• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-69
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• 2011

로봇 자체 또는 로봇에 탑재된 콘텐츠와의 상호작용을 위해 일반적으로 영상 또는 음성 인식 기술이 사용된다. 그러나 영상 음성인식 기술은 아직까지 기술 및 환경 측면에서 해결해야 할 어려움이 존재하며, 실적용을 위해서는 사용자의 협조가 필요한 경우가 많다. 이로 인해 로봇과의 상호작용은 터치스크린 인터페이스를 중심으로 개발되고 있다. 향후 로봇 서비스의 확대 및 다양화를 위해서는 이들 영상 음성 중심의 기존 기술 외에 상호보완적으로 활용이 가능한 인터페이스 기술의 개발이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 로봇 인터페이스 활용을 위한 가속도 센서 기반의 제스처 인식 기술의 개발에 대해 소개한다. 본 논문에서는 비교적 어려운 문제인 26개의 영문 알파벳 인식을 기준으로 성능을 평가하고 개발된 기술이 로봇에 적용된 사례를 제시하였다. 향후 가속도 센서가 포함된 다양한 장치들이 개발되고 이들이 로봇의 인터페이스로 사용될 때 현재 터치스크린 중심으로 된 로봇의 인터페이스 및 콘텐츠가 다양한 형태로 확장이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.28-30
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• 1978

사회적 유대와 인류공동체로서 통신작용은 수시 도처에서 인류생활과 밀착고 있다. 모든 통신작용은 그 주체인 인력과 그 이해 및 이용방법올 배양전수(傳授)하는 통신교육에 의하여 유지되고 개발되는 것이다. 통신작용은 기술적 요소를 포함 하지만 사회과정 또는 사회작용의 범주에 속함을 본질로 하기 때문에 사회적 요건을 겸비해야함을 원리로 하고 있다. 따라서 통신교육은 기술적인 내용과 사회적인 지식을 함께 포괄한 종합과학적인 시청에서 시도되고 실천되어야 할 독특성을 갖이고 있다. 그러나 최근 이 교육이 기술적 비중을 늘이면서 사회적 측면을 줄이는 불균형을 강요당함에 따라 그 본질적 속성과 독특성을 변질 혹은 상실해가는 위기롤 파생시키고 있다. 즉, 일개분과에 불과한 기술만으로서는 $\ulcorner$통신$\lrcorner$이라는 독자적 사회성과 통합과학성을 감당할 수도 없거니와 $\ulcorner$통신$\lrcorner$을 총체적으로 표징(養徵)할 수도 없는 1개요소에 그치고 말기 때문에 교육적체제의 주체성이냐 자율성은 고사하고 타에 종속돼 버리거나 부수하게되는 것으로 귀착되고 만다. 결국 $\ulcorner$통신영역$\lrcorner$이 자주성을 잃어가는 요인은 바로 이러한 경향에서 조성되거나 파생되고 있다고 볼 수 있는 것이다. 원래 통신학은 중충 다분과척(重層多分科的)인 현대과학의 원천이며 그 모체일 뿐 아니라 그 자체의 속성 이 인문, 사회 및 기솔 둥 분과를 포괄, 통합한 종합과학임이 그 원리이다. 그러므로 통신교육은 이 다원적 윈리와 그를 뒷받침하는 국제조약, 통신관계법 및 제 학설에 순응할 수 있게 복귀되지 않으면 아니된다. 우리나라에는 기위 이 통신원리에 입각한 교육적계보(系讀)와 교육이념이 정립, 계승뙈 왔었고 또 그 이념에 바탕올 가진 교육목표를 지향하여 독자적이고 자율적인 교육체제밑에서 합리적이고 효과적인 교육실효을 거두어 왔다. 다만, 1961年 당시 한번의 그릇된 정책결정이 통신교육의 유일한 정통적(正統的) 표본이었던 체신학교를 즉흥적으로 폐쇄케 해버렸고 또 이 교육에 대한 국가적관리를 분산 약화했기 때푼에 오늘날 통신교육은 실향탈적(失鄭脫籍)펀 이산난민과 같이 되어 가고만 있는 것이다. 그러나 현재 통신학(通信學)원라는 현대과학적 강도를 심화, 고도화해 가고 있ξ며 이것올 방증(傍證)해주는 각종 국제협약과 법령이 유효하게 현행되고 있을뿐 아니라 그 교육내용의 다원척 본질이 불변일관(不變一實) 되고 있다. 그러므로 통신교육을 위한 교육관계법이나 교육행정은 그 종합적 원리에 적응할 수 있게 보완 개정되어야 함이 요청된다. 그리하여 통신교육을 위한 전문적 계열과 체계적 등급이 정착화되어 하나의 독사적이고 통합적인 교통(敎洗)과 자율적 교역(敎域)이 복원(復元) 쟁취 되어야 함이 절실한 실정이다. 통신교육은 통신과학적 원리를 저초(底魔)로한 독립적 계열화와 합리적 계층화를 통하여 그 독특한 교육 체제를 점거(占據) 함으로서 다른 동위(同位) 계열과 대응하게 공존공영할 수 있으며 내재적 각 운과릎 유기적으로 포괄, 집약, 유효화할 수 있는 것이다. 