• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.63-68
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• 2000

This paper describes the conceptual design of new robot hand by type synthesis. The conventional robot hands with rotational movement have bad controllability because the distance between the final rotational joint and the center of things grasped is changed according to the size of things grasped. This paper uses the systematic procedure of type synthesis and the knowledge for designing robot hands. The new 6-bar Watt I type conceptual robot hand with rectilinear translational movement is proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.8 no.3 s.28
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• pp.89-96
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• 1996

The objective of this study is to investigate the structural behavior of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Column connections using reinforced bar. The parameter of specimens is the area of each reinforced bar (SD40 : D13, D16, D19, D22, D25). The simple tensile experiment is conducted to 5 kinds of specimens. Estimating the load, displacement, and strain from each kind, we compared them to basic elementary type (Flange Type, Basic Type, DPA Type, DPB Type). In each specimen, We can get the yielding load obtained by the theoretical three failure modes which make it possible to predict the experimental results. Actually, through the comparison and analysis, we come to know that the experimental results and theoretical results are nealy the same. Further, we will exert to apply the connections using reinforced bar to construction of high-rise building.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.679-695
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• 2013

In this paper, the concept of ($\bar{\in},\bar{\in}{\vee}\var{q}$)-fuzzy hyper K-subalgebras and fuzzy hyper K-subalgebras with thresholds are introduced, and related properties and characterizations are discussed.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2009

One of the limitations to conducting maize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using explants of immature zygotic embryos routinely is the availability of the explants. To produce immature embryos routinely and continuously requires a well-equipped greenhouse and laborious artificial pollination. To overcome this limitation, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system using explants of type II embryogenic calli was developed. Once the type II embryogenic calli are produced, they can be subcultured and/or proliferated conveniently. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate a stable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize using explants of type II embryonic calli and to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in order to develop herbicide-resistant maize. The type II embryogenic calli were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 carrying binary vector pTF102, and then were subsequently cultured on the following media: co-cultivation medium for 1 day, delay medium for 7 days, selection medium for $4{\times}14$ days, regeneration medium, and finally on germination medium. The T-DNA of the vector carried two cassettes (Ubi promoter-EPSPs ORF-nos and 35S promoter-bar ORF-nos). The EPSPs conferred resistance to glyphosate and bar conferred resistance to phosphinothricin. The confirmation of stable transformation and the efficiency of transformation was based on the resistance to phosphinothricin indicated by the growth of putative transgenic calli on selection medium amended with $4mg\;1^{-1}$ phosphinothricin, northern blot analysis of bar gene, and leaf painting assay for detection of bar gene-based herbicide resistance. Northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay confirmed the expression of bar transgenes in the $R_1$ generation. The average transformation efficiency was 0.60%. Based on northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay, line 31 was selected as an elite line of maize resistant to herbicide.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2014

We analyze the dependence of disk morphology (arm class, Hubble type, bar type) of nearby spiral galaxies on the galaxy environment by using local background density (${\Sigma}_n$), projected distance ($r_p$), and tidal index (T I) as measures of the environment. There is a strong dependence of arm class and Hubble type on the galaxy environment, while the bar type exhibits a weak dependence with a high frequency of SB galaxies in high density regions. Grand design fractions and early-type fractions increase with increasing ${\Sigma}_n$, $1/r_p$, and T I, while fractions of flocculent spirals and late-type spirals decrease. Multiple-arm and intermediate-type spirals exhibit nearly constant fractions with weak trends similar to grand design and early-type spirals. While bar types show only a marginal dependence on ${\Sigma}_n$, they show a fairly clear dependence on $r_p$ with a high frequency of SB galaxies at small $r_p$. The arm class also exhibits a stronger correlation with $r_p$ than ${\Sigma}_n$ and T I, whereas the Hubble type exhibits similar correlations with ${\Sigma}_n$ and $r_p$. This suggests that the arm class is mostly affected by the nearest neighbor while the Hubble type is affected by the local densities contributed by neighboring galaxies as well as the nearest neighbor.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.141-149
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• 2013

We analyze the spiral structure of 1725 nearby spiral galaxies with redshift less than 0.02. We use the color images provided by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We determine the arm classes (grand design, multiple-arm, flocculent) and the broad Hubble types (early, intermediate, late) as well as the bar types (SA, SAB, SB) by visual inspection. We find that flocculent galaxies are mostly of late Hubble type while multiple-arm galaxies are likely to be of early Hubble type. The fractional distribution of grand design galaxies is nearly constant along the Hubble type. The dependence of arm class on bar type is not as strong as that of the Hubble type. However, there is about a three times larger fraction of grand design spirals in SB galaxies than in SA galaxies, with nearly constant fractions of multiple-arm galaxies. However, if we consider the Hubble type and bar type together, grand design spirals are more frequent in early types than in late types for SA and SAB galaxies, while they are almost constant along the Hubble type for SB galaxies. There are clear correlations between spiral structures and the local background density: strongly barred, early-type, grand design spirals favor high-density regions, while non-barred, late-type, flocculent galaxies are likely to be found in low-density regions.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.811-819
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• 2003

