• Health Policy and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.88-108
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• 2001

Separation of prescribing and dispensing practice in Korea has changed the service pattern of the pharmacy. The prescription dispensing activities, however, are concentrated excessively on the pharmacies near hospitals or clinics. Thus this study was conducted to estimate the number of optimal dispensing cases for the community pharmacy. Forty-six pharmacies were selected using systematic stratified random sampling method, and ninety-five pharmacists were interviewed on their workload of dispensing and other activities at pharmacies. One hundred and seventy prescriptions were chosen based on the length of drug administration and drug dosage form, and the dispensing time was measured by time-watch method. Also pharmacy benefit claims data were analyzed to identify the characteristics of the pharmacies which performed more than optimal dispensing cases. According to the study results, the average work time per pharmacist per day was found to be 10hours 32minutes and the dispensing activities occupied 7hours 36minutes. It took 5.72minutes on average for each dispensing case. The optimal dispensing case was estimated as 75 cases under the condition of 10hours 32minutes work time and 6% allowance rate. Even though the pharmacies near hospitals or clinics participated dispensing services actively, only pharmacies near clinics dealt with more than optimal dispensing cases. For the pharmacies near hospitals they dealt with less than optimal cases, but drug administration period per prescription was almost 3 times longer than that of pharmacies near clinics. Thus the intensity of dispensing activities such as drug administration period is to be considered to estimate optimal dispensing cases more accurately.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.471-472
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• 2007

The scalp is skin tissue for skull-protection and roots for hair growth. Therefore continuous monitoring of scalp condition is essential for hair management. However, the equipments for existent are inconvenient to use because of focus tremor and external factors(Hair Gel, Wax, accessories and so on). Furthermore there is a problem to use an expensive optical devices like CCD (Charge Coupled Device) camera or lens of 200 - 1000 magnification. It causes a difficulty of using those equipment. We design the special electrode(length 5.65mm, diameter 0.8mm of needle shape) and the impedance system(1kHz, 78uA). Tn this paper, we can measure scalp impedance with our system. Moreover, we find the possibility of classifying scalp condition with measured impedance values. For the classification of scalp condition, we used ARAMO-TS as an imaging system. In conclusion, the problem of existent devices could be improved using these method. It also has a benefit of continuous monitoring of scalp condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.28B no.10
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• pp.831-841
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• 1991

A combined model of probabilistic and MLP(multi layer perceptron) model is proposed for the pattern classification of EMG( electromyogram) signals. The MLP model has a problem of not guaranteeing the global minima of error and different quality of approximations to Bayesian probabilities. The probabilistic model is, however, closely related to the estimation error of model parameters and the fidelity of assumptions. A proper combination of these will reduce the effects of the problems and be robust to input variations. Proposed model is able to get the MAP(maximum a posteriori probability) in the probabilistic model by estimating a priori probability distribution using the MLP model adaptively. This method minimize the error probability of the probabilistic model as long as the realization of the MLP model is optimal, and this is a good combination of the probabilistic model and the MLP model for the usage of MLP model reliability. Simulation results show the benefit of the proposed model compared to use the Mlp and the probabilistic model seperately and the average calculation time fro classification is about 50ms in the case of combined motion using an IBM PC 25 MHz 386model.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Decrease in Population and graying of rural area by industrialization and urbanization are gone continuously. This makes happened various rural problems and the differential of standard of living with is arising day by day. Government is unfolding rural supporting project to solve continuously these problems. Recent Projects which are choosing not top-down process by government leading but bottom-up process through village inhabitants' participation and expert consultant get positive estimation. But those have difficulties because the support is attained only in the beginning step not continuously and inhabitants' number by graying is decreasing. The Special Economic Zone for Regional Development Policy is new access that regulation can differ according to special quality of each area depending on Localization Age. Through this transfer the competence that can mitigate or reinforce various regulations according to special quality of area in local government. So, back and maintain activation systematically so that each area could be developed specially. The purpose of The Special Economic Zone for Regional Development Policy is the activation of regional economy through development that regional specific character is. And there is characteristic that local government plans and takes the lead in all project contents, government gives regulation benefit by appointing the special economic zone and do not support finance and various tax remissions. Through investigation of such new policy, I wish to recognize what long-term plan and method could be possible to success rural activation continuously.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-89
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• 2014