통신교육의 횡적계열은 독립되어 다른 계열에 속함이 없이 동위적이어야 하며 내재적 구분은 통신관리, 설비기술 및 통신연구로 3분화되고 그 종적 계총은 고교, 전운대, 대학 및 대학원의 학적 位階에 준하되 필요에 따라서는 보다 수직적인 세분이 가능하다. 이러한 종횡적 체계화와 그 독자적 체제의 확립은 문교법령과 국가적 차원의 교육행정을 보완 개선함에서 그 시점을 삼어야 한다고 볼 수 있는 것이다. 결국 통신교육을 위한 교육적 체제는 전기통신의 제원리(諸原理)와 이것을 방증(傍證)하는 제법리 및 이용 사회의 다변적 요청에 따라 관계 각 분과가 하나로 집약된 독자적 계열을 형성하여야 하며 충분한 운용상 자율성을 부여 받아야 한다. 전기통신이 고유의 교육계보를 되찾고 그 전문적 敎統과 자율적 교역이 확립, 형성될 수 있다면 그 원리가 교육현장에로 확대되어갈 것 이기 때문에 그 동안 본의 아니게 파생된 수다한 다의적 역리(逆理)와 탈선된 부조리가 통신영역에서 제거될 수 있어 밝은 그 본질(本質)이 회생(回生)될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2013

PET-CT (Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography)의 융합영상(Fusion image)에서 긴 영상 획득 시간에 의한 환자의 움직임은 융합영상에서 부적합한 결과로 나타나 영상의 질과 진단에 큰 영향을 준다. 의료장비 회사에서 제공하는 팔 지지대는 환자 자세에서의 편의성과 안전성을 고려하지 않아 PET/CT를 검사하는 동안 팔과 머리의 움직임 때문에 뇌기저부의 영상 결손이 생기고 머리의 좌우, 상하 움직임으로 인하여 재촬영이 빈번하다. 이에 우리는 두경부와 팔의 움직임을 최소화할 수 있는 환자보정기구를 개발하여 PET/CT 촬영 시 환자에게 편의성과 안전성을 제공하고 환자의 움직임으로 인한 재촬영을 줄이고자 한다. 2012년 6월부터 7월까지 PET Torso 검사를 위해 핵의학과에 내원하는 환자들 중 움직임에 불편함이 전혀 없는 환자 20명과 어깨 통증으로 팔을 올리기가 불편한 환자 20명을 대상으로 Patient Holding System (PHS)와 팔의 경사도($25^{\circ}$, $27^{\circ}$, $29^{\circ}$, $31^{\circ}$, $33^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$)를 변화시켜 가장 편안한 자세와 경사도를 선정 하였다. 또한 지지대 재질의 투과성에 대하여 유관업체의 검증을 하였고, 환자의 머리와 팔을 밴드(벨크로 형태)로 고정하여 이에 대한 편의성을 질의하였다. 그리고 움직임에 의한 재촬영 빈도를 알아보기 위해 2012년 1월부터 12월까지 PET Torso를 시행한 환자들 중 환자보정기구 사용 전/후 재촬영 여부를 분석하였다. 움직임에 불편이 전혀 없는 환자에서는 18명이 PHS와 팔의 각도가 $29^{\circ}$에서 가장 편안함을 느낀다고 답하였으며, 2명은 각각 $27^{\circ}$, $31^{\circ}$이라고 답하였다. 어깨 통증을 느끼는 환자에서는 15명이 $31^{\circ}$에서 가장 편안함을 느낀다고 답하였고, $33^{\circ}$에서 2명, $35^{\circ}$에서 3명이었다. 이를 위해 손잡이 부분이 상, 하 움직임이 가능하도록 제작하였다. 환자보정기구 재질의 투과성은 검증된 상태이며, 환자보정기구 자체의 움직임을 방지하기 위하여 PHS와 보정기구를 밴드(벨크로 형태)로 고정시켰다. 두경부의 움직임을 최소화할 수 있는 홈을 만들고 머리를 고정할 수 있게 고정밴드를 부착 하였고, 손목 및 전완과 상완의 움직임을 제한할 수 있는 고정밴드를 부착하여 팔의 흔들림으로 인한 움직임을 최소화 하였다. PET Torso 촬영 시 움직임에 의한 재촬영 빈도는 환자고정기구 사용 전 10.56% (191건/1,808명), 사용 후 2.77% (48 건/1,732명)로 7.79%의 발생 빈도를 줄일 수 있었다. 최근 의료 환경의 변화와 혁신으로 고가의 영상검사가 늘어남에 따라 고객이 요구하는 차별화된 서비스 제공은 필수적이다. 따라서 PET/CT를 검사하는 동안 환자의 편안함과 안전성을 확보하기 위해 인체공학적인 환자보정기구를 제공하여야 한다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 PET Torso 검사 시 환자의 체형과 상황에 따라 인체공학적 경사도를 상, 하 조절할 수 있는 환자보정기구를 제작하였으며, 팔의 움직임에 의한 뇌기저부의 영상결손을 줄이고 머리의 움직임으로 인한 재촬영을 줄일 수 있었다.

