• Title/Summary/Keyword: Before and after study

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Synthesis of Vitamin $D_3$ and It′s Analogues in Dorsal Skin of 8 Week-Old Broiler Chicks Irradiated by UV Light (자외선 조사에 의한 8주령 브로일러 병아리 등 피부에서의 비타민 $D_3$ 및 그의 유사물질 합성)

  • 장윤환;김진석;이은택
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.161-166
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    • 1991
  • This study was conducted to investigate the synthesis of previtamin D$_3$(PreD$_3$), lumisterol$_3$($L_3$) and vitamin $D_3$ ($D_3$) in dorsal skin of 8 week-old broiler chicks irradiated by UV light. The Hubbard line day-old broiler chicks were fed with vitamin D-depleted ration (or 3 weeks and with medium broiler diet for 5 weeks. The 3$\times$3cm area of dorsal skin was defeathered one day before the experiment. The 310nm UV light was utilized to irradiate the dorsal skin, which was separated into epidermis and dermis after irradiation. The irradiated epidermis was extracted with 60% ethyl acetate in n-hexane and PreD$_3$, $L_3$, D$_3$ and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) were analyzed by HPLC. When UV light was treated for 0, 90 or 150min. the L$_3$ content in the separated epidermis was 219, 298 or 248ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$, respectively. The irradiation for 90min produced 79ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of L$_3$, and the synthesizing rate was 0.9ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$/min. The PreD$_3$ content was 23, 33 or 12ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ when exposed for 0, 60 or 150min The 10ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of PreD$_3$ was produced for 60min. The D$_3$ was generated by 27ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ when exposed for 90min. The 7-DHC contents were decreased gradually from initial 123 to 35ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$ when exposed for 150 min, showing the rate of disappearance as 0.6ng/$\textrm{cm}^2$/min.

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Improvement of Rice Quality Using Grain Color Sorter During Early Transplanting Cultivation in the Southern Plain of Korea (색채선별기 이용한 남부평야지 조기재배 해담쌀의 품질향상)

  • Lee, Jong-Hee;Lee, Ji-Yoon;Lee, Somyeong;Shin, Dongjin;Cha, Jinkyeong;Cho, Jun-Hyeon;Kwon, Young-Ho;Jo, Su-min;Park, Dong-Soo
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.65 no.2
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    • pp.79-83
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    • 2020
  • A photoelectric grain color sorter is commonly used in postharvest technology to detect and separate grains considered to be of good quality from those of poor quality based on color. In this study, the milled rice of Haedamssal cultivated under early transplanting conditions was evaluated using the color sorting device. Rice was classified according to standard grades of 64% for grade A, 18% for grade B, and 17.2% for grade C. By head rice ratio analysis, the milled rice of Haedamssal was recorded a grade A of 72.9%, representing a 24.5% improvement compared to the 48.4% of original grains. However, the grades B and C of Haedamssal rice were lower than those of original rice. In addition, grade A whiteness of Haedamssal rice was 45.3, which was lower than that of original grains. The color affinity redness was significantly lower in Haedamssal rice than in the screening control. No significant difference was found in the amylose and protein contents of rice before and after selection by the grain color sorter. In contrast, grain viscosity analysis revealed an increase in peak and final viscosities, while the consistence viscosity increased in low grade levels. Our results suggest that the photoelectric grain color sorter could improve the head rice ratio and palatability of early transplanted Hadamssal rice.