The corrosion of steel reinforcing bar(re-bar) has been the major cause of the reinforced concrete deterioration. FRP(Fiber-reinforced polymer) reinforcing bar has emerged as one of the most promising and affordable solutions to the corrosion problems of steel reinforcement in structural concrete. However, FRP re-bar is pone to deteriorate due to other degradation mechanisms than those for steel. The high alkalinity of concrete, for instance, is a possible degradation source. Other potentially FRP re-bar aggressive environments are sea water, acid solution and fresh water/moisture. In this study long-term durability performance of FRP re-bar were evaluated. The mechanical and durability properties of two type of CFRP-, GFRP re-bar and one type of AFRP re-bar were investigated; the FRP re-bars were subjected to alkaline solution acid solution, salt solution and deionized water. The mechanical and durability properties were investigated by performing tensile, compressive and short beam tests. Experimental results confirmed the desirable resistance of FRP re-bar to aggressive chemical environment.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.1024-1034
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• 2016

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the type and frequency of prosthetic complications associated with attachment types for implant overdenture. Material and methods. In this retrospective study, 38 patients (mean age, 63.5 years) have been treated with implant overdentures from 2007 to 2014. Ten patients received a bar-clip attachment. Eleven patients had received a milled bar with Locator attachment. Seventeen patients had received a Locator attachment. The mean follow-up period was 36.9 months (range, 15-83 months). The type and frequency of prosthetic complications was recorded. The frequency was analyzed to determine the statistical difference among the 3 different attachments by using one-way ANOVA (${\alpha}=.05$) and Bonferroni post hoc method at a 5% level of significance. Results. The total number of prosthetic complications was higher in the bar-clip attachment (55 events) than in the milled bar with Locator attachment (39 events) and the Locator attachment (34 events). There were no statistically significant differences, and the most common prosthetic complication was the loss of retention. In the bar-clip attachment group, the average frequency of prosthetic complications was 3.0 events per prosthesis during the first year. In the milled bar with Locator attachment and Locator attachment groups, the average frequencies were 1.45 events and 2.35 events, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of the complication. (p = .043) Conclusions. Compared to the bar-clip attachment, implant overdentures that use milled bars with the Locator attachment have a significantly lower incidence of prosthetic complications in the first year of follow-up after placement.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.54 no.10
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• pp.433-437
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• 2005

This paper studied Rotary type ultrasonic motor which has cross type stator. The stator consists of hollowed cross type metal which has four piezoelectric ceramics on the ends of cross bars. When two harmonic voltages which have 90$^{\circ}$ phase difference given to ceramics, the elliptical motion was generated in the inside tips. Inside tips are contact with rotor and these elliptical motions are rotate the rotor The finite element analysis was used to optimize the dimension and displacement of the stator. And the analyzed results were compared with the experimental results of the motor. As results, the speed and the torque of motor was increased by increasing width of the cross bar. And the speed and torque o( motor was not influenced to length of cross bar. The speed and torque was linearly increased by increasing voltage. The maximum torque was generated when the motor fabricated length of cross bar and width of ceramics in the ratio of 1:2.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.56.2-56.2
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• 2014

We present an extensive study of the environment of galaxies with bars in the low-redshift Uni-verse, using a volume-limited sample of over 30,000 galaxies drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, with visually-determined morphological classifications and bar identifications. We use four different statistics to quantify the environment of our galaxies: the projected two-point cross-correlation function with respect to a spectroscopic sample of reference galaxies, the background-subtracted number count of galaxies in a deep photometric sample in the vicinity of our galaxies, the overdensity of the local environment estimated at ~3 Mpc scale from the three-dimensional reconstruction of the cosmic density field of the local Universe, and the membership of our galaxies in the SDSS galaxy groups to segregate central to satellite systems. We find a weak, but significant trend for early-type galaxies with a bar to be more strongly clustered on scales from a few 100 kpc to 1 Mpc, when compared to early-type galaxies without a bar. For late-type galaxies, we find less neighbours within ~50 kpc around the barred late-types when compared to the unbarred late-types. For late-type galaxies we also detect a decrease of the bar fraction for dark matter dominated systems, and finally we find no obvious correlation between the overdensity and the fraction of barred galaxies in our sample.