• 미술자료
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• 제104권
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• pp.102-142
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• 2023

보신각종은 호불군주 세조가 즉위 10년을 맞이하여 한양 도성 한복판에 원각사를 건립하면서 그곳에 봉안하고자 1468년에 조성한 범종(梵鐘)이었다. 현재 보신각종은 타종할 수 없을 정도로 많이 손상되었는데, 그것은 원각사종에서 보신각종으로의 역사적 변천을 잘 보여준다. 필자는 본고에서 보신각종에 가해진 인위적 훼손에 주목하여, 누가, 언제, 왜 훼손하였으며, 그 역사적 의미는 무엇인가를 살펴보았다. 먼저 제1장에서는 관련되는 선행 연구성과를 검토하여 필자의 문제의식과 연구 관점 및 방법론을 제시하였다. 특히 가장 주된 논점인 보신각종과 원각사종의 관계에 초점을 맞추어 학설사를 검토하여, '보신각종=원각사종'의 관점에서 필자가 논의를 전개함을 밝혔다. 이어서 제2장에서는 세조가 원각사종을 조성하게 된 배경을 검토하였다. 구체적으로 조선 초에 왕명으로 조성한 종들을 조종(朝鍾)과 범종(梵鐘)으로 나눈 다음, 조종 4구-태조의 종루종, 태종의 돈화문종, 세종의 광화문종, 세조의 사정전종-와, 범종 3구-세조의 용문사종, 흥천사종(또는 정릉사종) 및 원각사종-를 만든 시기순으로 정리하였다. 요컨대, 세조는 만년에 원각사종을 조성하면서, 거기에 한 마음으로 임금과 부처가 소리로써 백성을 교화하겠다는 의미를 부여하였던 것이다. 그리고 제3장에서는 보신각종에 보이는 인위적 훼손의 흔적을 면밀하게 고찰하였다. 먼저 보신 각종의 현상을 관찰한 다음, 이를 보신각종을 전후하여 조성한 흥천사종(1462) 및 봉선사종(1469)과 비교하여, 범종의 구성 요소 가운데 무엇이 얼마나 훼손되었는가를 추적하였다. 훼손된 구성 요소는 다시 불교적 요소-견대(肩帶)의 복련(伏蓮), 보살입상 4구, 최항(崔恒)이 지은 종명(鐘銘)-와, 비(非)불교적 요소-주종 관계자 가운데 도제조(都提調) 명단-로 나누어진다. 전자는 원각사종에서 불교 문자와 상징이 지워졌다는 점에 착안하여 이를 '불교지우기'라 명명하고 그 이념적 요인으로 동시대 유자(儒者)들의 맹렬한 벽불론(闢佛論)을 주목하였으며, 후자는 정치적 요인으로 연산군의 갑자사화를 지목하였다. 그리고 보신각종의 인위적 훼손에는 이념적 요인과 정치적 요인이 동시에 작용하였다는 점에서, 그 시기를 갑자사화(1504년)부터 연산군 퇴위까지로 추정하였다. 마지막으로 제4장에서는 범종으로서의 원각사종이 조종으로서의 보신각종으로 바뀌는 과정을 추적하고, 그 변신의 의미를 종소리의 상징성에 초점을 맞추어 음미하였다. 1468년 최종적으로 완성된 원각사종은 1504년까지 36년이라는 짧은 시간 동안만 예불(禮佛)을 위한 범종으로서 본연의 역할을 수행하였으며, 1504년 원각사가 폐사되면서 그 역할도 끝났다. 1536년에는 원각사지에서 남대문으로 옮겨졌으며, 1594년 11월 다시 타종할 때까지 전후 90년 동안 침묵 속에 방치되었다. 그런데 임진왜란 때의 병화로 종루종이 파괴되면서 원각사종은 조종으로 재탄생하였으며, 명동 고개를 거쳐 1619년 종루로 이전되었다. 이때부터 명실상부한 종루종[보신각종]으로서 1908년 일제가 타종을 중단시킬 때까지 300년 가까이 매일 새벽[파루(罷漏)]과 저녁[인정(人定)]마다 규칙적으로 타종되었다. 원각사종[범종]에서 보신각종[조종]으로의 변신은, 종소리가 상징하는 바가 부처의 소리에서 임금의 소리로 바뀌었음을 의미한다. 원각사종이 보신각종으로 바뀌는 과정에서 단적으로 드러난 '불교지우기'는, 조선 전시기에 걸쳐 불교의 거의 모든 분야에서 광범위하게 일어났다. 요컨대, 보신각종에서 확인되는 불교지우기야말로 조선시대 한국 사회의 탈불교화를 역설한다 하겠다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.303-314
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• 2001

연구배경 : 특발성 폐섬유회증은 병리학적으로 폐구조가 파괴되면서 섬유아세포 및 교원질이 간질 및 폐포내에 침작하는 질환으로 교원질의 침착은 cytokine 및 성장촉진인자들에 의한 교원질생성의 증가 뿐 아니라 교원질의 분해흡수의 감소도로 초래될 수 있다. IPF의 또 다른 특징인 폐구조의 파괴 및 폐보내 섬유화 현상은 기저막 파괴로 인한 섬유아세포 등의 폐포내 유입 및 비정상적 증식이 기전으로 생각되므로 기저막의 주요 성분인 제4형 교훤질올 분해하는 Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-2와 MMP-9이 IPF의 발병기전에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 추정되고 있다. 또한 병이 계속 활발히 진행되는 상태에서는 이들 효소의 농도도 높올 것이 예상되므로 본 연구는 특발성 폐섬유화증에서 질병의 진행파정에 따른 기관지폐포세척액(BALF)내 MMP 농도 및 BALF내 세포분포와의 IPF에서 MMP의 역할 및 예후인자로서의 가능성을 규명하고자 시행되었다. 방 법 : 서울중앙병원에서 진단된 41명(연령 $59.82{\pm}1.73$세, 남:여=23:18)의 IPF환자들과, IPF진단은 받았으나 1년 이상 치료하지 않고도 병이 진행되지 않았던 안정군 16명($63.6{\pm}2.8$세, 남:여=13:3) 및 정상 대조군 7명을 대상으로 BAL액과 AM배양 배지에서 MMP-2와 MMP-9농도를 zymography와 densitometry에 의한 정량분석을 시행하였고, TIMP-1 농도는 상업용 ELISA kit로 측정하였다. 