• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.136-141
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between internet game addiction and psychiatric symptoms. Methods : A total of 447 adolescents who were recruited from a child and adolescent psychiatric clinic of university hospital completed a self-report questionnaire consisting of Korean Internet Addiction Self-scale (K-scale), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Korean-Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS), and Adolescent Happiness Index (AHI). They were classified into three internet user groups, non-addicted group (below or equal to 94), potential risk group (95 to 107) and high risk group (above or equal to 108) according to K-scale total score. Results : Significant mean differences in BDI, BAI, K-ARS, and AHI scores were observed among the three groups. The BDI, BAI and K-ARS scores showed positive correlation with K-score. The AHI score showed negative correlation with K-score. Conclusion : Findings of this study suggest that depression, anxiety, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and happiness are associated with internet game addiction.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2020

Objective : Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to reflect autonomic nervous system activity. Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are reported to have lower HRVs. We attempted to find HRV indices with head up tilt position that reflect the symptoms well in order to evaluate PTSD symptoms. Methods : Sixty-seven patients with PTSD and 72 patients without PTSD were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. HRV was measured in the head-up tilt position. We collected data regarding heart rate (HR), standard deviation of the NN intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD), log low-frequency (LNLF) and log high-frequency (LNHF). Results : The value of LNHF was different according to presence or absence of PTSD after head-up tilt position. In the findings of the association between PTSD symptoms and HRV indices as based on head-up tilt, LNHF had a significant correlation with the total score of PCL-5. Conclusion : The reduction of the high-frequency component of HRVs in the PTSD group might reflect more PTSD symptoms.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2023

Objectives: To investigate the correlation of anxiety or depression mood with physical stress of 59 participants (29 who complained of chronic headache and 30 who did not complain of headache) using a questionnaire on chronic headache symptoms, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Methods: In this study, medical records of 59 participants (29 who complained of chronic headache and 30 who did not complain of headache) who completed the BAI, BDI, HRV, and Questionnaire for chronic headache symptoms were evaluated. All data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 26.0). Descriptive Analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi square test (Fisher's exact test), and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: 1. The chronic headache group had significantly lower SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF, and HF values on HRV than the general control group. 2. As BAI and BDI scores of the chronic headache group increased, the overall HRV value tended to decrease, indicating a deep association. 3. There was a negative association between BDI and HRV values in the chronic headache group, although such association was not statistically significant. Conclusions: BDI can be negatively correlated with HRV (SDNN, RMSSD, TP, LF, HF) in chronic headache patients.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2022

Objective : Any traumatic event can be a risk factor, for subsequent mental disorder. However, childhood trauma, especially in interpersonal nature, is associated with later development of complex symptom patterns. This study examined the role of dissociation as a mediator between childhood trauma and symptom complexity. Methods : A pooled data of 369 psychiatric outpatients at a university-affiliated hospital was analyzed for descriptive statistics, group differences, and bivariate correlation analysis to verify a structural model. The questionnaires included the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Trauma History Screen, the Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Abbreviated PTSD checklist. Results : When other trauma variables were controlled, childhood interpersonal trauma had significant correlation with symptom complexity (r=0.155, p=0.003). Among the paths analyzed, that of childhood interpersonal trauma and dissociation showed the greatest impact on symptom complexity (b=9.34, t=5.75, p<0.001). Based on the significance of the indirect impact, the results suggest a complete mediation impact of dissociation on symptom complexity. Conclusion : This study validated that childhood interpersonal trauma impacts symptom complexity, through the sequential mediating impact of dissociation. Thus, clinicians should understand childhood interpersonal trauma, dissociation, and symptom patterns in a complex and interacting mode, and develop effective pertinent treatment strategies.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Objective : Emotional state and emotion regulation strategies are considered to be important factors influencing the pattern and severity of somatic pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between cognitive emotional regulation strategies and somatic pain in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Methods : A total of 140 outpatients, diagnosed with depression and/or anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV-TR, were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for somatic pain. Pearson correlations and independent t-tests were performed to analyze the relationship between somatic pain, the severity of depression and/or anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results : The severity of pain was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, but not with anxiety. Patients with somatic pain tend to use maladaptive cognitive emotion regulating strategies more frequently, especially rumination and catastrophizing. Conclusion : These findings suggest that somatic pain correlates with maladaptive cognitive emotional regulating strategies. Interventions which modulate these non-productive strategies, especially rumination and catastrophizing, would be a new approach for managing patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders who are suffering from somatic pain.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 2016

Objectives : According to the recent Korean National Police Agency report, rape victims were 17.1%, but sexual molestation victims were more than the rape victims by 78.0%. Despite many international reports about the occurrence of severe psychiatric symptoms in sexual molestation victims, there is no domestic research. Therefore in this study, we investigated psychiatric symptoms of sexual molestation victims, and we also compared it with psychiatric symptoms in rape victims. Methods : 58 women who visited Busan Smile Center within 3months after sexual violence were the study subjects. Questionnaire about sociodemographic and sexual violence related characteristics were retrospectively investigated. Of the psychiatric symptoms, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) for severity of depression and anxiety, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised(IES-R) to check the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symptoms were used. Results : Of 58 sexual violence victims, sexual molestation victims were 36(62.1%) and rape victims were 22(37.9%). In sexual molestation victims, 80.6% had more than moderate severity of depression, 83.3% had more than moderate severity of anxiety, and 94.4% had significant scores at PTSD screening test. Compared with rape victims' psychiatric symptoms(each 95.5%, 95.5%, 95.5%) there were no significant difference. Conclusions : The majority of sexual molestation victims were also accompanied by depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms as rape victims. There results suggest that appropriate assessment and early treatment for psychiatric symptom must be made in the early stage of injury in sexual molestation victims.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2011

