• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.694-701
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• 2018

FRP-보강근 콘크리트 부재들은 FRP-보강근이 철근에 비해 낮은 탄성계수와 부착강도를 갖고 있어 철근콘크리트 부재에 비해 과도한 균열폭의 가능성이 클 수 있다. 따라서 외국의 기준들에서는 FRP-보강근 콘크리트 부재의 균열제어를 위하여 허용균열폭의 제한규정을 두고 있는데, ACI 440.1R-15 설계지침에서는 최대 보강근 간격으로 제어하는 간접적인 방법으로 제안하고 있다. 그러나 제안식은 아직까지 장기하중이 균열폭에 미치는 시간종속적인 효과를 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 장방형단면뿐만 아니라 T형단면의 FRP-보강근 콘크리트 보를 대상으로 장기실험을 통하여 얻어진 실험결과를 바탕으로 단면형태별 균열폭 특성을 구분하여 파악하므로 써 장기균열폭 예측모델을 제안하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 따라서 단면형태별로 각각 한 개씩 의 철근콘크리트 비교시험체를 포함한 4개의 장방형보와 4개의 T형 보로 구성된 총 8개의 시험체를 제작하여 시공하중의 영향을 고려한 1년간 4점 가력 장기휨실험을 수행하였다. 결과로서 시간종속적인 영향을 받는 순수장기균열폭은 철근 시험체에 비해 보강근의 탄성계수가 낮은 GFRP나 AFRP-보강근 시험체에서는 2.6~3.0배 증가하였으나 CFRP-보강근 시험체에서는 1.1~1.4배 증가에 그쳤다. 또한 즉시균열폭을 포함한 총장기균열폭은 장방형단면과 T형단면 시험체에서 평균적으로 각각 즉시균열폭의 약 2.4와 3.1배 증가를 보여주어 보수적으로 각각 2.5와 3.5의 시간종속계수를 구분하여 제안하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2023

이 연구에서는 흙막이용 CIP(cast in placed pile)를 영구적인 지하외벽으로 활용하기 위해 제시한 CSB(confined socket bolt) 전단연결재의 전단 성능을 평가하였다. CSB 전단 성능 평가를 위한 푸쉬아웃(push-out) 실험의 주요 변수는 CIP의 종류, CSB 전단연결재 종류, L/d, 무근 콘크리트, 방수재 및 철근콘크리트 말뚝의 압축강도로 설정하였다. 실험결과, H-형강 말뚝 실험체들의 파괴모드는 모두 CSB 전단연결재 파단에 의해 지배되었다. 철근콘크리트 말뚝 실험체들의 파괴모드는 철근콘크리트 말뚝의 압축강도가 증가할수록 콘크리트의 파괴보다 CSB 전단연결재의 파단에 의해 지배되었다. 고강도 볼트 및 이형철근의 CSB 전단연결재 실험체의 최대 내력은 일반강도 볼트의 CSB 전단연결재 실험체에 비해 H-형강 말뚝의 경우 약 1.22배 및 1.20배 높았으며, 철근콘크리트 말뚝의 경우 약 1.10배 및 1.16배 높았다. 그리고 푸쉬아웃 실험에서 최대 내력은 CSB 전단연결재의 길이 및 철근 중첩에 대한 영향이 미미하였다. KDS 기준에 의해 산정된 전단내력은 실험결과를 안전측으로 평가하였다.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

The isothermal corrosion tests of several types of stainless steels, Ni-based alloys, and ferritic-martensitic steels (FMS) were carried out at the temperature of 550 and $650^{\circ}C$ in SFR S-$CO_2$ environment (200 bar) for 1000 h. The weight gain was greater in the order of FMSs, stainless steels, and Ni-based alloys. For the FMSs (Fe-based with low Cr content), a thick outer Fe oxide, a middle (Fe,Cr)-rich oxide, and an inner (Cr,Fe)-rich oxide were formed. They showed significant weight gains at both 550 and $650^{\circ}C$. In the case of austenitic stainless steels (Fe-based) such as SS 316H and 316LN (18 wt.% Cr), the corrosion resistance was dependent on test temperatures except SS 310S (25 wt.% Cr). After corrosion test at $650^{\circ}C$, a large increase in weight gain was observed with the formation of outer thick Fe oxide and inner (Cr,Fe)-rich oxide. However, at $550^{\circ}C$, a thin Cr-rich oxide was mainly developed along with partially distributed small and nodular shaped Fe oxides. Meanwhile, for the Ni-based alloys (16-28 wt.% Cr), a very thin Cr-rich oxide was developed at both test temperatures. The superior corrosion resistance of high Cr or Ni-based alloys in the high temperature S-$CO_2$ environment was attributed to the formation of thin Cr-rich oxide on the surface of the materials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.309-315
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• 2017