A Study on Construction and Application of Nuclear Grade ESF ACS Simulator (원자력등급 ESF 공기정화계통 시뮬레이터 제작 및 활용에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Sook-Kyung;Kim, Kwang-Sin;Sohn, Soon-Hwan;Song, Kyu-Min;Lee, Kei-Woo;Park, Jeong-Seo;Hong, Soon-Joon;Kang, Sun-Haeng
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.319-327
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    • 2010
  • A nuclear plant ESF ACS simulator was designed, built, and verified to perform experiment related to ESF ACS of nuclear power plants. The dimension of 3D CAD model was based on drawings of the main control room(MCR) of Yonggwang units 5 and 6. The CFD analysis was performed based on the measurement of the actual flow rate of ESF ACS. The air flowing in ACS was assumed to have $30^{\circ}C$ and uniform flow. The flow rate across the HEPA filter was estimated to be 1.83 m/s based on the MCR ACS flow rate of 12,986 CFM and HEPA filter area of 9 filters having effective area of $610{\times}610mm^2$ each. When MCR ACS was modeled, air flow blocking filter frames were considered for better simulation of the real ACS. In CFD analysis, the air flow rate in the lower part of the active carbon adsorber was simulated separately at higher than 7 m/s to reflect the measured value of 8 m/s. Through the CFD analyses of the ACSes of fuel building emergency ventilation system, emergency core cooling system equipment room ventilation cleanup system, it was confirmed that all three EFS ACSes can be simulated by controlling the flow rate of the simulator. After the CFD analysis, the simulator was built in nuclear grade and its reliability was verified through air flow distribution tests before it was used in main tests. The verification result showed that distribution of the internal flow was uniform except near the filter frames when medium filter was installed. The simulator was used in the tests to confirm the revised contents in Reg. Guide 1.52 (Rev. 3).

Serum luteinizing hormone response and oocyte nuclear maturation in rats superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (임마혈청성 고나도트로핀으로 다배란 처치된 흰쥐에 있어서의 혈청 황체형성 호르몬의 반응 및 난자의 핵성숙)

  • Yun, Young-won
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.735-744
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    • 1994
  • Catheters were placed into the external jugular veins of immature female rats. On the following day (day 28 of age), the animals were injected subcutaneously with pregnant mare serm gonadotropin(PMSG): 4IU(control) or 20IU(superovulation). Each animal was sequentially bled at Ohr and 12hr and subsequently at 6hr intervals until sacrifice at 72hr after PMSG. The superovulatory dose of PMSG significantly(P<0.05) increased the ovulatory response by 4.0 fold above controls. On the other hand, superovulated oocytes displayed considerably different stages of meiotic maturation: prophase I (14.7%), anaphase I (36.2%), telophase I (10.3%), metaphase I/II (32.4%), while in control rats a majority of the oocytes examined(94.0%) consistently showed a metaphase II configuration. Serum luteinizing hormone(LH) levels were determined by RIA. Both groups exhibited a similar time relationship with two distinct peaks: an initial slight rise at 0-18hr and a second sharp rise at 54-60hr. However, there was a marked change in the magnitude of LH levels between the two groups. In superovulated animals, prior to the second peak, overall LH levels were significantly(P<0.001) higher than controls. In contrast, at the peak occurring at 60hr, LH concentrations were significantly(P<0.001) reduced by 54% below that of control. Additionally, a maximum increase of mean ${\Delta}LH$ between two peaks was much less in superovulated as compared to control rats. The initial prolonged elevation of serum LH before 54hr in superovulated rats was found to result from actual cross-reaction of the injected PMSG with LH antibody in the assay, while a precipitous second elevation between 54hr and 60hr resulted primarily from an endogenous LH surge. This study clearly defines time-course features of serum LH in PMSG-treated rats. The overall results indicate that, following superovulatory treatment with PMSG, the increased ovulatory response is primarily associated with PMSG-derived intrinsic gonadotropin, and that the recovery of immature or asynchronously mature oocytes at ovulation may reult from the circulatory alteration of LH activity characterized by an initial prolonged elevation of serum LH and its subsequent attenuation.

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Quality Characteristics of Protein-enriched Fermented Milk made with Whey and Soybean Flour (유청과 콩가루를 활용한 단백질 강화발효유의 품질특성)

