• 대한조선학회 특별논문집
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• 대한조선학회 2006년도 특별논문집
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• pp.112-121
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• 2006

The vertical displacement of a ship on the basis of the sea level is an important parameter for its stability and control. To indicate the displacement on operating conditions, "draft marks" are carved on the hull of the ship in various ways. One of the methods is welding. The position, shape and size of the marks are specified on the shipbuilding rules by classification societies to be checked by shipbuilders. In most cases, high-skilled workers do the welding along the drawing for the marks and welding bead becomes the marks. But the inaccuracies due to human errors and high labor cost increase the needs for automating the work process of the draft marks. In the preceding work, an indoor robot was developed for automatic marking system on flat surfaces and the work proved that the robot welding was more effective and accurate than manual welding. However, many parts of the hull structure constructed at the outdoor are cowed shapes, which is beyond the capability of the robot developed for the indoor works on the flat surface. The marking on the curved steel surface requiring the 25m elevations is one of the main challenges to the conventional robots. In the present paper, the robot capable of climbing vertical curved steel surfaces and performing the welding at the marked position by effectively solving the problems mentioned earlier is presented.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1195-1203
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• 2012

용접은 대형구조물을 제작할 때 영구적 접합을 위해서 많이 사용하는 공정이다. 용접부는 용융부, 부분용융부, 열영향부로 나누어지며 각각의 영역들은 다른 재료물성을 가지게 된다. 또한 용접부는 용접비드 형상에 따라 기계적 신뢰성이 많이 차이 난다. 따라서 정밀한 구조해석을 수행하기 위해서는 이러한 국부적인 용접부의 특성을 잘 고려해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 용접부의 효과적인 모델링 방법에 대하여 제안하고자 한다. 특히 하중을 받는 구조물에 잘 일어나는 세 가지 변형모드(인장모드, 굽힘모드, T-굽힘모드)에 대하여 용접부를 정밀하게 모델링하는 방법을 제안하였다. 대형구조물의 구조해석을 통하여 제안된 모델링 방법이 변형, 응력분포 등을 좀 더 정밀하게 묘사해 줌을 해석적으로 확인하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2016

The first part of this study found the tendencies of the mechanical properties of two arctic structural steels (EH32 and FH32). In the second part, the crashworthiness of stiffened panels scaled down from the side frame structure of a Korean research icebreaker was determined. A procedure for designing the shapes and sizes of the stiffened panels, mass and shape of a drop striker, and a large temperature chamber, and then manufacturing these, is introduced in detail. From impact bending tests for the stiffened panels, the residual permanent deformations and deformation histories over time were captured using manual measurement and video image analyses. Numerical simulations of the impact bending tests were carried out for three different finite element models, which were mainly composed of shell elements, solid elements, and solid elements, with welding beads. It was proven from a comparison of the test results and numerical simulation results that the solid element model with the welding bead consideration approached the test results in terms of the residual deformations as long as the strain rate effect was taken into account.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.415-422
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• 2019

Retroreflection of vehicle headlights, as induced by spherical glass beads, is a key optical phenomenon that provides road-surface markings with greatly enhanced visibility, thus better securing a driver's safety in the nighttime as well as in unclear daytime. Retroreflectance of glass beads is a quite sensitive function of their refractive index, so that measurement of the refractive index of glass specifically in the shape of spherical beads needs to be performed within a reasonable uncertainty that is tolerable for road-marking applications. The Becke line method has been applied in assessing refractive index of such glass beads as e.g. an industrial standard in the Republic of Korea; however, the reference refractive-index liquids are not commercially available these days for refractive index greater than 1.80 due to the toxicity of the constituent materials. As such, high-refractive-index glass beads require an alternate method, and in this regard we propose a practically serviceable technique with uncertainty tantamount to that of the Becke line method: Based on comparison of calculated and measured retroreflectance values of commercial glass beads, we discover that their refractive index can be determined with reasonable precision via the retroreflectance measurement. Specifically, in this study the normalized retroreflectance originating from a single glass sphere is computed as a function of refractive index using the Fresnel equations, which is then validated as coinciding well with retroreflectance values measured from actual specimens, i.e. glass-bead aggregates. The uncertainties involved are delineated in connection with radius and imperfections of the glass beads.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.503-517
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 dimensional contoured pillow through analyzing contact pressure and to suggest its design guidelines through analyzing the posture of head and neck area. Background: The quality of sleep is a very important factor closely related with human's health. To improve the quality of sleep, the verification of design factors affecting the posture of the head and neck is needed, and a pillow design that can induce proper posture is required. Method: This study measured the contact pressures of the two reference groups (bead and cotton pillows) as a method to evaluate the design effectiveness of the contoured pillow. This study proposed 3-dimensional design guidelines by drawing anthropometry (head length) affecting cervical curvature angle (CCA) through the measurement of the participants' cervical curvature angles. Results: In the design effectiveness evaluation, the contact pressure of cervical region was higher than that of a reference group (cotton pillow), and contract area increased, and contract pressure decreased in the shape distributing the occipital region's body pressure. This study proposed pillow's cervical supporting height by percentile of a head length [head length (%tile) (cervical supporting height) affecting the posture of the head and neck: 14.6cm (5%tile) (6.2cm), 15.5cm (25%tile) (6.7cm), 16.4cm (50%tile) (7.1cm), and 19.3cm (75%tile) (8.9cm)]. Conclusion: This study confirmed the contoured pillow's design effectiveness maintaining cervical angle comfortable to sleep with the shape supporting the cervical vertebrae and by reducing the contact load of the occipital region. Also, this study proposed pillow design guidelines based on the 3-dimensional contoured pillow design effectiveness, through which the study laid the foundation for pillow design in a systematic method. Application: The results of this study are expected to be utilized as the basis data by which the optimum pillow type and pillow design according to main percentile can be standardized.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제30권
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• pp.71-88
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• 2023

