• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.596-604
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• 2022

Objective: To investigate the effects of enzyme-bacteria co-fermented feed on broilers, the basal diet (BF) was pretreated by microbial enzyme co-fermentation, and then different proportions of BF were replaced to study its effects on growth performance, nutrient metabolism and cecal microflora of broilers. Methods: Four hundred and eighty 1-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups. The control group was fed with BF, and groups 1 to 4 were treated with dried fermented feed (DFF) instead of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% the BF, and group 5 was treated with wet fermented feed (WFF) instead of 10% the BF, named BF, 10% DFF, 15% DFF, 20% DFF, 25% DFF, and 10% WFF, respectively. The trial period was 42 days. Results: The results showed that the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of 10% DFF, 15% DFF, and 10% WFF groups were significantly higher than those of the control group at 22 to 42 days and 1 to 42 days (p<0.05). Except for 10% DFF group, Firmicutes of all treatment were higher than that of control group. The Bacteroides of each treatment group were lower than that of the control group (p>0.05). At the same time, the nutrient apparent metabolic rate and cecal microbial abundance of each treatment group had an increasing trend (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the feed fermented by enzyme and bacteria had a potential promoting effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2024

Purpose: Zinc is involved in regulating homeostasis and metabolism in the body, and understanding these processes is important for estimating intake requirements. This review aimed to assist in setting the standards for Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs, 2025) for zinc by examining specific factors associated with role of zinc in the body and using the factorial analysis method. Methods: We reviewed the zinc-specific factors that should be considered when setting the required zinc intake to maintain zinc homeostasis in the body and used the factorial analysis method for estimating zinc requirements for different population groups. Results: Factorial analysis involves estimating the required intake based on various factors that affect zinc metabolism and requirements. The key components and steps involved in determining the zinc dietary reference intake (DRI), particularly the estimated average requirement (EAR), include: 1) Estimating basal requirements, which involves calculating the amount of zinc needed to replace natural losses through the intestinal (feces) and non-intestinal (urine, skin and other body secretions) routes, 2) Accounting for the various biomarkers related to metabolic functions of zinc, 3) Considering physiological requirements for zinc, such as those for growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation since zinc is essential for DNA and protein synthesis, and 4) Estimating the dietary absorption rate of zinc. Conclusion: The factorial analysis for zinc requirement is based on scientific evidence and is tailored to meet the requirements of different population groups, ensuring optimal health and preventing deficiency. It includes considerations of physiological needs, dietary absorption, and population-specific characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.89-95
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• 1985

Two experiments were undertaken to study the growth promoting effect of Spiramycin and Virginiamycin at the level of 5ppm each. In the first experiment, 180 day - old male broiler chickens (Maniker parent stock) were divided into 18 groups of 10 birds each. Six groups were placed on one of the three experimental diets (Nonmedicated control, Spiramycin supplemented diet and Virginiamycin supplemented diet). Basal diet of Experiment 1 contained 21.9% crude protein and 3159kcal /kg diet. Second experiment employed same treatments as were used in the Experiment 1. Ninety male and 90 female day-old broiler chickens(Maniker commercial) were grouped by 10 birds of sane sex in each and assigned to 3${\times}$2 factorial design. Basal diet of Experiment 2 contained 19.95% crude protein and 2931kcal/kg diet. Chicks were fed for six weeks in battery with raised floor and kept further for metabolic trials. The results of feeding trials showed that there were no statistically significant differences between treatments in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality. However, birds fed Antibiotic B supplemented diet grew approximately 3% more than the control in Experiment 1 and than those fed Antibiotic A supplemented diet in Experiment 2. Feed efficiency was also improved by supplementing Antibiotic B in both experiments. There were significant(P〈0.01) differences between sexes in growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency. Birds fed Antibiotic B supplemented diet of Experiment 1 showed significantly (P〈0.01) greater availability for crude fat than those fed other diets. Birds fed Antiobiotic A supplemented diet in Experiment 1 showed significantly (P〈0.05) lower availability of crude fiber than those of other treatments. Weight of small intestine of birds fed Antibiotic B tended to be heavier than those fed other diets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O₂ consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO₂ and VCO₂. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg^0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg^0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2010