  • Jo, Jun-Hee;Yang, Hee-Sun;Choi, Yu-Jin;Lee, Sang-Cheon;Choi, Bong-Suk;Park, Tae-Young;Kim, Jin-Kyeong;Huh, Chang-Ki
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.121-129
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    • 2014
  • This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of protein enriched fermented milk made with whey and soybean flour. Protein-enriched fermented milk was prepared as follows: Soybean flour was added before fermentation. No synthetic aroma was added. The fermentation starter culture was ABT-4 (Chr. Hansen). Whey protein was added after fermentation. Sensory evaluation indicated that sample containing soybean flour amount of 5% were better than other samples. The pH values and titratable acidities of stored protein-enriched fermented milk and fermented milk, respectively, were not remarkably different. Crude protein was more than 3 times higher in protein-enriched fermented milk (8.77%) than in fermented milk (2.49%). The crude fat content of protein-enriched fermented milk was not remarkably different compared to that of fermented milk. Dietary fiber was more than 2.7 times higher in protein-enriched fermented milk (1.67%) than in fermented milk (0.62%), and the free amino acid content was more than 14 times higher in protein-enriched fermented milk (37.9%) than in fermented milk (2.6%).

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Changes in Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in Korea for 21 Years: a Single Center Study

  • Choi, Sae Rom;Kim, Kyung-Ran;Kim, Dong Sub;Kang, Ji-Man;Kim, Sun Ja;Kim, Jong Min;Oh, Soo-young;Kang, Choel-In;Chung, Doo Ryeon;Peck, Kyong Ran;Kang, Eun-Suk;Kim, Yae-Jean
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.123-131
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is mostly asymptomatic but can be detrimental to certain hosts. We investigated changes of CMV seroprevalence in Koreans before and after the year 2000. Methods: We reviewed laboratory values of patients who were tested for CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) at Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from January 1995 to December 2015. Changes in seroprevalence were analyzed by gender, age, region, and tested year period (period 1, 1995-2005 vs. period 2, 2006-2015). Results: Overall CMV seropositivity was 94.1% (10,900/11,584). There was no significant difference for CMV seropositivity among the two periods (94.2% vs. 94.1%) (P=0.862). CMV seropositivity in the 11 to 20-year age group in period 2 (78.8%) was significantly lower than that of period 1 (89.9%) (P=0.001). The seropositivity of individuals aged 31-40 years (97.4%) was significantly higher than that of younger age groups (P<0.001) and lower than that of older age groups (P<0.001). Of 2,441 females of reproductive age (from 15 to 49), CMV seropositivity was 97% (2,467/2,441). The seropositivity in women aged 20-24-years was higher than that of men in the same age group (97.6% vs. 85.6%, P=0.003). No significant difference was observed among different regions. Conclusions: Overall CMV seropositivity of Koreans was estimated to be 94% and the average seropositivity of reproductive women was 97%. Monitoring of the changes in seroprevalence including the reproductive age group is needed in the future.

Estimation of freeze damage risk according to developmental stage of fruit flower buds in spring (봄철 과수 꽃눈 발육 수준에 따른 저온해 위험도 산정)

  • Kim, Jin-Hee;Kim, Dae-jun;Kim, Soo-ock;Yun, Eun-jeong;Ju, Okjung;Park, Jong Sun;Shin, Yong Soon
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.55-64
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    • 2019
  • The flowering seasons can be advanced due to climate change that would cause an abnormally warm winter. Such warm winter would increase the frequency of crop damages resulted from sudden occurrences of low temperature before and after the vegetative growth stages, e.g., the period from germination to flowering. The degree and pattern of freezing damage would differ by the development stage of each individual fruit tree even in an orchard. A critical temperature, e.g., killing temperature, has been used to predict freeze damage by low-temperature conditions under the assumption that such damage would be associated with the development stage of a fruit flower bud. However, it would be challenging to apply the critical temperature to a region where spatial variation in temperature would be considerably high. In the present study, a phenological model was used to estimate major bud development stages, which would be useful for prediction of regional risks for the freeze damages. We also derived a linear function to calculate a probabilistic freeze risk in spring, which can quantitatively evaluate the risk level based solely on forecasted weather data. We calculated the dates of freeze damage occurrences and spatial risk distribution according to main production areas by applying the spring freeze risk function to apple, peach, and pear crops in 2018. It was predicted that the most extensive low-temperature associated freeze damage could have occurred on April 8. It was also found that the risk function was useful to identify the main production areas where the greatest damage to a given crop could occur. These results suggest that the freezing damage associated with the occurrence of low-temperature events could decrease providing early warning for growers to respond abnormal weather conditions for their farm.