조선시대 유리구슬의 가시적 특성과 화학 조성을 알아보고 그에 따른 연관성을 알아보았다. 또한 권역에 따른 특성에 대하여 고찰하였다. 연구 대상은 경기, 충청, 경상권역 25개소에서 출토된 1,819점으로 이 중에서 화학 조성 분석은 537점을 실시하였다. 조선시대 유리구슬은 크게 둥근형, 코일형, 꽃잎형, 연주형, 납작형, 대추형과 표주박형 구슬 등의 형태가 나타난다. 색상은 크게 갈색계(갈색, 담황색), 청색계(청록색, 벽색, 감청색), 백색계(무색, 백색), 녹색계(녹색, 녹청색, 녹갈색) 등이 나타난다. 갈색이 가장 많은 수량을 차지하고 다음으로 청록색과 벽색이 주로 확인된다. 조선시대 유리구슬 제작기법은 대표적으로 말은 기법이 확인된다. 유리구슬의 융제는 주로 K₂O가 사용되었고, 포타쉬유리군, 알칼리혼합유리군 등이 가장 많은 수량을 차지한다. 안정제는 융제의 종류에 따라 다르긴 하나 주로 CaO와 Al₂O₃가 사용되었다. 포타쉬유리군과 포타쉬납유리군은 HCLA계, 알칼리혼합유리군은 HCA계. 이와 반대로 납유리군은 LCA계에 속한다. 색상과 형태의 연관성으로 갈색계와 청색계는 둥근형이 가장 많으며 청색계는 코일형이 두드러지게 나타난다. 녹색계와 무색계도 코일의 비중이 높고 백색은 꽃잎형의 비중이 높다. 형태와 화학 조성에 대한 연관성으로 둥근형, 꽃잎형, 연주형은 포타쉬유리군이, 코일형과 납작형은 알칼리혼합유리군의 수량이 많다. 색상과 화학조성의 연관성으로 각 색상의 착색제에 대하여 알아보았다. 갈색과 백색은 Fe, 담황색은 Ti, Fe가 착색제로 작용하였다. 감청색은 Co가, 벽색과 청록색, 녹색, 녹청색은 Fe와 Cu가 작용하였으며, 무색은 착색제의 성분함량이 대체적으로 낮은 편이다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.280-285
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• 1996

The sustained release dosage form which delivers melatonin (MT) in a circadian fashion over 8 h is of clinical value for those who have disordered circadian rhythms because of its short halflife. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the gelling properties and release characteristics of alginate beads varying multivalent cationic species $(Al^{+++}, \; Ba^{++}, \; Ca^{++}, \; Mg^{++}, \; Fe^{+++}, \; Zn^{++})$. The surface morphologies of Ca- and Ba-alginate beads were also studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). MT, an indole amide pineal hormone was used as a model drug. The $Ca^{++}, \; Ba^{++}, \; Zn^{++}, \; Al^{++}\; and\; Fe^{+++}\; ions\; except\; Mg^{++}$ induced gelling of sodium alginate. The strength of multivalent cationic alginate beads was as follows: $Al^{+++}\llFe^{+++} the induced hydrogel beads were very fragile and less spherical. Fe-alginate beads were also fragile but stronger compared to Al-alginate beads. Ba-alginate beads had a similar gelling strength but was less spherical when compared to Ca-alginate beads. Zn-alginate beads were weaker than Ca- and Ba-alginate beads. Very crude and rough crystals of Ba- and Ca-alginate beads at higher magnifications were observed. However, the type and shape of rough crystals of Ba- and Ca-alginate beads were quite different. No significant differences in release profiles from MT-loaded multivalent cationic alginate beads were observed in the gastric fluid. Most drugs were continuously released upto 80% for 5 h, mainly governed by the passive diffusion without swelling and disintegrating the alginate beads. In the intestinal fluid, there was a significant difference iq the release profiles of MT-loaded multivalent cationic alginate beads. The release rate of Ca-alginate beads was faster when compared to other multivalent cationic alginate beads and was completed for 3 h. Ba-alginate beads had a very long lag time (7 h) and then rapidly released thereafter. MT was continuously released from Feand Zn-alginate beads with initial burstout release. It is assumed that the different release rofiles of multivalent cationic alginate beads resulted from forces of swelling and disintegration of alginate beads in addition to passive diffusion, depending on types of multivalent ions, gelling strength and drug solubility. It was estimated that 0.2M $CaCl_2$ concentration was optimal in terms of trapping efficiency of MT and gelling strength of Ca-alginate beads. In the gastric fluid, Ca-alginate beads gelled at 0.2 M $CaCl_2$ concentration had higher bead strength, resulting in the most retarded release when compared to other concentrations. In the intestinal fluid, the decreased release of Ca-alginate beads prepared at 0.2 M $CaCl_2$ concentration was also observed. However, release profiles of Ca-alginate beads were quite similar regardless of $CaCl_2$ concentration. Either too low or high $CaCl_2$ concentrations may not be useful for gelling and curing of alginate beads. Optimal $CaCl_2$ concentrations must be decided in terms of trapping efficiency and release and profiles of drug followed by curing time and gelling strength of alginate beads.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.645-650
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• 1998

