• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제75권5호
• /
• pp.529-540
• /
• 2020

The mechanical properties of timber construction have drawn more attention after the 2013 Lushan earthquake. A strong desire to preserve this ancient architectural styles has sprung up in recent years, especially for residential buildings of the mountainous areas. In the column-and-tie timber construction, continuous-tenon joints are the most common structural form to connect the chuanfang (similar to the beam in conventional structures) and the column. To study the cyclic performance of the continuous-tenon joints in column-and-tie timber construction, the reversed lateral cyclic loading tests were carried out on three 3/4 scale specimens with different section heights of the chuanfang. The mechanical behavior was assessed by studying the ultimate bending capacity, deformation ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Test results showed that the slippage of chuanfang occurred when the specimens entered the plastic stage, and the slippage degree increased with the increase of the section height of chuanfang. An obvious plastic deformation of the chuanfang occurred due to the mutual squeezing between the column and chuanfang. A significant pinching was observed on the bending moment-rotation curves, and it was more pronounced as the section height of chuanfang increased. The further numerical investigations showed that the flexural capacity and initial stiffness of the continuous-tenon joints increased with the increase of friction coefficient between the chuanfang and the column, and a more obvious increasing of bending moment occurred after the material yielding. The compressive strength perpendicular to grain of the material played a more significant role in the ultimate bending capacity of continuous-tenon joints than the compressive strength parallel to grain.

• 임산에너지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 2003

Bamboo strand board (BSB) was made with Phyllostachys banbusoides growing in Damyang district. Physical and mechanical properties of this BSB were summarized as follows; The specific gravity of BSB was 0.63∼0.79. Specific gravity decreased slightly with the thickness and length of BSB. Moisture content of BSB manufactured was 5.8∼6.9%. The absorption ate of BSB (42∼48%) did not show any relationship with the thickness and length of BSB. The thickness swelling rate of BSB was 13.9∼17.0%, relatively higher than any other panel products. Thickness swelling rate increased with the thickness of BSB, showing the strand thickness influenced much more on the rate of thickness swelling of BSB than the length of strand. The 3-point bending strength of BSB was 98∼126kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Bending strength of showed the tendency of increase with the increased length of BSB, but with the decreased thickness. In particular, the length of BSB showed more effect on the increase of bending strength of BSB than the thickness of BSB. The compression strength perpendicular to BSB surface was 411 ∼ 465 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$, and the optimal length of strand for the 1mm- and 2mm-thickness of strand was 40mm and 60mm, respectively. Compression strength paralleled to BSD was 160∼221kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and the optimal length of strand for the 2mm-thickness of strand appeared to be 60mm. The present work showed that appearance, physical and mechanical strength of BSB appeared quite positive in terms of board qualities, suggesting that bamboo would be appropriate for the production of board materials. In addition, our work showed that the crucial factor for determining the mechanical characteristics of BSB was the dimension of strand.

• Composites Research
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2015

이온성 고분자 복합물인 IPMC(Ionic Polymer Metal Composite)는 부드러운 고분자 필름의 양면에 백금으로 구성된 전극층이 부착된 형태로 구성되어 있으며, 외부 물리적 자극에 대응하여 전기적 에너지를 발생시키는 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 IPMC의 굽힘에 대응하여 생성되는 전압을 예측할 수 있는 회로 모델을 제안하였다. 모델의 내부는 IPMC의 물리적인 특성을 묘사하는 전기 소자들로 구성되어 있으며, 실제 측정된 출력 전압과 시뮬레이션 출력 전압 사이의 RMS(Root Mean Square) 오차가 최소화 되도록 파라미터들의 값이 선정되었다. 이어서, 회로 모델의 관측기를 극점 배치 기법을 사용하여 설계하였으며 관측기로부터의 출력 전압 시뮬레이션의 결과 실제 전압 신호와의 오차가 줄어듦을 확인하였다. 또한, 상태 관측기 설계 기법이 측정된 출력 전압으로부터 입력 굽힘 각도를 추정하는 역 모델의 설계에도 적용되었으며 설계된 역 모델이 입력 각도를 큰 오차 없이 추정함을 검증하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.17-34
• /
• 2020

This paper investigates the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced longitudinally with either steel bars, molded glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) grating mesh or pultruded glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) grating mesh, under four-point bending. The variables included in this study were the type of concrete (normal weight concrete, perlite concrete and vermiculite concrete), type of the longitudinal reinforcement (steel bars, molded and pultruded GFRP grating mesh) and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio (between 0.007 and 0.035). The influences of these variables on the load-midspan deflection curves, bending stiffness, energy absorption and failure modes were investigated. A total of fifteen beams with a cross-sectional dimension of 160 mm × 210 mm and an overall length of 2400 mm were cast and divided into three groups. The first group was constructed with normal weight concrete and served as a reference concrete. The second and third groups were constructed with perlite concrete and vermiculite concrete, respectively. An innovative type of stirrup was used as shear reinforcement for all beams. The results showed that the ultimate load of the beams reinforced with pultruded GFRP grating mesh ranged between 19% and 38% higher than the ultimate load of the beams reinforced with steel bars. The bending stiffness of all beams was influenced by the longitudinal reinforcement ratio rather than the type of concrete. Failure occurred within the pure bending region which means that the innovative stirrups showed a significant resistance to shear failure. Good agreement between the experimental and the analytical ultimate load was obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.95-101
• /
• 2002