Objectives：We developed a Korean version of the Brief Measure of Worry Severity(BMWS), and examined its reliability, validity, and factor structures. We also explored the associations of pathological worry with depression and anxiety. Methods：Three hundreds fifty-two subjects including community population and college students completed the BMWS, and 27 subjects repeated the scale three weeks later. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's coefficient ${\alpha}$ and test-retest correlation. The external validity was examined by the correlation of the BMWS score with the scores of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Patient Health questionnaire-2(PHQ-2), State Anxiety Inven-tory(SAI), and Trait Anxiety Inventory(TAI). And principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the construct validity. The associations of pathological worry with depression and anxiety were explored using partial correlation analysis. Results：Cronbach's coefficient ${\alpha}$ for the BMWS was 0.904 and test-retest correlation was 0.56(P<0.01). The Spearman correlation coefficients of the BMWS score with the scores of BDI, PHQ-2, SAI, and TAI were 0.60(P<0.01), 0.42(P<0.01), 0.36(P<0.01), and 0.59(P<0.01), respectively. The BMWS showed unifactorial construct. When controlling for TAI score, the correlation coefficient between the BMWS score and the BDI score was 0.357(P<0.01), and when controlling for BDI score the correlation coefficient between the BMWS score and the TAI score was 0.446(P<0.01). Conclusion：The Korean version of the BMWS was found to be a reliable and valid questionnaire for measuring pathological worry. And we could identify the associations of the pathological worry with depression as well as anxiety.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2014

Objective : The objective of this study was to examine the association between childhood adversity and parenting attitude and neuroticism in adulthood. Methods : Forty nine women were recruited from community and completed Early Trauma Inventory-Short Form (ETI-SF). We compared scores on the Maternal Behavior Research Instrument (MBRI), Neuroticism of NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) between women with and without childhood adversity. Results : Compared to women without childhood adversity, women with childhood adversity showed more rejecting parenting attitude and higher Depression and Self-Consciousness scores on Neuroticism domain of NEO-PI. Total ETI-SF scores and emotional abuse scores were positively correlated with rejecting attitude scores on the MBRI and BDI scores. Physical abuse scores were positively correlated with rejecting attitude scores. There were positive correlations between rejecting attitude scores on the MBRI, Neuroticism scores on the NEO-PI, and BDI scores. Conclusion : Our results suggest that childhood adversity may have a negative impact on parenting attitude and emotional state in adulthood. For girls who experienced traumatic event, early intervention is needed to prevent the development of neurotic temperament and rejecting parenting in adulthood.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between subjective sleep problems and various types of traumatic events of patients with depressive disorder. Methods : A total of 411 patients diagnosed with depressive disorders were recruited in this study. The participants filled out Life Time Events Checklist (LEC), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). We used the independent t-test and analysis of covariance to compare each component of PSQI between depressive patients with and without traumatic experiences. Results : The groups of patients who experienced a serious accident at work, home or during recreational activity, sexual assault, other unwanted or uncomfortable sexual experience, life-threatening illness or injury, and sudden, unexpected death of a near and dear one showed lower scores in a few components of PSQI. Sleep disturbance was a common problem in all five groups. Lower subjective sleep quality and longer sleep latency was observed in three groups. There were no differences in the other components of PSQI among groups. Conclusion : This study showed that various types of traumatic events may have different effects on subjective sleep quality as a consequence of the traumatic event which they had experienced.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.277-286
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to probe the effect of foot reflexology education program on nursing students with constipation, anxiety and depression. This study was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test and posttest design on non-equivalent control group. Method: The data of this study were collected from October 28, to December 14, 2002. The subjects consisted of 61 nursing students (experimental group: 31, control group: 30) with constipation, anxiety and depression. 31 out of them were devided into the experimental group and received foot reflexology education program that was authorized by the World Foot Reflexology Association and made to suit for the subjects by the author for 6weeks composed of 2 weeks theory and of 4 weeks practical skill on the program. The effect of the program was measured by Bowel Function Assessment Form for constipation, State Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test, Repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni multiple comparison using SAS/PC 8.12 program. Result: After all session of treatment, the score of bowel function assessment were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. Outcomes of 6 and 7 weeks were significantly different from those of pre-experiment. After all session of treatment, anxiety states were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. Outcomes of 7 weeks were significantly different from those of pre-experiment. After all session of treatment, depression states were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. Outcomes of 6 and 7 weeks were significantly different from those of pre- experiment. Conclusion: The results are suggested that the foot reflexology education program might improve the bowel function, anxiety and depression for the nursing students with constipation, anxiety and depression.