결 과 : 1) BAL 액내 총 세포수(${\times}10^6/ml$)는 IPF환자군($3.40{\pm}0.20$), 안정군($2.92{\pm}0.39$), 대조군($0.91{\pm}0.15$)간 유의한 차이를 보였고 AM수효(${\times}10^5/ml$)와 호중구 수(${\times}10^5/ml$)는 IPF 환자군($24.74{\pm}1.88$, $2.15{\pm}0.35$)과 안정군($19.16{\pm}2.26$, $0.63{\pm}0.11$)에서 대조군($7.36{\pm}1.04$, $0.052{\pm}0.038$)에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 호산구비율도 IPF 환자군($2.83{\pm}0.66%$)과 안정군($1.50{\pm}0.42%$)에서 대조군($0{\pm}0%$)에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05), 림파구수나 비율은 차이가 없었다. 2) Zymography에 의한 육안적 관찰에서 IPF환자군은 34/41(82.9%), 안정군은 9/15(60%), 각각 band를 관찰하여 대조군 0/6(0%)과 차이를 보였다. 3) BALF내 MMP-2는 IPF환자군($1.36{\pm}0.28$)은 안정군($0.46{\pm}0.13$)에 비하여, 또 안정군도 대조군($0.08{\pm}0.09$)에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. MMP-9은 IPF 환자군($0.31{\pm}0.058$)과 안정군($0.22{\pm}0.078$)에서 대조군($0.002{\pm}0.004$)보다 높았다. TIMP-1도 IPF환자군($36.34{\pm}8.62{\mu}g/ml$)과 안정군($20.83{\pm}8.53{\mu}g/ml$)에서 대조군($2.80{\pm}1.05{\mu}g/ml$)에 비하여 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 4) AM배양액에서는 MMP-9만이 역시 IPF군에서($0.80{\pm}0.10$) 대조군보다($0.23{\pm}0.081$) 높았다. 5) BALF내 MMP-2는 전체 세 포수(r=0.298)와 호중구수(r=0.357)와 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나(p<0.05), AM수(r=0.096)나 임파구수(r=0.100)와는 상관관계가 없었고, MMP-9은 호중구수(r=0.407) 및 임파구수(r=0.574)와 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. TIMP-1은 전체 세포수(r=0.338, p<0.05) 및 호중구수(r=0.449, p=0.059)와 상관관계의 경향을 보였다. 결 론 : 본 연구의 결과로 MMP와 TIMP는 IPF의 병인에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하며, BALF내 MMP농도는 IPF의 활성도와 연관이 었을 것으로 추정된다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-50
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• 1984

The levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives considerably effect to the health of households, communities and the nation. This study was designed to grasp the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of houswives and analyse the various factors effecting to health in order to provide health education services as well as materials for effective formulation and implementation of health policy to improve the health of the nation. This study has been conducted through interviews by trained surveyers for 4,281 housewives selected from 4,500 households throughout the country for 40 days during July 11-August 20, 1983. The results of survey were analysed by stepwise multiple regression and path analysis are summarized as follows; 1. Based on the measurement instrument applied to this study, the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives were extremely low with 54.5 points out of 100 points in full. Higher level with 72 points and above was approximately 21 percent and lower level with 39 points and below was approx. 24 percent. The middle level was approx. 55 percent. In order to implement health programs successively, health education should be more strengthened and to improve the level of health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the nation, political consideration as a part of spiritual reformation must be concentrated on health. 2. The level of health knowledge indicated the highest points with 57.3 the level of attitude was the second with 55.0 points and the practice level was the lowest with 50.0 point. Therefore, planning and implementation of health education program must be based on the persuasion and motivation that health knowledge turn into practice. 3. Housewives who had higher level of health knowledge, showed their practice level was relatively lower and those who had middle or low level of it practice level was the reverse. 