The effects of different levels of natural clay enterosorbent on the growth, nutrient availability, and genital organs of post-weaning female pigs fed with an addition of zearalenone (ZEA) were investigated in the study. A total of thirty-five post-weaning gilts ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$) with an average body weight of 12.36${\pm}$1.46 kg were used in the test. The gilts were raised individually in metabolism cages and fed a corn-soybean meal-whey basal diet with an addition of 0 or 1 mg/kg of ZEA for 24 d with four levels of natural clay enterosorbent added in the feed. The treatments were: i) control; ii) control+2.5 g/kg clay; iii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA; iv) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+1.25 g/kg clay; v) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+2.5 g/kg clay; vi) control+1 mg/kg ZEA+5.0 g/kg clay; vii) control+1 mg/kg ZEA +10 g/kg clay. Pigs fed diets contaminated with additional purified ZEA had significantly reduced apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE) and apparent metabolic rate of GE (ME/GE, p<0.05) without changes of net protein utilization (NPU, p>0.05). Final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), vulva length, vulva width, vulva area, relative weights of genital organ and proliferative changes of the ovary tissues in gilts fed ZEA-contaminated diet were increased (p<0.05) compared to the gilts fed the control diet. Addition of natural clay enterosorbent in the ZEA-contaminated diet showed a positive protection effect on ZEA feeding, and the protection was increased linearly or quadratically as clay content increased. However, in pigs fed a diet with clay alone at 2.5 g/kg level there was no significant impact (p>0.05) on all the parameters as compared to the control. It is suggested that feeding ZEA at about 1.0 mg/kg for 24 days might result in a deleterious effect in pigs, and addition of 5 or 10 g clay enterosorbent per kg diet can effectively neutralize the detrimental effects of the ZEA feeding.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.121-138
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• 2011

This research examined the amounts and methods change of recommended energy intake(REI) from 1962's recommended dietary intakes for Korean to 2010's dietary reference intakes for Koreans. REI is composed of 3 factors, such basal metabolic rate(or Resting Energy Expenditure, REE), activity energy, and thermogenic effect of foods. The first 1962 calculation formula of REI was weight based formula, that of 95's was the weight based REE multiplied by activity coefficient, and the recent one of 2005's(Estimated Energy Requirement: EER) was age, height. weight, and the activity level applying formula derived from the energy expenditure data by doubly labeled water technique(DLW). During the 50 years or so, REIs were reduced in all age groups, according to the activity(labor) strength and hour were reduced. The individual REI calculation method was introduced in 1995, and individual REI calculation was recommended since to prevent obesity. For the better REI estimation for Koreans, REI calculation formula derived from our peoples' DLW energy expenditure data is required.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2016

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of hemoglobin (Hb) on bone mineral density (BMD) in university students by performing a quantitative analysis. The subjects included healthy university students aged 20 to 30 years. Although osteoporosis has traditionally been considered as a disease of aging women, it is becoming an increasingly concerning male health problem. Diagnosis of osteoporosis is calculated with a quantitative assessment of BMD. Laboratory blood and urine tests are mainly used with low BMD or fragility fractures to identify any possible causes of bone metabolism disorders. In this study, there was no difference in BMD according to gender. The average red blood cell (RBC), Hb, and Hematocrit (HCT) were significantly higher in males (p<0.01). The correlation between lumbar spine, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) was statistically significant (p<0.01). Hb showed a 51.7% statistical influence on BMD by multiple regression analysis. These findings are useful to understand the relationship between BMD and Hb; lower Hb level is associated with lower BMD. The Hb level was the strongest predictor of abnormal BMD. In conclusion, this study showed that a low Hb value was significantly correlated with low bone mass, suggesting that a low Hb value is a risk factor for changes in bone turnover that leads to a decrease bone density.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 1969

