• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.737-745
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• 2021

This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the average abnormal return, trading volume activity, and trading frequency activity in pharmaceutical stocks before and after the announcement of the first case of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in Indonesia. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method and collected as many as nine pharmaceutical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2019-2020. The data used in this study were secondary data in the form of daily data on stock closing prices, Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG), stock volume trading, number of shares outstanding, and stock trading frequency. This study was an event study with an observation period of 14 days, namely seven days before and seven days after the announcement of the coronavirus's first positive case in Indonesia. Hypothesis testing employed the paired sample t-test method. Based on the results, it was found that there was no difference in the average abnormal return of pharmaceutical stocks before and after the announcement of the first case of COVID-19. However, there was a difference in the average trading volume activity and the average trading frequency activity in pharmaceutical stocks before and after the announcement of the first case of COVID-19.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2001

Recently, Sea-sand containing high levels of chloride is being applied to on reinforced concrete structures due to the exhaustion of river-sand and environmental problems, which affects directly corrosion of rebar in the RC structures. In this paper, characteristics of corroded rebar before and after casting were studied. Test results showed that bond strength of rebar corroded after casting was decreased with increase of corrosion level more rapidly than that of rebar corroded before casting.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2002

The purpose of the study was to compare on the cognition and attitudes toward the mentally ill person among EMT College Student before and after Psychiatric Nursing Course Work. The data was collected twice before and after Psychiatric Nursing course work during one semester 16-weeks from 71 EMT department Students. Used measurements were self-reported questionnaires about cognition and CAMI questionnaires about attitudes. Analysis of data was done by frequence, percentage and t-test with SAS program. The cognition was changed over positively after then before Psychiatric Nursing Course. Especially, It was answered that needed to learning, caring and curing for mental illness. The study of attitudes for mentally ill person was that authoritarianism, benevolence and social restrictiveness were changed over positively but community mental health ideology was not changed. In conclusion, follwing the results of this study, the psychiatric nursing course work was influenced very much to changing of attitudes and cognition toward mentally ill person. Accordingly, psychiatric nursing curriculum will be offered and psychiatric educators have to emphasize the understanding of attitudes and cognition toward mentally ill person.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality of the before and after renovation of summer depression damaged pasture, and carried out at Chungnam National University ffom 1997 to 1999. The yield of DM in first and second year of after renovation, comparing with those of before renovation(6,547kg/ha), significantly increase obtained 12,291kglha and 13,50Ikg/ha, respectively(P<0.05). In the chemical composition, CP content and DM digestibility were markedly increased comparing with those of before renovation(P<0.05), but the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were decreased respectively(P<0.05). In the botanical composition, weeds after renovation was markedly decreased comparing with before renovation, but increased the percentage of herbage in summer depression damaged pasture. The results from this study, It is proved that a renovation method, which was conducted by two times of reseeding and raking, was effective in recovering botanical composition of herbage, and enhancing productivity and upgrading quality in summer depression damaged pasture. (Key words : Renovation, Reseeding, Summer depression)

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1999

This study investigated the degree of knowledge achievement and self-confidence in aseptic technique as a part of the fundamental nursing practice classes. The subjects were 220 nursing students in a junior college in Chonnam and an applied Quasi-experimental research methodology was used thirty of them comprised an experimental group to examine learning according to the teaching method. Wata were collected over 80 days, from April to June 1988, analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentages, means, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression with the SAS program. The conclusions are as follows. 1. The mean score of the degree of knowledge achievement of aseptic technique of the 220 students was 0.68(possible score 1.0) before the lecture but was 0.88 after lecture(p=.000). 2. The mean score for aseptic technique of the 220 students was 3.41(possible score 5.0) before practice but was 4.27 after practice(p=.000). 3. The correlation of self-confidence before and after practice was relatively low(r=.25, p=.000). 4. The mean score of the degree of knowledge achievement of aseptic technique in the experimental group(selected 30 students) was 0.72 before the lecture but was 0.90 after the lecture. 5. The mean score of self-confidence on aseptic technique in the experimental group(selected 30 students) was 3.18 before practice but was 4.32 after practice(p=.000). 6. The mean score of learning according to the type of teaching to aseptic technique for the experimental group(selected 30 students) was 23.2(possibel score 34) after lecture and presentation, was 27.3 after learning through video tape, was 31.7 after presentation through practice, was 33.7 after first practical training, and was 34 after secondary practical training. As a result of this study, learning methods in the education of fundamental nursing skill effective for knowledge achievement and competence in practicing skill.

• 연구논문집
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• s.34
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• pp.29-38
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to investigate the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of the micro-fin tubes before and after the tube-expansion process. Test tubes are single-grooved micro-fin tubes made of copper with an outer diameter of 9.52 mm before the tube-expansion. The direct heating method is applied in order to make the refrigerant evaporated in the micro-fin tubes. The test ranges of the heat flux, mass flux, and the saturation pressure are 5 to 15kW/$m^2$, 100 to 200 kg/$m^2s$ and 540 to 790 kPa, respectively. The effects of the mass flux, heat flux, and the saturation pressure of the refrigerant on the pressure drop and the heat transfer are presented for the refrigerant R22. In the test conditions of this study, the heat transfer coefficient for the micro-fin tube after the tube-expansion is about 16.5% smaller than that before the tube-expansion because the fin height of micro-fin is reduced and the fin shape becomes flatter. The micro-fin tube after the tube-expansion has about 7.7% greater average pressure drop than that before the tube-expansion process.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2006