Assessment for the Utility of Treatment Plan QA System according to Dosimetric Leaf Gap in Multileaf Collimator (다엽콜리메이터의 선량학적엽간격에 따른 치료계획 정도관리시스템의 효용성 평가)

  • Lee, Soon Sung;Choi, Sang Hyoun;Min, Chul Kee;Kim, Woo Chul;Ji, Young Hoon;Park, Seungwoo;Jung, Haijo;Kim, Mi-Sook;Yoo, Hyung Jun;Kim, Kum Bae
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.168-177
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    • 2015
  • For evaluating the treatment planning accurately, the quality assurance for treatment planning is recommended when patients were treated with IMRT which is complex and delicate. To realize this purpose, treatment plan quality assurance software can be used to verify the delivered dose accurately before and after of treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of treatment plan quality assurance software for each IMRT plan according to MLC DLG (dosimetric leaf gap). Novalis Tx with a built-in HD120 MLC was used in this study to acquire the MLC dynalog file be imported in MobiusFx. To establish IMRT plan, Eclipse RTP system was used and target and organ structures (multi-target, mock prostate, mock head/neck, C-shape case) were contoured in I'mRT phantom. To verify the difference of dose distribution according to DLG, MLC dynalog files were imported to MobiusFx software and changed the DLG (0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6 mm) values in MobiusFx. For evaluation dose, dose distribution was evaluated by using 3D gamma index for the gamma criteria 3% and distance to agreement 3 mm, and the point dose was acquired by using the CC13 ionization chamber in isocenter of I'mRT phantom. In the result for point dose, the mock head/neck and multi-target had difference about 4% and 3% in DLG 0.5 and 0.7 mm respectively, and the other DLGs had difference less than 3%. The gamma index passing-rate of mock head/neck were below 81% for PTV and cord, and multi-target were below 30% for center and superior target in DLGs 0.5, 0.7 mm, however, inferior target of multi-target case and parotid of mock head/neck case had 100.0% passing rate in all DLGs. The point dose of mock prostate showed difference below 3.0% in all DLGs, however, the passing rate of PTV were below 95% in 0.5, 0.7 mm DLGs, and the other DLGs were above 98%. The rectum and bladder had 100.0% passing rate in all DLGs. As the difference of point dose in C-shape were 3~9% except for 1.3 mm DLG, the passing rate of PTV in 1.0 1.3 mm were 96.7, 93.0% respectively. However, passing rate of the other DLGs were below 86% and core was 100.0% passing rate in all DLGs. In this study, we verified that the accuracy of treatment planning QA system can be affected by DLG values. For precise quality assurance for treatment technique using the MLC motion like IMRT and VMAT, we should use appropriate DLG value in linear accelerator and RTP system.

Development of Supplemental Equipment to Reduce Movement During Fusion Image Acquisition (융합영상(Fusion image)에서 움직임을 줄이기 위한 보정기구의 개발)