4. Correlations among health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were generally higher and statistically significant at 0.1 percent level. Correlation between total health KAP level and health knowledge was the highest with r=.8092. 5. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to the age, number of children, marital status, self-assessed health status and concern on health of the housewives interviewed (p<0.001) 6. Health KAP levels also showed significant differences according to the education level, economic status, employment before marriage and grown-up area of the housewives interviewed. (p<0.001) 7. Heath KAP levels showed significant differences according to health insurance benificiary and the existence of patients in the family. (p<0.001). 8. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to distance to government organizations, schools, distance to health facilities, telephone possession rate, television possession rate, newspaper reading rate and activities of Ban meeting and Women's club. (p<0.001) 9. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to electric mass communication media such as television, radio and village broadcasting etc. and printed media such as newspaper, magazine and booklets etc., IEC variables such as individual consultation and husband-wife communication, however, there was no significance with group training. 10. Health KAP of the housewives showed close correlation with personal characteristics variables, i.e., education level (r=.5302), age (r=-.3694) grown-up area (r=.3357) and employment before marriage. In general, correlation of health knowledge level was higher than the levels of attitude or practice. In case of health concern and health insurance, correlation of practice level was higher than health knowledge level. 11. Health KAP levels showed higher correlation with community environmental characteristics, Ban meeting and activity of Women's club, however, no correlation with New-village movement. 12. Among IEC variables, husband-wife communication showed the highest correlation with health KAP levels and printed media, electric mas communication media and health consultation in order. Therefore, encouragement of husband-wife communication and development of training program for men should be included in health education program. 13. Mass media such as electric mass com. and printed media were effective for knowledge transmission and husband-wife communication and individual consultation were effective for health practice. Group training was significant for knowledge transmission, however, but not significant for attitude formation or turning to health practice. To improve health KAP levels, health knowledge should be transmitted via mass media and health consultation with health professionals and field health workers should be strengthened. 14. Correlation of health KAP levels showed that knowledge level was generally higher than that of practice and recognized that knowledge was not linked with attitude or practice. 