroform layer showed an inhibition rate of 95.2% and 94.1%, respectively. In particular, the chloroform layer exerted more than 50% herbicidal activity at 10 ppm. From the chloroform layer with the highest herbicidal activity, we isolated three herbicidal active compounds using stepwise chromatography, specifically silica gel or octadecyl silica (ODS) column chromatography, Sep-pak cartridges, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based on the analysis of the active compounds using electron ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS), ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR, we identified the active compounds as euparin, 5,6-dimethoxy-2-isopropenylbenzofuran, and liguhodgsonal. When the herbicidal activity of the identified compounds was tested, euparin showed selective herbicidal activity for lettuce at 10^-3 M, and both liguhogsonal and 5,6-dimethoxy-2-isoprophenylbenzofuran exerted selective activity for rice and Echinochloa crus-galli.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.594-598
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• 2002

Amiodarone is an iodinated benzofuran derivative that has been proved effective in the control of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias refractory to other antiarrhythmic drugs. In patients treated with amiodarone, subsequent surgical intervention is a common clinical scenario, but unfortunately we do not have definite data about complications due to amiodarone after cardiac surgery. Some reports have shown that amiodarone treatment can be associated with a state of $\alpha$-adrenergic and $\beta$-adrenergic receptor blockade, which requires more pacing and epinephrine infusion for perioperative hemodynamic support. And some reports have also identified a severe form of ARDS in patients on amiodarone therapy which was associated with siginificant morbidity and mortality. We exprienced a patient who expired after mitral valve replacement due to amiodarone-induced ARDS; therefore, we report this case with a brief literature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2008

To examine antitumor activity of the edible plant Zanthoxylum schinifolium, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its stems on human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells was investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SS-7), methylene chloride extract (SS-8), ethyl acetate extract (SS-9), n-butanol extract (SS-10), and residual fraction (SL-11), SS-8 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against Jurkat T cells. The methylene chloride extract (SS-8) possessed the apoptogenic activity capable of inducing sub-G1 peak along with apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Jurkat T cells. Western blot analysis revealed that SS-8 induced apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be blocked by overexpression of Bcl-xL. Jurkat T cell clone I2.1 $FADD^{-/-}$) and Jurkat T cell clone I9.2 (caspase-$8^{-/-}$ were as sensitive as was the wild-type Jurkat T cell clone A3 to the cytotoxic effect of SS-8, suggesting no contribution of Fas/FasL system to the SS-8-mediated apoptosis. The GC-MS analysis of SS-8 showed that it was composed of 16 ingredients including 9,12-octadecanoic acid (18.62%), 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-4- (1-methylethylidene)- 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-3H- pyrazol-3-one (14.97%), hexadecanoic acid (14.23%), (z,z)-6,9-pentadecadien- 1-ol (13.73%), 5,6-dimethoxy-2-methyl benzofuran (10.95%), and 4-methoxy-2-methylcinnamic acid (5.38%). These results demonstrate that the methylene chloride extract of the stems of Z. schinifolium can induce apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells via intrinsic mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL without involvement of the Fas/FasL system.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1998

This study was conducted to find out the biochemical or metabolic resistance mechanism of brown planthopper (BPH) to carbofuran. Differences between resistant ($LD_{50};\;20.3{\mu}g/g$) and susceptible strains($LD_{50};\;0.3{\mu}g/g$) were shown. The amounts of carbofuran metabolite, benzofuranol, and the origin, not developed by Thin Layer Chromatography, were much more in the susceptible strain. But the mother compound, carbofuran, was much more in the resistant strain. The tendencies of metabolism one and three hours after treatment were similar in both strains except for the amounts of metabolites described above. From the study, it is supposed that hydrolytic enzyme, esterase, changes its role from cleaving the esteric bond of carbofuran to making conjugates with carbofuran. This seems to be the main resistance mechanism of BPH to carbofuran. Oxidase and transferase may play little or no role in resistance mechanism. Oxidative and transferring enzymes gave no effects on the metabolism of carbofuran in the resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.662-672
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• 2002

The lungs are frequently the site of adverse drug reactions because of their higher oxygen concentration, the distinctive properties of the pulmonary circulation, and the close proximity of the alveolar epithelium to the blood. Amiodarone, an iodinated benzofuran derivative, is an effective antiarrhythmic drug commonly used for refractory tachyarrhythmia. However, it has a wide range of adverse effects, the most serious of which is lung disease. Most patients present with the insidious onset of dyspnea and a nonproductive cough, and generally recover after withdrawing the drug. We recently experienced four fatal cases of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Therefore, we discuss these unusual drug-induced pulmonary toxicity cases with a review of the relevant literature.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.98-106
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• 1987

The effect of carbofuran (2, 3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-benzofuran-7-ylmethyl carbamate) on rice growth was evaluated as a direct growth stimulant of rice. For this, several laboratory and field trials conducted from 1981 to 1986 at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station. Carbofuran solution affected the germination of rice seed. The growth of seminal roots was adversely affected by the increase of carbofuran concentrations while the length of single root became longer with the concentration increment up to 50 ppm. Carbofuran application (0.18g ai/$m^2$) at the rice nurserybed significantly enhanced the rice growth and recovered from the Low temperature damage. The enhancement effect was more pronounced at the plot that applied carbofuran before rice seeding as soil incorporation than top-dressing. The effect of growth enhancement further extended to transplanted lowland rice. This effect was greater at double cropping area (late of June transplanting) compared to single cropping area (May transplanting). Among important agronomic traits, the increment of panicle number was the most important direct effect for increasing rice grain yield by carbofuran application. Carbofuran application also exhibited the reducing effect against low temperature damage at reductive division stage and at rice heading stage and against submergence damage at booting stage through enhancement of fertile grain ratio, ripening ratio or photosynthetic activity.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.1.1-1.14
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• 2019

Hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ ($HIF-1{\alpha}$) mediates tumor cell adaptation to hypoxic conditions and is a potentially important anticancer therapeutic target. We previously developed a method for synthesizing a benzofuran-based natural product, (R)-(-)-moracin-O, and obtained a novel potent analog, MO-460 that suppresses the accumulation of $HIF-1{\alpha}$ in Hep3B cells. However, the molecular target and underlying mechanism of action of MO-460 remained unclear. In the current study, we identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1) as a molecular target of MO-460. MO-460 inhibits the initiation of $HIF-1{\alpha}$ translation by binding to the C-terminal glycinerich domain of hnRNPA2B1 and inhibiting its subsequent binding to the 3'-untranslated region of $HIF-1{\alpha}$ mRNA. Moreover, MO-460 suppresses $HIF-1{\alpha}$ protein synthesis under hypoxic conditions and induces the accumulation of stress granules. The data provided here suggest that hnRNPA2B1 serves as a crucial molecular target in hypoxiainduced tumor survival and thus offer an avenue for the development of novel anticancer therapies.