• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2014

The BeiDou is a satellite-based positioning and navigation system, which is under construction by the China Satellite Navigation Office. Until the June of 2014, the constellation of BeiDou navigation satellite system consists of 14 satellites including five geostationary earth orbit (GEO), five inclined geosynchronous earth orbit (IGSO) and four medium earth orbit (MEO). In this paper, we present the positioning results using BeiDou B1 code measurements obtained from three GNSS reference stations (BHAO, SKMA, MKPO). Combined Beidou/GPS positioning results are also compared to BeiDou and GPS only. BeiDou-only positioning errors for the east-west and north-south direction had less than 2 meter with root mean square (RMS) value. However, the positioning error for the up-down direction had larger than 10 meter at a 95% confidence level. Our results also suggest that the position precision is improved by combined BeiDou/GPS compared to BeiDou-only.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2015

Global Positioning System (GPS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been extensively used for geodetic applications. Since December 2012, BeiDou navigation satellite system has provided regional positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services over the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, many studies on BeiDou system have been conducted, particularly in the area of precise orbit determination and precise positioning. In this paper PPP method based on BeiDou observations are presented. GPS and BeiDou data obtained from Mokpo (MKPO) station are processed using the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) PPP software. The positions are derived from the GPS PPP, BeiDou B₁/B₂ PPP and BeiDou B₁/B₃ PPP, respectively. The position errors on BeiDou PPP show a mean bias < 2 cm in the east and north components and approximately 3 cm in the vertical component. It indicates that BeiDou PPP is ready for the precise positioning applications in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, BeiDou tropospheric zenith total delay (ZTD) is compared to GPS ZTD at MKPO station. The mean value of their difference is approximately 0.52 cm.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

The Chinese BeiDou Satellite Navigation System consists of three kinds of constellations: the geostationary Earth orbit (GEO), the inclined geosynchronous satellite orbit (IGSO), and the medium Earth orbit (MEO). The BeiDou has expanded its service coverage from regional to global. Recently, the BeiDou has been widely used in ionospheric total electron content (TEC) research. In this study, we analyzed the BeiDou signals for ionospheric TEC monitoring over Jeju Island in South Korea. The BeiDou GEO TEC showed a clear pattern of diurnal variations. In addition, we compared the TEC values from the BeiDou GEO, the BeiDou IGSO, GPS, and International GNSS Service (IGS) Global Ionosphere Maps (GIM). There was a difference of about 5 TEC units between the BeiDou GEO and the IGS GIM. This may be due to the altitude difference between the different navigation satellites.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.2307-2314
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 위성항법시스템(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)의 다양화에 따른 위성항법보정시스템(Differential GNSS, DGNSS) 기준국 설계를 위하여, 중국 위성항법시스템인 BeiDou의 의사거리 보정정보 생성 알고리즘과 시뮬레이션 기반의 성능 검증에 대해 중점적으로 다룬다. 먼저 DGNSS 기준국/감시국(Reference Station and Integrity Monitor, RSIM)에서의 국제적 표준 및 요구성능에 대해 살펴보고, BeiDou 연동제어문서(Interface Control Document, ICD)를 기반으로 위성의 위치를 추정하고 위성시계 옵셋과 사용자 수신기의 시계오차, 그리고 GPS(Global Positioning System)와 BeiDou 위성의 시스템 타임 옵셋을 계산하여 BeiDou 의사거리 보정정보(Pseudorange Correction, PRC)를 생성한다. GPS/BeiDou 시뮬레이터를 연동한 성능검증 플랫폼을 기반으로 BeiDou 보정정보의 오차를 계산하고, 그 측위정확도를 분석하여 성능검증을 수행하였다. 실험결과 BeiDou 의사거리 보정정보가 RTCM(Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services)에서 요구하는 기준국 운영 및 보정서비스를 위한 측위성능을 충족함을 확인하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1951-1958
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• 2015

본 논문은 2012년 12월에 항법서비스 시작, 2020년 개발완료 예정인 중국의 BeiDou 글로벌위성항법시스템에 대한 특성분석과 항법신호의 실험 및 실측 데이터의 통계적 분석에 중점을 둔 연구이다. 정상 운영 중인 14개의 BeiDou 항법위성 중 한반도 서남지역에서 사용 가능한 위성 수는 6~7개 정도로 3차원 위치정보를 얻기 위한 최소 위성수인 4개 이상임을 확인하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 가용위성이 일부구역으로 편중되고 있고, 신호강도는 아직 안정적이지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 항법신호가 안정적인 경우, 실험 및 실측 기간에 확인 된 BeiDou 위성항법시스템의 항법 정밀도는 5m 수준으로 매우 양호하게 나타났다. 위치분포는 정규분포에 근사한 것으로 나타나 향후 항법위성의 증가와 함께 BeiDou 위성항법시스템이 더욱 안정적인 항법정보를 제공하게 될 것으로 전망된다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.26-28
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• 2016