15. The twenty-five variables effecting health KAP levels of housewives had 41 per cent explanation variances among which education level had great contribution (β=.2309) and electric mass com. media (β=.1778), husband-wife communication (β=.1482), printed media, grown-up area, and distance to government organizations in order. Variances explained (R²) of health KAP were 31%, 15%, and 30% respectively. 16. Principal variables contributed to health KAP were education level (β=.12320, β=.1465), electric mass comm. media (β=.1762, β=.1839), printed media, (β=.1383, β=.1420) husband-wife communication (β=.1004, β=.1067), grown-up area and distance to government organizations, in order. Since education level contributes greatly to health KAP of the housewives, health education including curriculum development in primary, middle and high schools must be emphasized and health science must be selected as one of the basic liberal arts subject in universities. 17. Variences explained of IEC variables to health KAP were 19% in total, 14% in knowledge, 9% in attitude, and 10% in health practice. Contributions of IEC variables to health KAP levels were printed media (β=.3882), electric mass comm media (β=.3165), husb-band wife com. (β=.2095,) and consultation on health (β=.0841) in order, however, group training showed negative effect (β=-.0402). National fund must be invested for the development of Health Program through mass media such as TV and radio etc. and for printed materials such as newspaper, magazines, phamplet etc. needed for transmission of health knowledge. 18. Variables contributed to health KAP levels through IEC variables with indirect effects were education level (Ind E=0.0410), health concern (Ind E=.0161), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0137), TV possession rate and activity of Ban meeting in order, however, health facility showed negative effect (Ind E=-.0232) and other variables showed direct effect but not indirect effect. 19. Among the variables effecting health KAP level, education level showed the highest in total effect (TE=.2693) then IEC (TE=.1972), grown-up city (TE=.1237), newspaper reading rate (TE=.1020), distance to government organization (TE=.095) in order. 20. Variables indicating indirect effects to health KAP levels were; at knowledge level with R²=30%, education level (Ind E=.0344), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0112), TV possession rate (Ind E=.0689), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079) in order and at attitude level with R²=13%, education level (Ind E=. 0338), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079), and at practice level with R²=29%. education level (Ind E=.0268), health facility (Ind E=.0830) and concern on health (Ind E=.0105). 21. Total effect to health KAP levels and IEC by variable characteristics, personal characteristics variables indicated larger than community characteristics variables. 22. Multiple Correlation Coefficient (MCC) expressed by the Personal Characteristic Variable was .5049 and explained approximately 25% of variances. MCC expressed by total Community environment variable was .4283 and explained approx. 18% of variances. MCC expressed by IEC Variables was .4380 and explained approx. 19% of variances. The most important variable effected to health KAP levels was personal characteristic and then IEC variable, Community Environment variable in order. When the IEC effected with personal characteristic or community characteristic, the MCC or the variances were relatively higher than effecting alone. Therefore it was identified that the IEC was one of the important intermediate variable.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.115-134
