• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.151-152
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• 2007

ACP(Advanced Spent Fuel Conditioning Process)의 금속전환로에 $U_{3}O_{8}$을 공급하기 위하여 20 kgHM/batch의 $UO_{2}$ 펠릿(pellets)을 처리할 수 있는 공기산화로가 개발되고 있다. 그림 1은 산소농도 조절이 가능한 공기산화로이다. 공기산화로 이전의 공정인 슬리팅 장치에서 탈피복된 $UO_{2}$ 펠릿은 공기산화로로 운반되고, $500^{\circ}C$온도에서 공기를 공급하여 일정한 입도범위의 균질한 $U_{3}O_{8}$을 만든다. 그리고 다음공정의 금속전환장치로 이동된다. 본 논문에서는 모의연료의 산화에 대한 정확한 산소농도를 측정하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 갈바닉 센서와 지르코니움 센서가 사용되었고, 그 특성이 비교되었다. 14종의 금속 산화물이 혼합된 모의연료를 제조하여 산화실험이 수행되었으며, 시간변화에 따라 산소농도가 측정되었다. 산소농도 컨트롤러와 산소 센서를 사용한 공기산화로는 산소조절기에 의해 산소농도 100%까지 측정될 수 있다. 그림 2는 공기산화로의 산소농도를 조절할 수 있는 산소농도 측정시스템이다. 유량조절기(Mass Flow Controller)를 사용하여 질소와 산소의 혼합비를 변화시킬 수 있다. 또한 산소농도 측정시스템은 측정된 산소농도 값을 이용하여 $UO_{2}$의 산화시간을 계산하기 위하여 제작하였다. 산화시간 계산방법은 다음과 같다. 산소와 질소의 가스는 각각 40 L의 압력 봄베에 의해서 산소농도를 조절할 수 있는 공기산화로의 산소농도 측정시스템 안으로 유입된다. 유입된 산소와 질소의 배합은 컨트롤시스템 안에 있는 산소 유량조절기와 질소 유량 조절기를 사용하여 조절하며, 일정하게 혼합된 산소농도는 장치의 입구와 출구에서 산소 센서에 의해서 측정된다. 투입된 $UO_{2}$ 펠릿이 $500^{\circ}C$에서 반응하면서 공기산화로의 내부에 있는 산소농도가 감소된다. 이때 초기에 같았던 입력과 출력 농도가 시간의 흐름에 따라 감소되며, 펠릿이 완전히 산화됨과 동시에 출력 산소농도가 입력농도와 다시 같아질 때까지 소요된 구간이 산화시간이 된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2000

An improved method of refolding recombinant human proinsulin from E. coli was presented. It was based on a two-stage stirred tank reactor in which denatured proinsulin-s-sulfonate was mixed instantaneously with a reaction buffer in the first stage reactor, and then fed to the second stage reactor. The mixture was stirred further for a total of 30h in the second stage reactor. In this system, unfavorable effects present due to the increase in reaction volume and protein concentration for protein refolding, which becomes significant in a large-scale operation, were avoided. Refolding yields of over 80% was obtained for achieving reaction volume of upto 50 l at protein concentration of 1 mg/ml. The optimum urea concentration was 1M. Refolding yield at the 1-1 reaction volume and protein concentration of 0.5mg/ml was increased about 2.5-fold, compared to that in a batch reactor. By increasing protein concentration in a two-stage refolding reaction, the cost for insulin production could be reduced, therefore, making this process economical.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.201-206
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• 2018

Recently, as technologies for realizing artificial intelligence have become more common, machine learning is widely used. Machine learning provides insight into collecting large amounts of data, batch processing, and taking final action, but the effects of the work are not immediately integrated into the learning process. In this paper proposed an adaptive learning model to improve the performance of real-time stream analysis as a big business issue. Adaptive learning generates the ensemble by adapting to the complexity of the data set, and the algorithm uses the data needed to determine the optimal data point to sample. In an experiment for six standard data sets, the adaptive learning model outperformed the simple machine learning model for classification at the learning time and accuracy. In particular, the support vector machine showed excellent performance at the end of all ensembles. Adaptive learning is expected to be applicable to a wide range of problems that need to be adaptively updated in the inference of changes in various parameters over time.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2006

In semiconductor process, it is so hard to predict an exact failure point of the vacuum pump due to its harsh operation conditions and nonlinear properties, which may causes many problems, such as production of inferior goods or waste of unnecessary materials. Therefore it is very urgent and serious problem to develop diagnostic models which can monitor the operation conditions appropriately and recognize the failure point exactly, indicating when to replace the vacuum pump. In this study, many influencing factors are totally considered and eventually the monitoring model using multivariate statistical methods is suggested. The pivotal algorithms are Multiway Principal Component Analysis(MPCA), Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm(DTW Algorithm), etc.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2011

Transport of heavy metals such as Cd is affected by several rate-limiting processes including adsorption and desorption by exchange reactions in soils. In this study, column transport and batch kinetic experiments were performed to assess Cd mobility in a double-layered soil with a reclaimed saline and sodic soil (SSS) as top soil and macroporous granule (MPG) as a bottom layer. For individual soil layer having different physical and chemical properties, Cd was considered to be nonlinear reactivity with the soil matrix in layered soils. The dispersive equation for reactive solutes was solved with three types of boundary conditions for the interface between soil layers. The adsorption of Cd with respect to the saline-sodic sandy loam and the MPG indicated that the nature of the sites or the mechanisms involved in the sorption process of Cd was different and the amounts of Cd for both of samples increases with increasing amounts of equilibrium concentration whereas the amount of Cd adsorbed in saline-sodic sandy loam soil was higher than that in MPG. The results of breakthrough curve indicating relative Cd retardation accompanied by layer material and sequence during leaching showed that the number of pore volumes to reach the maximum relative concentration of 1 increased in the order of MPG, SSS, and double layer of SSS-MPG. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) from column experiments were well predicted with our double-layered model where independently derived solute physical and retention parameters were implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.29A no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1992