Objectives: This study assessed the effect of water storage on the flexural strength (FS) of low shrinkage composites. Materials and Methods: A total of 165 bar-shaped specimens ($2{\times}2{\times}25mm$) were fabricated of 2 low shrinkage composites (Filtek P90 [3M ESPE], GC Kalore [GC International]) and a conventional methacrylate-based composite (Filtek Z250 [3M ESPE]). The specimens were subjected to 3-point bending test at 6 time intervals, namely: immediately after curing, at 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year following storage in wet and dry conditions. The FS of the specimens were measured by applying compressive load at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Data was analyzed using 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: Three-way ANOVA revealed significant interactions between time, type of composite, and storage condition (p = 0.001). Tukey's multiple comparison test revealed significant reductions in FS of all composites after 6 months and 1 year of storage in distilled water compared to dry condition. Conclusions: Filtek P90 showed the highest and GC Kalore showed the lowest FS after 1 year storage in distilled water. The immediate high strength of Filtek Z250 significantly decreased at 1 year and its final value was lower than that of Filtek P90.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2017

This study is aimed at analyzing desired spaces and demands for their improvements, and subsequently proposing the design plan for eating and drinking places for solo diners by surveying the user satisfaction based on the analysis of the space configuration, and the physical environment of eating and drinking spaces for solo diners. Theoretical discussions about eating and drinking spaces for solo diners and their physical environment were reviewed from the previous studies, and an on-site survey was conducted with a checklist, for which the items regarding configuring elements of physical environments for the satisfaction with eating and drinking spaces for solo diners have been derived. Measurable checklist items according to the configuration of eating and drinking spaces were derived for this survey, which had then been conducted with diners in the eating and drinking spaces for 2 weeks. The analysis results are as follows. First, cleanliness is required as a necessity for the user satisfaction in eating and drinking spaces for solo diners. Second, a '-' shaped bar and the spaces to utilize and combine additional facilities are required in the central service space. Third, the self service should be performed in the additional service space. Fourth, the menu composition and the location selection considering main age groups of diners are needed. Fifth, interior design elements need to be improved to allow diners to feel visual interest along with enjoying food and beverage. It is considered that the strategies of spatial design need to be analyzed and proposed from the perspective of design among the physical environments of eating and drinking spaces for solo diners in future studies.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 1985

1. 주사전자현미경 관찰로 체표면은 굴곡에 의한 많은 돌기로서 소위 자갈밭모양의 구조를 이루고 있었다. 피극들과 유두가 체표면에 돌출하고 있었는데 피극은 끝이 하나로 되어있고 충체후방을 향해서 돌출하고 있었다. 그중 구흡반과 복흡반의 융기부에 있는 피극은 작았으며 선단이 몇 갈래로 갈라져 있었고 또 밀집되어 있었다. 2. 유두는 표피가 반구형으로 돌출하고 있었고, 중앙에 하나의 직모를 가지고 있었으며 유두는 단독이거나 또는 여러개가 모여 있는 것 또는 여러개가 뭉쳐서 큰 융기를 이루고 있는 등 그 모양이 다양하였다. 구흡반이나 복흡반상에 있는 유두는 타부위보다 매우 큰 유두가 있었고 여러개가 뭉쳐있는 것이 많았다. 3. 투과전자현미경 관찰로는 표피는 전자밀도가 높은 표피층으로 덮혀있었고 표피층의 유리면과 기저면은 모두 원형질막으로 싸여 있었다. 표피층의 두께는 특히 구흡반과 반흡반 사이가 두터웠다. 표피층내에는 사립체, 소포체, 공포 그리고 구형 및 관상과립이 관찰되었다. 5. 피극은 표피층의 기저면의 원형질막에서 시작하여 외부로 돌출하였는데 전자밀도가 매우 높은 무정형의 구조물로 되어 있었다. 또한 구형질의 주의의 표피층에서는 복경체가 발견되었다. 5. 표피층 아래로 기저면의 원형질막에 련해서 기저막이 있고 그 아래로 소성결합조직이 있고 그 아래로 근육층, 그리고 그 밑에 유연조직이 있으며 그 속에 표피세포가 있었다. 또한 이 표피세포와 표피층은 전형질돌기로 연결되고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