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• 1989

Ganciclovir(GCV)와 Vidarabine(ara-A)을 단독으로 또는 동시에 HSV-1에 작용시켰을때 HSV-1의 복제, DNA합성 및 단백질 합성에 미치는 영향을 관찰할 목적으로 본 연구를 시행하였다. 본 실험에서는 4가지의 다른 HSV-1(Wild type KOS, $VCV^r$, $IUdR^r$, 및 $PAA^r5$)를 사용하였다. Virus복제에 미치는 항 virus약의 효과는 Vero 세포단층 배양에서 Yield reduction assay에 의해서 관찰하였다. 항 virus약의 virus DNA 합성에 미치는 영향은 NaI 밀도 구배초원심침전후 $H^3-$표지 virus DNA의 방사능에 의해서 관찰하였다. Virus 단백질의 합성에 미치는 항 virus약의 효과는 $^{35}S$를 표지한 후 polyacrylamide 겔 전기영동법, 자가방사기록법 그러고 virus bands의 음영농도주사법을 이용, 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. GCV는 wild trype HSV-1 KOS와 $PAA^r5$의 복제를 강력하게 억제하였으나 $ACV^r$와 $IUdR^r$는 GCV에 대해서 중등도의 저항을 보였다. ara-A는 실험대상의 모든 HSV-(KOS, $ACV^r$, $IUdR^r$ 및 $PAA^r5$)의 복제에 대해서 거의 비슷하게 억제효과를 보였다. GCV와 ara-A 동시첨가는 KOS와 $PAA^r5$의 복제에 대해서 상승적인 억제효과를 보였고 $ACV^r$와 $IUdR^r5$의 복제에 대해서는 상가작용이하의 억제 효과를 보였다. 2. GCV또는 ara-A는 HSV-1감염 Vero세포에서 virus DNA의 합성을 유의하게 억제하였다. GCV와 ara-A의 동시첨가는 KOS 또는 $PAA^r5$ 감염세포에서 virus DNA 합성을 GCV 또는 ara-A를 단독 첨가하였을때 보다 현저하게 억제하였다. $ACV^r$ 또는 $IUdR^r$ 감염세포에서는 이런 현상을 관찰할 수 없었다. 3. Wild type HSV-1 감염세포에서 virus-단백질의 합성은 GCV, ara-A의 단독 첨가 또는 GCV와 ara-A의 동시첨가에 의해서 변경되지 않았다. Wild type HSV-1 감염말기에 GCV 또는 ara-A 단독 혹은 동시첨가에 의해서 virus 단백질의 합성은 경미하나마 유의성있게 증가하였다. Wild type HSV-1과 $PAA^r5$에 의한 단백질의 합성은 GCV 또는 ara-A 단독 첨가에 의해서 유의성있게 억제되었다. GCV또는 ara-A의 동시첨가는 GCV또는 ara-A를 단독으로 첨가했을 경우보다 단백질의 합성을 더욱 억제하였다. 이상의 실험결과로 보아 GCV와 ara-A의 동시사용은 HSV-1 혹은 ACV저항 DNA polymerase변이주인 $PAA^r5$에 대해서 상승적인 억제작용을 나타냈으며 이 효과는 virus DNA 합성 억제에 의한 것으로 생각된다. ACV저항 thymidine kinase 변이주인 $ACV^r$ 및 $IUdR^r$에 대해서는 ara-A가 유효하였다. 항 virus 약물에 의한 virus 단백질합성의 변화는 virus DNA 합성에 대한 억제효과에 인한 것으로 사려된다.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.75-113
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• 1982

우리 나라 하전작물재배(夏田作物栽培)에 있어서 잡초방제(雜草防除) 기술개발(技術開發)의 기초자료(基礎資料)로 공여(供與)하고자 1980, 1981년(년)의 2개년간(個年間)에 서울대학교(大學校) 농과대학(農科大學) 실험농장(實驗農場)에서 첫째, 하전작물(夏田作物) 잡초(雜草)에 관(關)한 시험(試驗)을 표본(標本) Quadrat(종자(格子))의 형태(形態), 크기 및 표본추출회수(標本抽出回數)가 잡초조사(雜草調査) 성적(成績)에 미치는 영향의 구명(究明), 둘째, 밭의 하계잡초발생(夏季雜草發生) 생장(生長) 및 번식력(繁殖力)과 군락(群落) 및 그 특성(特性)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究), 셋째, 콩품종(品種) 수원(水原)94호(號)를 재료(材料)로 하여 단작(單作)과 맥후작(麥後作) 재배조건하(栽培條件下)에서 각각(各各) 잡초방임구(雜草放任區)와 제초구(除草區)를 설정(設定)하고 콩의 재식거리(裁植距離)를 60${\times}$20 cm, 60${\times}$15 cm, 60${\times}$10 cm, 60${\times}$5 cm로 달리한 다음 콩의 종내(種內) 개체간(個體間) 경합성(競合性) 및 콩과 잡초(雜草)와의 종간(種間) 경합성(競合性)의 구명(究明) 등(等)을 목적(目的)으로 하여 수행(遂行)한 조사(調査) 연구(硏究) 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 잡초시험(雜草試驗)에 있어서의 조사방법(調査方法)과 밭의 하계잡초(夏季雜草) 발생(發生) 생장(生長) 및 군락(群落)의 특성(特性) 1) 시험포(試驗圃)의 잡초(雜草) 초종(草種) 구성(構成) 및 발생수(發生數)가 비교적(比較的) 균질(均質)한 경우 표본(標本) 추출단위(抽出單位)인 Quadrat의 형태(形態)가 정방형(正方形), 장방형(長方形), 대형(帶型), 원형(圓型) 등의 모양에 관계(關係)없이 잡초(雜草)의 식생(植生) 조사효율(調査効率)에 영향을 주지 않았으며 Quadrat의 최소(最小) 크기는 0.25$m^2$이었고 최소(最少) 표본추출(標本抽出) 회수(回數)는 2회(回)이었다. 