Several etching phenomena were observed and analyzed in diaphragm process performed on 4-inch (100) Si wafers for sensor application. In case of deep etching to above 300$\mu$m depth, the etch-defects appeared at etched surface could be classified into three categories such as hillocks, reaction products, and white residues. It was known that the hillock had a pyramidal shape or trapizoidal hexahedron structure depending on the density and size of the reaction products. The IR spectra showed that the white residue, which was due to the local over-saturation of Si dissolved in solution, was mostly Si-N-O compounds mixed with a small amount of H and C etc. Also, the difference in both the existence of etch-defects and etch rate distribution over a whole wafer was investigated when the etched surfaces were downward, upward horizontally and erective in etching solutions. The obtained data were analyzed through flow pattern in the etching bath. As the results, the downward and erective postures were favorable in the etch rate uniformity and the etch-defect removal, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1062-1067
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• 1994

The chemistry of 5-methyl-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ester synthesis involves three distinct reaction steps. Of these the rate of formation of diketone was found to be a function of oxime and HCl concentration and temperature by the batch experiment. The decomposition of diketone was found to be a slow process whereas temperature was the only variable to affect it significantly. An empirical rate expression for the net formation of diketone fits the experminetal data satisfactorily. The principal objectives of this study are to study the kinetics of the diketone formation reaction and to develop the empirical rate expression.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1997

Heavy metal adsorption by microbial cells is an alternative to conventional methods of heavy metal removal and recovery from metal-bearing wastewater The waste Sac-chuomyces cerevisiae is an inexpensive, relatively available source of biomass for heavy metal biosorption. Biosorption was investigated by free and immobilized-S. cerevisiae. The order of biosorption capacity was Pb>Cu>Cd with batch system. The biosorption parameters had been determined for Pb with free , cells according to the Freundlich and Langmuir model. It was found that the data fitted reasonably well to the Freundlich model. The selective uptake of immobilized-S. cerevisiae was observed when all the metal ions were dissolved in a mixed metals solution(Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd). The biosorption of mixed metals solution by immobilized-cell was studied in packed bed reactor. The Pb uptake was Investigated in particular, as it represents one of the most widely distributed heavy metals in water. We also tested the desorption of Pb from immobilized-cell by us- ing HCI, $H_2SO_4$ and EDTA.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.743-751
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the adsorption potential of chicken feathers for the removal of OrangeII (AO7) from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were performed as a function of different experimental parameters such as initial pH, reaction time, feather dose, initial OrangeII concentration and temperature. The highest OrangeII uptake was observed at pH 1.0. Most of the OrangeII was adsorbed at 2 h and an adsorption equilibrium was reached at 6 h. As the amount of chicken feather was increased, the removal efficiency of OrangeII increased up to 99%, but its uptake decreased. By increasing the initial concentration and temperature, OrangeII uptake was increased. The experimental adsorption isotherm exhibited a better fit with the Langmuir isotherm than with the Freundlich isotherm, and maximum adsorption capacity from the Langmuir constant was determined to be 0.179244 mmol/g at $30^{\circ}C$. The adsorption energy obtained from the Dubinin-Radushkevich model was 7.9 kJ/mol at $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ which indicates the predominance of physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters such as ${\Delta}G^0$, ${\Delta}H^0$, and ${\Delta}S^0$ were -12.28 kJ/mol, 20.64 kJ/mol and 112.32 J/mol K at $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. This indicates that the process of OrangeII adsorption by chicken feathers was spontaneous and endothermic. Our results suggest that as a low-cost biomaterials, chicken feather is an attractive candidate for OrangeII removal from aqueous solutions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2012

In the present study, the biomass productivity of two green microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Dunaliella salina DCCBC2) were assessed in a 12 L tubular photobioreactor under optimum culture conditions. In the batch culture optimization process, the Chlorella sp. biomass was obtained as 1.2 g/L under atmospheric air as a sole $CO_2$ source and other culture conditions as follows: light intensity, temperature, pH, $NH_4Cl$ and $K_2HPO_4$ were 100 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$, $27^{\circ}C$, 7.0, 20.0 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively. On the other hand, 2.9 g/L of D. salina DCCBC2 biomass production was observed under the following conditions: light intensity, temperature, pH, $KNO_3$ and $K_2HPO_4$were 80 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$, $27^{\circ}C$, 8.0, 3.0 mM and 0.025 mM, respectively. At 1% $CO_2$ supply to the reactor, the Chlorella sp. production was reached 1.53 g/L with 25% increment under the same operating conditions. In addition, the maximum D. salina DCCBC2 biomass was observed as 3.40 g/L at 3% $CO_2$ concentration. Based on the aforementioned optimized conditions, the dilution rate and maximal biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. and D. salina DCCBC2 in the continuous cultivation were 0.4/d and 0.6 g/L/d and 0.6/d and 1.5 g/L/d, respectively.