• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.380-389
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• 2022

In the Haeundae area of Busan, South Korea, damage has continued to occur recently from building wind from caused by dense skyscrapers. Five wind observation stations were installed near LCT residential towers in Haeundae to analyze the effect of building winds during typhoon Omais. The impact of building wind was analyzed through relative and absolute evaluations. At an intersection located southeast of LCT (L-2), the strongest wind speed was measured during the monitoring. The maximum average wind speed for one minute was observed to be 38.93 m/s, which is about three times stronger than at an ocean observation buoy (12.7 m/s) at the same time. It is expected that 3 to 4 times stronger wind can be induced under certain conditions compared to the surrounding areas due to the building wind effect. In a Beaufort wind scale analysis, the wind speed at an ocean observatory was mostly distributed at Beaufort number 4, and the maximum was 8. At L-2, more than 50% of the wind speed exceeded Beaufort number 4, and numbers up to 12 were observed. However, since actual measurement has a limitation in analyzing the entire range, cross-validation with computational fluid dynamics simulation data is required to understand the characteristics of building winds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2007

The eye measurement to observe the sea surface condition and estimate the wave height has been used in the open sea or the ship. The experts in the eye estimation can measure the wave height very accurately. The Beaufort wind scale is most widely used as a standard index of the eye measurement. However, more definite reference data such as the representative images by each wave heights must be necessary because the appearances and explanations in the Beaufort wind scale are not enough to understand the sea surface condition far the researcher and the public. The modern field data acquisition technique has been developed to measure wave heights, ocean weather data and even images of the sea surface in real-time. In this study, the wireless field image transmitting system for wave heights and images is installed in the real-time ocean measurement system of Chodo light tower near Sokcho city in South Korea. The wave heights and surface images acquired from the real time system in the field are compared with explanations of the Beaufort wind scale. The wave heights and images measured with the precision ultrasonic wave sensor and the scientific sea surface image transmitting system should be helpful to obtain more precise and definite information than the data from the Beaufort wind scale.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.201-208
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• 2012

Global warming due to the climate change causes environmental problems such as urban heat island (UHI), air pollutant deposition, urban heavy rainfall, etc. Urban stream plays an important role on mitigating UHI as open space as well as an ecological corridor in urban area. In order to investigate the wind characteristics of urban stream in the case of Yangjae Stream at Daechi-dong, Gangnam-gu in Seoul, the wind direction and wind speed data were observed and analyzed using a propellor type RM-Young wind monitor. The results show that the prevailing wind direction was southwest. However, easterly wind is the prevailing one between 8:00 and 12:00. Strong wind whose Beaufort scale is four or more blew frequently from 12:00 to 18:00. In terms of seasonal frequency, the spring shows the highest frequency, then winter was the next.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.303-308
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• 2006

In this paper, the authors calculated manoeuvring motions of a large container vessel approaching to the newly built container piers to get alongside to her berth in Busan harbour. The motion calculations were done by using fixed coordinate system and the object of the calculations is to check the manoeuvring motions are safe or not for berthing the large vessel to her berth. The result of calculations manifested that a large container vessel can get alongside to the piers without any difficulty under normal weather conditions by using 2 Z. Peller tug boats of 4500 H.P. each and also these demonstrated it is difficult to conduct and get her alongside to the piers under rough weather conditions of wind force 16.9m/sec or more. Under rough weather conditions of 6 by beaufort scale the average wind velocity is about 13.5m and if we add 25% increase of the normal velocity to it, the wind will becomes a gust of 16.9m/sec. So it is advisable to avoid conducting a large container vessel to the pier under the rough weather conditions of 6 or more by beaufort scale. Also, I is better to use 3 Z. peller tug boats of 4500 HP. each under the above mentioned rough weather in a case of unavoidable circumstances.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.414-425
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• 2021