선박 항해에 있어 GPS (global positioning system)는 선박의 3차원 위치를 추정하여 항로의 이탈이나, 항만 접안을 위하여 활용된다. 따라서 위성을 활용한 위치 정확도 향상을 위하여 본 논문에서는 GPS와 BeiDou의 결합 항법을 제안한다. GPS와 BeiDou 시스템을 결합하여 가시위성의 수를 증가시킬 수 있고, 이에 따라 정밀한 위치를 추정할 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안한 GPS/BeiDou 결합 항법의 성능 평가를 위하여 실제 수신된 위성 데이터를 활용하였고, GPS 단독 측위와의 가시위성 개수 및 위치정확도를 비교, 분석 하였다.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2022

The satellite navigation system was developed for the purpose of calculating the location of local users, starting with the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the 1980s. Advanced countries in the space industry are operating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that covers the entire earth, such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, by establishing satellite navigation systems for each country. Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS) such as QZSS and NavIC are also in operation. In the early 2010s, only GPS and GLONASS could calculate location using a single system for location determination. After 2016, the EU and China also completed the establishment of GNSS such as Galileo and BeiDou. As a result, satellite navigation users can benefit from improved availability of GNSS. In addition, before Galileo and BeiDou's Full Operational Capability (FOC) declaration, they used combined navigation algorithms to calculate the user's location by adding another satellite navigation system to the GPS satellites. Recently, it may be possible to calculate a user's location for each navigation system using the resources of a single system. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of single system navigation and combined navigation solutions of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS individual navigation systems using high-performance GNSS receivers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.69-85
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• 2019

BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) is one of the four main types of global navigation satellite systems. The current system has been widely used by the military and by the aerospace, transportation, and marine fields, among others. However, challenges still remain in the BeiDou system, which requires rapid responses for delay-sensitive devices. A differential positioning algorithm called the data center-based differential positioning (DCDP) method is widely used to avoid the influence of errors. In this method, the positioning information of multiple base stations is uploaded to the data center, and the positioning errors are calculated uniformly by the data center based on the minimum variance or a weighted average algorithm. However, the DCDP method has high delay and overload risk. To solve these problems, this paper introduces edge computing to relieve pressure on the data center. Instead of transmitting the positioning information to the data center, a novel method called edge computing-based differential positioning (ECDP) chooses the nearest reference station to perform edge computing and transmits the difference value to the mobile receiver directly. Simulation results and experiments demonstrate that the performance of the ECDP outperforms that of the DCDP method. The delay of the ECDP method is about 500ms less than that of the DCDP method. Moreover, in the range of allowable burst error, the median of the positioning accuracy of the ECDP method is 0.7923m while that of the DCDP method is 0.8028m.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2015

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is undergoing dramatic changes. Nowadays, much more satellites are transmitting navigation data at more frequencies. A multi-GNSS analysis is performed to improve the positioning accuracy by processing combined observations from different GNSS. The multi-GNSS technique can improve significantly the positioning accuracy. In this paper, we present a combined Global Positioning System (GPS), the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the China Satellite Navigation System (BeiDou), and the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) standard point positioning (SPP) method to exploit all currently available GNSS observations at Mokpo (MKPO) station in South Korea. We also investigate the multi-GNSS data recorded at MKPO reference station. The positioning accuracy is compared with several combinations of the satellite systems. Because of the different frequencies and signal structure of the different GNSS, intersystem biases (ISB) parameters for code observations have to be estimated together with receiver clocks in multi-GNSS SPP. We also present GPS/GLONASS and GPS/BeiDou ISB values estimated by the daily average.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides location information using signals from multiple satellites. However, a spoofing attack that forges signals or retransmits delayed signals may cause errors in the location information. To prevent such attacks, authentication protocols considering the navigation message structure of each GNSS can be used. In this paper, we analyze the authentication protocols of Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo, and BeiDou, and compare the performance of Navigation Message Authentication (NMA) of the above systems, using several performance indicators. According to our analysis, authentication protocols are similar in terms of performing NMA and using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA). On the other hand, they are different in several ways, for example, whether to perform Spreading Code Authentication (SCA), whether to use digital certificates and whether to use Timed Efficient Stream Loss-tolerant Authentication (TESLA). According to our quantitative analysis, the authentication protocol of Galileo has the shortest time between authentications and time to first authenticated fix. We also show that the larger the sum of the navigation message bits and authentication bits, the more severely affected are the time between authentications and the time to first authenticated fix.