PURPOSES : This study evaluates the economic value of national highway construction projects using Real Option Pricing Models. METHODS : We identified the option premium for uncertainties associated with flexibilities according to the future's change in national highway construction projects. In order to evaluate value of future's underlying asset, we calculated the volatility of the unit price per year for benefit estimation such as VOTS, VOCS, VICS, VOPCS and VONCS that the "Transportation Facility Investment Evaluation Guidelines" presented. RESULTS : We evaluated the option premium of underlying asset through a case study of the actual national highway construction projects using ROPM. And in order to predict the changes in the option value of the future's underlying asset, we evaluated the changes of option premium for future's uncertainties by the defer of the start of construction work, the contract of project scale, and the abandon of project during pre-land compensation stages that were occurred frequently in the highway construction projects. Finally we analyzed the sensitivity of the underlying asset using volatility, risk free rate and expiration date of option. CONCLUSIONS : We concluded that a highway construction project has economic value even though static NPV had a negative(-) value because of the sum of the existing static NPV and the option premium for the future's uncertainties associated with flexibilities.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2003

TMDL development and implementation have great potential fur use in efforts to improve water quality management, but the TMDL approach still has several difficulties to overcome in terms of cost, time requirements, and suitable methodologies. A well-defined prioritization approach for identifying watersheds of concern among several tar-get locations that would benefit from TMDL development and implementation, based on a simple screening approach, could be a major step in solving some of these difficulties. Therefore, a web-based decision support system (DSS) was developed to help identify areas within watersheds that might be priority areas for TMDL development. The DSS includes a graphical user interface based on the HTML protocol, hydrological models, databases, and geographic information system (GIS) capabilities. The DSS has a hydrological model that can estimate non-point source pollution loading based on over 30 years of daily direct runoff using the curve number method and pollutant event mean concentration data. The DSS provides comprehensive output analysis tools using charts and tables, and also provides probability analysis and best management practice cost estimation. In conclusion, the DSS is a simple, affordable tool for the preliminary study of TMDL development via the Internet, and the DSS web site can also be used as an information web server for education related to TMDL.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.626-637
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• 2008

Although the amount of travel demand is a critical factor in a benefit-cost (B/C) analysis of railway investment, the travel demand changes especially for induced demand have not been considered. Therefore, the basic study of how to estimate travel demand changes after railway investment is worth investigating. This study reviews the methodologies for estimating diverted and induced demand generated after railway investment, and proposes appropriate approaches that will help railway planners to practically apply them in a case study. Further, the research stimulates the needs of consideration of the travel demand changes in the feasibility studies of railway planning.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.206-221
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• 2019

Source localization in three-dimensional (3-D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is becoming a major research focus. Due to the complicated air-ground environments in 3-D positioning, many of the traditional localization methods, such as received signal strength (RSS) may have relatively poor accuracy performance. Benefit from prior learning mechanisms, fingerprinting-based localization methods are less sensitive to complex conditions and can provide relatively accurate localization performance. However, fingerprinting-based methods require training data at each grid point for constructing the fingerprint database, the overhead of which is very high, particularly for 3-D localization. Also, some of measured data may be unavailable due to the interference of a complicated environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient kernel based 3-D localization algorithm via tensor completion. We first exploit the spatial correlation of the RSS data and demonstrate the low rank property of the RSS data matrix. Based on this, a new training scheme is proposed that uses tensor completion to recover the missing data of the fingerprint database. Finally, we propose a kernel based learning technique in the matching phase to improve the sensitivity and accuracy in the final source position estimation. Simulation results show that our new method can effectively eliminate the impairment caused by incomplete sensing data to improve the localization performance.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.8-22
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• 2019

Among numerous chemicals used globally, the number of emerging contaminants is increasing. Numerical modeling for contaminant fate and transport in the subsurface is critical to evaluate environmental and health risk. In general, such models require physicochemical properties of contaminants as input values, which can be found in numerous chemical databases (DB). However, there exist lack of information specific to recently emerging contaminants, which requires estimation of physicochemical properties using regression programs. The purpose of the study is to introduce the workflow for identifying physicochemical properties of potential contaminants utilizing numerous chemical DBs, which frequently lists up potential contaminants for estimating chemical behavior. In this review paper, details of several chemical DBs such as KISChem, TOXNET, etc. and regression programs including EPI $Suite^{TM}$, ChemAxon, etc. were summarized and also benefit of using such DBs were explained. Finally, a few examples were introduced to estimate predominant phase, removal ratio, partitioning, and eco-toxicities by searching or regressing physicochemical properties.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of physical characteristics. Twelve specific odorous compounds and various sources of bacteria were tested via treatment of food waste using an ultra-thermophilic aerobic composting process. Food waste was mixed with seed material and operated for 47 days. During composting, the temperature was maintained at $80-90^{\circ}C$. The variations in $O_2$, $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ production suggested typical microorganism-driven organic decomposition patterns. After composting, the concentrations of 12 specific odorous compounds other than ammonia did not exceed the allowable exhaust limits for odor. After composting, thermophiles represented 50% of all bacteria. After composting, the percentage of thermophile bacterial increased by 15%. Therefore, both stable composting operation and economic benefit can be expected when an ultra-thermophilic composting process is applied to food waste.