  • Cho, Yong Gwi;Pyo, Sung Jae;Kim, Bong Su;Shin, Chae Ho;Cho, Jin Woo;Kim, Chang Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.84-89
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: Patients' movement during long image acquisition time for the fusion image of PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography) results in unconformity, and greatly affects the quality of the image and diagnosis. The arm support fixtures provided by medical device companies are not manufactured considering the convenience and safety of the patients; the arm and head movements (horizontal and vertical) during PET/CT scan cause defects in the brain fundus images and often require retaking. Therefore, this study aims to develop patient-compensation device that would minimize the head and arm movements during PET/CT scan, providing comfort and safety, and to reduce retaking. Materials and Methods: From June to July 2012, 20 patients who had no movement-related problems and another 20 patients who had difficulties in raising arms due to shoulder pain were recruited among the ones who visited nuclear medicine department for PET Torso scan. By using Patient Holding System (PHS), different range of motion (ROM) in the arm ($25^{\circ}$, $27^{\circ}$, $29^{\circ}$, $31^{\circ}$, $33^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$) was applied to find the most comfortable angle and posture. The manufacturing company was investigated for the permeability of the support material, and the comfort level of applying bands (velcro type) to fix the patient's head and arms was evaluated. To find out the retake frequency due to movements, the amount of retake cases pre/post patient-compensation were analyzed using the PET Torso scan data collected between January to December 2012. Results: Among the patients without movement disorder, 18 answered that PHS and $29^{\circ}$ arm ROM were the most comfortable, and 2 answered $27^{\circ}$ and $31^{\circ}$, respectively. Among the patients with shoulder pain, 15 picked $31^{\circ}$ as the most comfortable angle, 2 picked $33^{\circ}$, and 3 picked $35^{\circ}$. For this study, the handle was manufactured to be adjustable for vertical movements. The material permeability of the patient-compensation device has been verified, and PHS and the compensation device were band-fixed (velcro type) to prevent device movements. A furrow was cut for head fixation to minimize the head and neck movements, fixing bands were attached for the head, wrist, forearm, and upper arm to limit movements. The retake frequency of PET Torso scan due to patient movements was 11.06% (191 cases/1,808 patients) before using the movement control device, and 2.65% (48 cases/1,732 patients) after using the device; 8.41% of the frequency was reduced. Conclusion: Recent change and innovation in the medical environment are making expensive medical image scans, and providing differentiated services for the customers is essential. To secure patient comfort and safety during PET/CT scans, ergonomic patient-compensation devices need to be provided. Therefore, this study manufactured a patientcompensation device with vertically adjustable ergonomic ROM according to the patient's body shape and condition during PET Torso scan. The defects in the basal ganglia images due to arm movements were reduced, and retaking was decreased.

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The Outbreak of Red Tides in the Coastal Waters off Kohung, Chonnam, Korea 3. The Temporal and Spatial Variations in the Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates and Ciliates in 1997 (전남 고흥 해역의 유해성 적조의 발생연구 3. 1997년도 종속영향성 와편모류와 섬모류의 시공간적 변화)

  • Jeong, Hae-Jin;Park, Jong-Kyu;Kim, Jae-Seong;Kim, Seong-Taek;Yoon, Joo-Eh;Kim, Su-Kyeong;Park, Yong-Min
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.37-46
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    • 2000
  • We investigated the temporal and spatial variations in heterotrophic dinoflagellates (hereafter HTD) and ciliates from June to September 1997 in the waters off Kohung, Korea where red tides dominated by harmful dinoflagellates had occurred from August to October since 1995. We took water samples five times from 5-7 depths at 3 stations in this study period. A total of 17 HTD species were present and of these species in the genus Protoperidinium were 11. The species number of tintinnids (hereafter TIN) present totalled 15 and several naked ciliate (hereafter NC) species were observed. The species numbers of HTD and TIN rapidly increased between August 1st and 21st and then reached to the maximum numbers of 13 and 10, respectively, on August 27 when red tides dominated by Gyrodinium impudicum were first observed in the study area. However the species numbers drastically decreased on September 22. The maximum densities of HTD, TIN, and NC were 45, 39, 57 cells $ml^{-1}$, respectively. ADAS, calculated by averaging the densities of a certain species in the all samples collected from all depths and stations at a sampling period, most increased between August 1st and 21st and then reached to the maximum density of f cells $ml^{-1}$ on August 27 for HTD, while did between August 21st and 27th and up to 7 cells $ml^{-1}$ for TIN. Unlike ADAS of HTD and TIN, that of NC did not change much with the maximum of 8 cells $ml^{-1}$ on August 27th. The pattern of the temperal variation in the species number and ADAS of HTD was similar to that of diatoms and the distributions of Protoperidinium spp. and diatoms had a strong positive correlation. This evidence suggests that HTD, in particular Protoperidinium spp. be a grazer on diatom. In general, the densities of HTD, TIN, and NC decreased with going to stations located in the outer bay. Therefore, the availability of suitable prey and distance from the coastal line might be responsible for the distribution of HTD, TIN, and NC. The results of the present study provide a basis for further experiments for the feeding by dominant HTD, TIN, and NC on dominant phytoplankton including red tide species and for understanding food webs in the planktonic community before, during, and after the red tide outbreak.

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