A clinical analysis was made on 161 cases of hyperthyroidism seen at the Radioisotope Laboratory of Kyungpook National University Hospital. This series consisted of 144 cases of diffuse goiter and 17 cases of nodular goiter. 1) Hyperthyroidism was most prevalent in the 4th decade and male to female ratio was 1:4.6. 2) Cardinal symptoms in the order of frequency were weakness, easy fatigability, palpitation, weight loss, nervousness, perspiration, heat intolerance, increased appetite, insomnia and dysmenorrhea. 3) Major physical findings in the order of frequency were goiter, fine tremor, tachycardia, wide pulse pressure, emaciation, warm moist skin, exophthalmos, systolic hypertension and atrial fibrillation. 4) The complications were ophthalmopathy (34.2%), thyrotoxic heart disease (5.6%), thyroid crisis (1 case), pretibial myxedema (1 case) and thyrotoxic myopathy (1 case). 5) Mean values of the six hour and twenty-four hour $^{131}I$ uptakes by the thyroid glands were 67.5% and 71.6%, respectively, in diffuse goiter and 64.5% and 65.0%, respectively, in nodular goiter. 6) Mean values of twenty-four hour $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were 76.3% in diffuse goiter and 70.2% in nodular goiter and those of the basal metabolic rate was +51% in the former and +41% in the latter. Mean serum cholesterol level was 152mg% in diffuse goiter and that in nodular goiter was 175mg%. 7) Among the 134 cases treated with $^{131}I$, 66 cases (49.3%) were successful1y controlled with single dose and in the majority of the cases the initial therapeutic dose required was $4.1{\sim}5.0mC$ in diffuse goiter and $5.1{\sim}6.0mC$ in nodular goiter. 8) With $^{131}I$ treatment the symptoms improved in the following order: heat intolerance, emaciation, nervousness, insomnia, easy fatigability, weakness, fine tremor, goiter, perspiration, exertional dyspnea and palpitation. And in a few cases improvement of even exophthalmos was seen. 9) Following $^{131}I$ treatment myxedema occurred in 4 cases (3%) and reccurrence in 9 cases (6.8%).

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effect of oriental medical treatment on aged female obese patient. Methods : We experienced an aged female obese patient. We applied herbal medication(Choweseuncheng-tang), electrolipolysis, auricular acupuncture to her from 26th, March. 2007 to 25th, May. 2007. And we examined the changes of her weight, body composition, body size, skin resistance variability, visual analogue scale of knee pain. Results : 1. Her weight decreased from 73.5kg to 71.1kg and body mass index(BMI) decreased from $29.46kg/m^2$ to $28.11kg/m^2$. 2. Body fat mass(BFM) decreased from 25.7kg to 21.6kg but body muscle mass(BMM) increased from 45.1kg to 46.7kg. 3. Waist-hip ratio(WHR) decreased from 0.96 to 0.92. 4. Basal metabolic rate(BMR) increased from 1,273kcal to 1,314kcal. 5. The circumference of upper extremity decreased 1.03cm and lower extremity decreased 1.30cm but the circumference of the muscle of upper extremity increased 0.41cm and lower extremity increased 0.63cm. 6. The circumference of chest and hip are decreased. In addition to the circumference and fat of abdomen are decreased. 7. The visual analogue scale of knee pain is improved. Conclusions : According to above results, oriental medical treatment could be used safety to aged obese patients without loss of fat free mass. The study is more required to aged obese patient from now on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.471-477
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• 1992

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seaweed ingestion on Na, Ca and K balances in healthy male subjects and to elucidate possible hypolipidemic mechanisms. Six subjects were given a nutritionally controlled diet based on their usual intake for 5-days followed by 5 days in which seaweed was added to the basal diet. Based on the results of the study, the relation between the levels of intake and excretions in stool, urine and serum concentrations was analyzed. In this study, the ingested sodium and potassium were mostly excreted in urine. The highest the rate of urinary excretion to intake for K at 64%, followed by 56% for Na, Conversely, Ca was excreted in stool at higher rates. Analysis of the relation between the intake and excretion in stool revealed that Na and K showed a positive relation with statistical significance. There was no statistically significant relation between the intake and serum concentration of any these minerals. The levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were remarkably reduced (p<0.05) by seaweed intake. Thus, the results suggest a beneficial effect of seaweed on Na, Ca, K metabolic control and hypolipidemic mechanism of the healthy male subjects.