Overcrowding of high-rise buildings in urban zones change the airflow pattern in the surrounding areas. This causes building wind, which adversely affects the wind environment. Building wind can generate more serious social damage under extreme weather conditions such as typhoons. In this study, to analyze the wind speed and wind speed ratio quantitatively, we installed five anemometers in Haeundae, where high-rise buildings are dense, and conducted on-site monitoring in the event of typhoon OMAIS to determine the characteristics of wind over skyscraper towers surround the other buildings. At point M-2, where the strongest wind speed was measured, the maximum average wind speed in 1 min was observed to be 28.99 m/s, which was 1.7 times stronger than that at the ocean observatory, of 17.0 m/s, at the same time. Furthermore, when the wind speed at the ocean observatory was 8.2 m/s, a strong wind speed of 24 m/s was blowing at point M-2, and the wind speed ratio compared to that at the ocean observatory was 2.92. It is judged that winds 2-3 times stronger than those at the surrounding areas can be induced under certain conditions due to the building wind effect. To verify the degree of wind speed, we introduced the Beaufort wind scale. The Beaufort numbers of wind speed data for the ocean observatory were mostly distributed from 2 to 6, and the maximum value was 8; however, for the observation point, values from 9 to 11 were observed. Through this study, it was possible to determine the characteristics of the wind environment in the area around high-rise buildings due to the building wind effect.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.503-510
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• 2007

Since 1990s many skyscrapers have been built in Seoul. However, gusty winds occur among tall buildings by descending turbulences due to the upper air blocking. This study aims to investigate the wind characteristics of skyscraper prevailing wind direction. In order to evaluate the building wind in this area, The wind speed and the wind direction were measured using propeller type RM-Young wind monitor in this study. The maximum wind speed was recorded by 15.1 m/sec and the main wind direction is WNW and NW. The ultimate purpose of this study is to figure out the phenomena of building wind impact and also to provide essential basic data for establishing proper guidelines in building wind impact assessment for skyscrapers in Korea.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.163-166
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• 2003

The seasonal mean wind direction and wind speed in a greater coasting area are investigated using the ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) data for 11 years from 1985 to 1995. In winter, the main wind direction in Korea and vicinity, Taiwan and vicinity, and the North Pacific Ocean of middle latitudes is a northwesterly wind, northeasterly wind, and westerly wind respectively. The wind speed is strongest in the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the North Pacific Ocean of low latitudes(Beaufort wind scale 5-6). A distribution pattern of wind direction in spring and fall is similar to that in winter. Seasonal mean wind speed is strongest in winter and the next is fall. The wind speed in summer is generally weak. However, that in the Indochina and vicinity is strong by the influence of Asian monsoon.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

The safety and stability of 5MW class offshore wind turbine Jack-up platform was investigated through ocean basin experiment. For simulating the environmental condition of yellow sea in the South Korea, diverse waves, winds and currents were performed based on Froude's number. Regular wave and irregular wave based on Froude's number were applied to the wind turbine structure. In experiments, the height and period of regular wave type were scaled down as the 1:50 ratio of real wave condition. Irregular wave type was simulated with TMA(Texel Storm, Marsen and Arsloe)spectrum. The vertical reaction force, resonance period and wave pressure applied to multi-supporters of wind offshore structure were measured experimentally. Finally, the results showed that the capsizing situation of the offshore structure was generated by the severe environmental condition.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.633-645
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• 2017

This study proposes a statistical procedure for analyzing container ship operation data that can help determine fuel consumption patterns. We first investigate the features that affect fuel consumption and develop the prediction model to find current fuel consumption. The ship data can be divided into two-type data. One set of operation data includes sea route, voyage information, longitudinal water speed, longitudinal ground speed, and wind, the other includes machinery data such as engine power, rpm, fuel consumption, temperature, and pressure. In this study, we separate the effects of external force on ships according to Beaufort Scale and apply a partial least squares regression to develop a prediction model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.13 no.2 s.29
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

In this paper, the authors calculated maneuvering motions of a large container vessel approaching to the newly built container piers to get alongside to her berth in Busan harbour. The motion calculations were done by using fixed coordinate system and the object of the calculations is to check the maneuvering motions are safe or not for berthing the large vessel to her berth. The result of calculations manifested that a large container vessel can get alongside to the piers without any difficulty under normal weather conditions by using 2 Z. Peller tug boats of 4500 H.P. each and also these demonstrated it is difficult to conduct and get her alongside to the piers under rough weather conditions of wind force 16.9m/sec or more. Under rough weather conditions of 6 by Beaufort scale the average wind velocity is about 13.5m and if we add 25% increase of the normal velocity to it, the wind will becomes a gust of 16.9m/sec. So it is advisable to avoid conducting a large container vessel to the pier under the rough weather conditions of 6 or more by Beaufort scale. Also, it is better to use 3 Z. peller tug boats of 4500 H.P. each under the above mentioned rough weather in a case of unavoidable circumstances.