따라서 시험처리당(試驗處理當) 최소(最小) 총(總) 조사면적(調査面積)은 5,000$cm^2$($0.25m^2{\times}2$회(回)가 되었다. 2) 본(本) 시험포(試驗圃)에 발생(發生)한 주요잡초(主要雜草)는 10종(種) 정도(程度)였고 총(總) 잡초수(雜草數)는 1$m^2$당(當) 70~1,600여개체(餘個體)이었는데 가장 우점(優占)이었던 초종(草種)은 바랭이(1$m^2$당(當) 24~336개체(個體))와 쇠비름(1$m^2$당(當) 72~367 개체(個體))이었으며 다음으로 참방동산이, 중대가리풀, 황새냉이, 강아지풀, 명아주, 여뀌, 돌피 등(等)이었다. 주요잡초(主要雜草)의 성숙기(成熟期) 생장량(生長量)은 개체당(個體當) 평균(平均) 생체중(生體重)으로 볼 때 여뀌(252g), 피(226g), 개기장(1515g), 명아주(122g), 바랭이(58g), 깨풀(22g)의 순(順)이었으며 잡초(雜草) 개체당(個體當) 평균(平均) 종자수(種子數)는 명아주(67,000개(個)), 피(48,000개(個)), 여뀌(6,850개(個), 바랭이(2,560(個))의 순(順)이었다. 주요잡초(主要雜草)의 초종별(草種別) 발생수(發生數), 생육량(生育量) 및 종자수량(種子收量)은 잡초개체(雜草個體), 조사시기(調査時期) 및 장소(場所), 그리고 경종조건(耕種條件)에 따라 큰 변이(變異)를 보였다. 3) 잡초식생(雜草植生)의 군락특성(群落特性)을 보면 피-개기장형(型), 여뀌-피-개기장-바랭이형(型), 피-개기장-여뀌-바랭이-명아주형(型), 바랭이-여뀌-깨풀형(型) 등(等)의 5개(個) 군락(群落)으로 분류(分類)할 수 있었고 포지(圃地)의 위치(位置)에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 잡초발생(雜草發生)의 산포도면(散布度面)에서 명아주와 여뀌는 군집성(群集性)이 컸으며 개기장은 산개성(散開性)이 컸고 바랭이와 피는 발생수(發生數)가 많으면서도 고르게 분산발생(分散發生)되었으며 깨풀과 망초는 희생(稀生)하는 초종(草種)이었다. 그리고 피와 개기장 및 바랭이, 바랭이와 여뀌, 명아주와 망초는 각각(各各) 그 발생(發生)에 있어서 공존성(共存性)(Association)이 컸는데 특히 바랭이는 발생수(發生數)가 많으면서 다른 잡초(雜草)와의 공존성(共存性)이 높아 하계(夏季) 전지(田地) 잡초중(雜草中)에서 우점도(優占度)가 가장 컸다. 2. 단작(單作) 및 맥후작(麥後作)에 있어서 콩의 개체간(個體間) 경합(競合) 및 잡초(雜草)와의 상호경합(相互競合) 1) 콩의 평균(平均) 주당(株當) 수량(收量)은 단작(單作), 맥후작(麥後作)의 어느 작기(作期)에서나 콩을 밀식(密植)할수록 종내(種內) 개체간(個體間) 경합(競合)이 심(甚)해져서 현저한 감수(減收)를 나타내었고 단작구(單作區)에 비(比)하여 맥후작구(麥後作區)에서는 제초(除草)한 경우에 37%, 잡초(雜草)를 방임(坊任)한 경우에 23% 정도(程度)의 평균(平均) 감수(減收)를 보였다. 한편 제초구(除草區)에 비(比)하여 잡초(雜草) 방임구(放任區)에서는 단작(單作)의 경우 41%, 후맥작(後麥作)의 경우 28%의 평균(平均) 감수(減收)를 나타내어 콩을 조파(早播)했을 때 잡초(雜草)와의 종간경합(種間競合)이 현저하게 심(甚)하였다. 2) 콩의 평균(平均) 10a당(當) 수량(收量)은 주당수량(株當收量)과 반대(反對)로 어는 작기(作期)에서나 콩을 밀식(密植)할수록 증가(增加)하였는데 그 정도(程度)는 제초구(除草區)보다 잡초(雜草) 방임구(放任區)에서 더욱 현저하였다. 단작구(單作區)에 비(比)하여 맥후작구(麥後作區)에서는 제초(除草)한 경우에 37%, 잡초(雜草)를 방임(放任)한 경우에 28%의 평균(平均) 감수(減收)를 보였고 한편 제초구(除草區)에 비(比)하여 잡초방임구(雜草放任區)에서는 단작(單作)의 경우에 33%, 맥후작(麥後作)의 경우에 23%의 평균(平均) 감수(減收)를 나타내었는데 이는 주당수량(株當收量)에서의 경향(傾向)과 비슷한 것이었다. 3) 콩의 실용(實用) 형질(形質) 중(中)에서 단작구(單作區)에 비(比)하여 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量)을 제외(除外)하고는 경장(莖長), 경중(莖重), 주경절수(主莖節數), 분지수(分枝數), 협수(莢數) 등(等)이 모두 맥후작구(麥後作區)에서 현저하게 감소(減少)하였다. 또한 대부분(大部分)의 형질(形質)이 잡초(雜草)에 의(依)해서도 크게 영향을 받았는데 특히 콩을 소식(疎植)한 경우, 그리고 맥후작(麥後作)보다는 단작(單作)의 경우에 잡초(雜草)에 의(依)한 피해(被害)가 현저히 크게 나타났다. 4) 잡초방임시(雜草放任時) 단작구(單作區)에서는 바랭이가 우점종(優占種리)이었고 방동산이, 중대가리풀, 명아주 등이 광생초종(廣生草種)이었으며 맥후작(麥後作)의 경우에는 쇠비름과 바랭이가 우점종(優占種)으로 황새냉이, 중대가리풀, 까마중, 피, 여뀌 등이 산생(散生)하였는데 콩의 재식밀도(裁植密度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 잡초(雜草)의 발생수(發生數)가 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었으나 초종별(草種別) 우점도(優占度)에는 변함이 없었다. 5) 주요(主要) 잡초(雜草)들의 생육량(生育量)은 초종별(草種別)로 현저 한 차이(差異)가 있었으며 따라서 잡초(雜草)의 발생수(發生數)로 본 우점도(優占度)와 단위면적당(單位面積當) 생육량(生育量)(잡초(雜草)의 발생수(發生數)${\times}$개체당(個體當) 생육량(生育量))에 의(依)한 우점도(優占度)가 초종(草種)에 따라 달랐다. 콩과외 경합성(競合性)으로 보아 단작구(單作區)에서는 바랭이가 콩과의 경합주체(競合主體)였고 맥후작(麥後作)에서는 바랭이와 쇠비름이 거의 동등(同等)하게 콩과 경합(競合)하는 초종(草種)이었다. 6) 콩의 재식밀도(裁植密度) 증가(增加)에 의(依)해 잡초(雜草)의 발생수(發生數)가 맥후작구(麥後作區)보다 단작(單作)의 경우에 현저히 감소(減少)되었으며 잡초(雜草)의 생육(生育)은 어느 작기(作期)에서나 모두 제어(制御)되어 단위면적당(單位面積當) 총(總) 잡초량(雜草量)이 크게 감소(減少)되었다. 7) 단작(單作) 및 맥후작구(麥後作區)에서 모두 우점종(優占種)이었던 바랭이는 발생량(發生量)이 콩의 재식밀도(裁植密度) 증가(增加)에 역비례(逆比例)하여 감소(減少)하였으나 맥후작구(麥後作區)에서 중요(重要) 초종(草種)이었던 쇠비름은 콩의 재식밀도(裁植密度)에 유의적(有意的)으로 반응(反應)하지 않았다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.