The dual drug-loaded alginate beads simultaneously containing drug in inner and outer layers were prepared by dropping plain (single-layered) alginate beads into $CaCl_2$ solution. The release characteristics were evaluated in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h followed by intestinal fluids thereafter for 12 h. The surface morphology and cross section of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The poorlv water-soluble ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The surface of single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads showed very crude and roughness, showing aggregated particles, surface cracks and rough crystals. The thickness of dual drug-loaded alginate beads surrounded by outer layer was ranged from about 57 to 329mcm. The distinct chasm between inner and outer layers was also observed. In case of single-layered alginate bead, the drug was not released in gastric fluid but was largely released in intestinal fluid. However, the release rate decreased as the reinforcing $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ polymer contents increased. When the plasticizers were added into polymer, the release rate largely decreased. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was stable in gastric fluid for 2 h but largely increased when switched in intestinal fluid. The drug linearly released for 4 h followed by another linear release thereafter, showing a distinct biphasic release characteristics. There was a difference in the release profiles between single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads due to their structural shape. However, this biphasic release profiles were modified by varying formulation compositions of inner and outer layer of alginate beads. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads slightly decreased when the outer layer was reinforced with $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS1OO polymers. In case of dual drug-loaded alginate beads with polymer-reinforced outer layer only, the initial amount of druc released was low but the initial release rate (slope) was higher due to more swellable inner cores when compared to polymer-reinforced inner cores. The current dual drug-loaded alginate beads may be used to deliver the drugs in a time dependent manner.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2012

Welding is an essential process in the automotive industry. Most welding processes that are used for auto body are spot welding and $CO_2$ welding are used in a small part. In production field, $CO_2$ welding process is decreased and spot welding process is increased due to welding quality is poor and defects are occurred in $CO_2$ welding process frequently. But $CO_2$ welding process should be used at robot interference parts and closed parts where spot welding couldn't. Because of the 0.65mm ~ 2.0mm thickness steel sheet were used in the automotive industry, poor quality of welding area such as burn through and under fill were happened frequently in $CO_2$ process. In this paper, we will study about the penetration depth which gives a huge impact on burn through changing a degree of base metal, welding position and torch angle. Voltage, current and welding speed were fixed but degree of base metal, welding position and torch angle were changed. And Cold- Rolled(CR) steel sheet was used. Penetration depth was analysed by multiple regression analysis to derive approximate calculations. And reliability of approximate calculations were confirmed through additional experiments. As the results of this research, we confirmed the effect of torch and plate angle to bead shape. And we present a possibility that can simulate more accurate to weld geometry, as deduced the verification equations that has tolerance of less than 21.69%.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2005

악하선의 미세구조와 조직화학적 특성을 우수리땃쥐 Crocidura lasiura에서 연구하였다. 악하선은 장액선세포와 점액선세포로 구성된 혼합샘이었다. 이 샘포에서 분비된 과립들은 사이관, 과립관 그리고 줄무늬관을 거쳐 구강으로 분비되었다. 장액선세포, 점액선세포 그리고 과립관세포들은 많은 양의 조면소포체, 유리 리보솜 그리고 현저히 발달된 골지체를 기저부에, 많은 양의 과립을 정점부에 가지고 있었다. 타원형의 장액선 과립은 균질하게 밝은 구형 구슬모양을 중앙에 가지고 있었다. 점액선 과립은 균질하게 밝은 기질 내에 몇 개의 전자밀도가 있는 띠를 가짐으로서 다양한 문양을 가져 다른 포유류의 것과 구분되었다. 장액성의 분비과립과 땃쥐류, Suncus murinus와 C. dsinezumi에서 보고된 특징적 구조인 미엘린소체가 과립관세포의 세포질과 내강에서 관찰되었다. 줄무늬관세포는 많은 잘 발달된 미토콘드리아를 가지고 있었지만 분비과립은 전혀 관찰되지 않았다.