Smoking is well known to be associated with increased indices of tree radical-mediated damage of DNA, indicating that smoking may exacerbate the initiation and propagation of oxidative stresses, which are potential underlying processes in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a daily regimen of green vegetable drink supplementation to smokers can be protective against endogenous lymphocytic DNA damage and whether it could enhance other antioxidant status. Twenty nonsmokers and nineteen smokers aged 23-60 were given 240 ml of green vegetable drink every day for 8 weeks in addition to their normal diet, and blood samples were drawn before and after the intervention. The 8 weeks of green vegetable drink consumption resulted in a significant decrease (p = 0.000, by paired t-test) in lymphocyte DNA damage expressed by TL (before: $63.13{\pm}1.05$ vs after: $37.86{\pm}10.83$, before: $66.73{\pm}1.24$ vs after: $36.51{\pm}1.13$), TM (before: $14.55{\pm}0.61$ vs after: $6.61{\pm}0.25$, before: $15.36{\pm}0.45$ vs after: $6.65{\pm}0.38$) and $\%$ DNA in tail (before: $19.7{\pm}0.41$ vs after: $16.6{\pm}0.37$, before: $20.6{\pm}0.31$ vs after: $17.1{\pm}0.5$) in both nonsmokers and smokers respectively. Vitamin C and TRAP level was not significantly changed after the supplementation. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that green vegetable drink exert a cancer-protective effect partially via a decrease in oxidative damage to DNA.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.773-780
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• 2019

Objective: To assess segmental liver stiffness (LS) with MRI before and after endovascular intervention in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). Materials and Methods: Twenty-three patients (13 males and 10 females; mean age, 42.6 ± 12.6 years; age range, 31-56 years) with BCS as a primary liver disease were recruited for this study. Two consecutive magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) examinations were performed before the endovascular treatment. Fifteen patients who underwent endovascular intervention treatment also had follow-up MRE scans within three days after the procedure. LS was measured in three liver segments: the right posterior, right anterior, and left medial segments. Inter-reader and inter-exam repeatability were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. Segmental LS and clinical characteristics before and after the intervention were also compared. Results: Within three days of the endovascular intervention, all three segmental LS values decreased: LS of the right posterior segment = 7.23 ± 0.88 kPa (before) vs. 4.94 ± 0.84 kPa (after), LS of the right anterior segment = 7.30 ± 1.06 kPa (before) vs. 4.77 ± 0.85 kPa (after), and LS of the left medial segment = 7.22 ± 0.87 kPa (before) vs. 4.87 ± 0.72 kPa (after) (all p = 0.001). There was a significant correlation between LS changes and venous pressure gradient changes before and after treatments (r = 0.651, p = 0.009). The clinical manifestations of all 15 patients significantly improved after therapy. The MRE repeatability was excellent, with insignificant variations (inter-reader, ICC = 0.839-0.943: inter-examination, ICC = 0.765-0.869). Bland-Altman analysis confirmed excellent agreement (limits of agreement, 13.4-19.4%). Conclusion: Segmental LS measured by MRE is a promising repeatable quantitative biomarker for monitoring the treatment response to minimally invasive endovascular intervention in patients with BCS.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The occlusal splint has been used for many years as an effective treatment of sleep bruxism. Several methods have been used to evaluate efficiency of the occlusal splints. However, the effect of the occlusal splints on occlusal force has not been clarified sufficiently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of occlusal splints on maximum occlusal force in patients with sleep bruxism and compare two type of splints that are Bruxogard-soft splint and canine protected hard stabilization splint. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twelve students with sleep bruxism were participated in the present study. All participants used two different occlusal splints during sleep for 6 weeks. Maximum occlusal force was measured with two miniature strain-gage transducers before, 3 and 6 weeks after insertion of occlusal splints. Clinical examination of temporomandibular disorders was performed for all individuals according to the Craniomandibular Index (CMI) before and 6 weeks after the insertion of splints. The changes in mean occlusal force before, 3 and 6 weeks after insertion of both splints were analysed with paired sample t-test. The Wilcoxon test was used for the comparison of the CMI values before and 6 weeks after the insertion of splints. RESULTS. Participants using stabilization splints showed no statistically significant changes in occlusal force before, 3, and 6 weeks after insertion of splint (P>.05) and participants using Bruxogard-soft splint had statistically significant decreased occlusal force 6 weeks after insertion of splint (P<.05). There was statistically significant improvement in the CMI value of the participants in both of the splint groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Participants who used Bruxogard-soft splint showed decreases in occlusal force 6 weeks after insertion of splint. The use of both splints led to a significant reduction in the clinical symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2004

The propose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the partial body weight support during treadmill training on the ambulation in elderly with chronic stroke. Fourteen hemiplegic volunteers participated and were divided into an experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the body weight support during treadmill training was performed 3 times per week for 6 weeks. In the control group, usual treadmill training was applied. Before and after experiments, temporal-spatial gait parameters were measured. The date of 14 patients who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analyzed. The results of the study were : 1. In the comparison of gait velocity before and after experiment, the gait velocity was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait velocity between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 2. In comparison of gait cadence before and after experiment, the gait cadence was significantly increased in both groups(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait cadence between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 3. In the comparison of step length before and after experiment, the step length was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the step length between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 4. In the comparison of vastus medialis root mean square(RMS) before and after experiment, the vastus medialis RMS was significantly increased in the experimental group(p<.05). In the comparison of vastus medialis root mean square(RMS) before and after experiment, the vastus medialis RMS was not significantly increased in the experimental group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the vastus medialis RMS between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 5. In the comparison of latency of somatosensory evoke potential(SSEP) before and after experiment, the latency of SSEP was significantly increased in the experimental group(p<.05). In the comparison of latency of somatosensory evoke potential(SSEP) before and after experiment, the latency of SSEP was significantly decreased in the control group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the latency of SSEP between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 6. In the comparison of functional ambulation profile(FAP) before and after experiment, the FAP was not significant difference in the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the FAP between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05).