물푸레나무속 주요 수종의 합리적 이용을 위한 기초 자료를 얻기 위해, 물리 및 역학적 특성을 조사하였다. 물푸레나무와 쇠물푸레의 생재함수율은 변·심재간 차이가 없었으나, 들메나무 심재부의 생재함수율은 변재부보다 다소 높았다. 들메나무의 생재밀도와 전건밀도는 다른 두 수종에 비해 낮게 나타났고, 쇠물푸레 변재부의 수축·팽윤율은 물푸레나무보다 다소 높은 값을 보여주었다. 쇠물푸레의 종압축강도와 종압축탄성계수는 다른 두 수종보다 다소 낮았으며, 쇠물푸레 방사·접선단면의 전단강도는 다른 두 수종보다 높게 나타났고, 세 수종 모두 방사단면 전단강도가 접선단면보다 높았다. 세 수종 모두 우수한 휨 특성을 나타냈다. 물푸레나무와 들메나무간에 있어서 충격휨흡수에너지는 유의적인 차이가 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2003

본 연구에서는 산불 피해 소나무재의 이용을 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 역학적 및 건조 특성을 조사하였다. 산불피해재는 종압축 특성, 전단강도, 충격휨흡수에너지 등에서 건전재와 거의 유사한 결과를 보여주었으며, 산불피해재 변재부의 휨특성은 건전재보다 양호하게 나타났다. 건전재와 산불피해재 변재부의 생재함수율은 산불피해재가 다소 낮았으나, 건조속도는 거의 차이가 없었다. 건조시 발생되는 초기할렬은 건전재가 산불피해재보다 발생율이 높았고, 내부할렬은 건전재와 산불피해재에서 발생되지 않았다. 따라서 산불에 의해 피해를 입은 목재의 대부분은 수피부를 제거하여 이용할 경우 건전재와 거의 동일한 용도로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.433-442
• /
• 2023

This study presents the visually observed behavior of fibers embedded in concrete samples that were subjected to a flexural bending test. Three types of fibers such as macro polypropylene, macro polyethylene, and the hybrid of steel and polyvinyl alcohol were mixed with cement by a designated mix ratio to prepare a total of nine specimens of each. The bending test was conducted by following ASTM C1609 with a net deflection of 2, 4, and 7 mm. The X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was carried out for 7 mm-deflection specimens. The original XCT images were post-processed to denoise the beam-hardening effect. Then, fiber, crack, and void were semi-manually segmented. The hybrid specimen showed the highest toughness compared to the other two types. Debonding based on 2D XCT sliced images was commonly observed for all three groups. The cement matrix near the crack surface often involved partially localized breakage in conjunction with debonding. The pullout was predominant for steel fibers that were partially slipped toward the crack. Crack bridging and rupture were not found presumably due to the image resolution and the level of energy dissipation for poly-fibers, while the XCT imaging was advantageous in evaluating the distribution and behavior of various fibers upon bending for fiber-reinforced concrete beam elements.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.355-371
• /
• 2013

Single- and multi-span orthotropic functionally graded hollow cylinders subjected to axisymmetrical bending are investigated on the basis of a unified shear deformable shell theory, in which the transverse displacement is expressed by means of a general shape function. To approach the through-thickness inhomogeneity of the hollow cylinder, a laminated model is employed. The shape function therefore shall be determined for each fictitious layer. To improve the computational efficiency, we resort to a transfer matrix method. Based on the principle of minimum potential energy, equilibrium equations are established, which are then solved analytically using the transfer matrix method for arbitrary boundary conditions. Numerical comparisons among a third-order shear deformable shell theory, an exact elastic theory and the present theory are provided for a simply supported hollow cylinder, from which the present theory turns out to be superior in stress estimation. Distributions of displacements and stresses in single- and three-span hollow cylinders with different boundary conditions are also illustrated in numerical examples.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.132-140
• /
• 1995

선체의 중량을 감소시키기 위한 구조적인 형식중의 하나가 샌드위치 type이고 고속선의 면재는 F.R.P.와 Kevlar/Epoxy를, 심재로는 P.V.C.foam을 많이 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 면재의 두께가 두껍고 윗면재와 아랫면재의 두께가 다른 비대칭인 경우에 대하여 Rayleigh-Ritz의 에너지방법으로 해석하였다. 그리고 얇은 면재와의 비교를 위하여 등방성이고 중립축에 대칭인 평판을 기준하여 굽힘응력, 전단응력, 국부적인 굽힘응력, 막응력효과를 고려한 응력들을 면재2종류와 심재3종류에 대해서 비교하고 해석하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제17권12호
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2000

Once the chip has developed a mixed mode of side-curl and up-curl, it would generally curl to strike the tool flank. The development of the bending stresses and sheat in the chip would ultimately lead to chip failure. This paper approach this problem from a mechanics-based approach, by treating the chip as a 3-D elastic curved beam, and applying appropriate constraints and forces. The expressions for bending, shear and direct stresses are developed through an energy-based criterion. The location of the maximum stresses is also identified and explained for simulated test conditions.