봉형접지극은 타 접지전극 형태에 비해 쉬운 시공성으로 국 내외적으로 배전계통에 보편적으로 사용하고 있는 접지극 형태이다. 따라서 보다 나은 봉형접지극의 시공성 향상을 위해 형태 변형, 형상 개량, 재질 개선 등 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 접지공사는 다양한 토질을 대상으로 이루어지기 때문에 봉형접지극 자체에 대한 개선으로는 시공성 향상에 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 봉형접지극의 직렬 및 병렬 시공을 기계화(중공스크루로드 이용)함으로써 소정의 접지저항값을 효과적으로 확보할 수 있는 공법에 관한 연구이다. 본 연구 결과를 축약하면 같은 조건하(동일한 대지저항율, 동일한 접지동봉 개수, 동일한 직렬 또는 병렬 시공, 동일한 접지저항저감제, 물 공급)에서 현재 적용하고 있는 항타(심타)공법과 기계화공법에 대하여 새롭게 제시된 기계화공법으로 인한 접지저항값의 저감 효과를 비교하였다. 제안된 기계화공법이 항타공법에 비해 비교적 안정된 접지저항 저감 효과를 얻었다.

• 천문학논총
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.149-166
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• 1998

The structure and environments of the molecular clouds near the SNR $HB3(G132.7\pm1.3)$ are studied. The molecular complex which is located at the southern rim of HB3 was proposed by former investigators as the one interacting with HB3. This complex region of $2^{\circ}\times2^{\circ}\;at\;l=133^{\circ}$ has been observed at $^{12}CO,\;^{13}CO,\;J=1-0\;at\;a\;1'$, resolution with the 14-m radio telescope at Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory. We have reached to the following four conclusions. The possibility that these molecular complex and HB3 are interacting with each other cannot be supported with any of our data. The morphologies of the two show no similarities. Neither particular features for the interaction are found in the CO lines. The hypothetical 'Molecular wall' which was expected to exist on the northwestern rim of HB3 as a cause for the noncircular morphology of HB3 is turned out to be nonexistent in CO. The molecular complex which resembles a 'bar' at a low resolution is now resolved into a U-shaped shell. It seems that the U-shape is consist of two independent components. No peculiarities, such as unseen masses or bright stars capable of forming HlI regions, are found within the U-shape region. The total mass included in the complex is estimated to be $M_{total}\;=\;2.9\~8.4\times10^5\;M_\bigodot$, which is in good agreement with previous observations within errors. Considering about 12 clumps distinguishable within the complex, the total mass implies that masses of each of clumps are on the order of $10^4\;M_\bigodot$, which makes these good objects for further studies in relation to star-formation. Especially the clumps associated with W3 are worthy for more high resolution observations for better understanding of astrophysical phenomenon ongoing in them.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.462-467
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This study investigated the influence of surface conditioning procedures and repeated firings on monoclinic content and strength of zirconia before cementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sintered bar-shaped zirconia specimens were subjected to no surface treatment (control), air abrasion, or grinding (n=21). Their roughness was evaluated using a profilometer, and microscope analysis was performed on one specimen of each group. Then, 2 or 10 repeated firings (n=10) were executed, the monoclinic content of specimens was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, and a three-point flexural strength test was performed. Surface roughness values were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) tests, the monoclinic content values were tested using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, and the flexural strength values were tested using two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (P=.05). Spearman's correlation test was performed to define relationships among measured parameters. RESULTS. Surface-treated specimens were rougher than untreated specimens and had a higher monoclinic content (P<.005), and the relationship between roughness and monoclinic content was significant (P<.000). Neither surface treatment nor firing significantly affected the flexural strength, but Weibull analysis showed that for the air-abraded samples the characteristic strength was significantly lower after the $10^{th}$ firing than after the $2^{nd}$ firing. CONCLUSION. After firing, a negligible amount of monoclinic content remained on the zirconia surfaces, and rougher surfaces had higher monoclinic contents than untreated surfaces. Multiple firings could be performed if necessary, but the fracture probability could increase after multiple firings for rougher surfaces.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate flexural strength, composite surface and fractured surface of three different indirect composite resins. Methods: Fifteen bar-shaped specimens ($25mm{\times}2mm{\times}2mm$) were fabricated for each FL group (Flow type and Light curing) and PLP group (Putty type and Light, Pressure curing) and PL group (Putty type and Light curing) according to manufacturer's instructions and ISO 10477. Fabricated specimens were stored in the distilled water for 24 hours at the temperature of $37^{\circ}C$. Three-point bending strength test was performed to measure flexural strength using universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min (ISO 10477). Surface and fractured surface of specimens were observed by digital microscope. Results were analyzed with Kruskal-wallis tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Mean (SD) of three different indirect composite resins were 83.38 (6.67) MPa for FL group, 139.90(16.53) MPa for PLP group and 171.72(16.74) MPa for PL group. Flexural strength were statistically significant (p<0.05). Differences were not observed at fractured surface among three groups. However, many pores over $100{\mu}m$ were observed at PL group in observing surface of specimen. Conclusion: Flexural strength of composite resins was affected by second polymerization method and content of inorganic filler.