• 한국의사학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.111-133
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• 2006

This study was examined to reveal the medical Science of Balhae which was not well displayed until now. For this, the category of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was decided in diachronic and synchronic perspective and the concrete contents of the medical science of Balhae(渤海) was presumed. Balhae(渤海) succeeded to the medical science of Koguryo(高句麗) and its orthodoxy. Through the interchange between Balhae(渤海) and the country as Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅), Balhae(渤海) accepted new medical knowledge. Balhae(渤海) had a customs to eat a cake made of rice flour and artemisia paste on the Tano Festival(端午) to overcome its constitutional character. And medicines as Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi were treated valuable. and they used Ondol(溫突). Balhae(渤海) advanced suigeneris abscess medicine(治腫醫學), and they valued much of Hyangyak(鄕藥). And they took the serious view on the scripture in the education and on the simplic in the clinic. It shows Balhae(渤海) had the unique medical tradition of our nation. The medical institution and medical educational system of Balhae(渤海) was fundamental to that of Koguryo(高句麗), and it was established in the reference of the system of Dang(唐) and Shilla(新羅). It influenced the establishment of medical system and medical education of Corea(高麗) later on. And the medical doctor of the Balhae(渤海) who was dispatched to Japan imparted the advanced medicine of Balhae(渤海) and it was fundamental to the Japanese medical development. Balhae(渤海) produced superior acupuncture on the basis of superior materials which are represented as metalwork technology and Corea-copper(高麗銅) which are handed down from the Old-Chosun(古朝鮮) and Koguryo(高句麗). And we can suppose the level of Balhae(渤海) through the fact that the acupunctual technique of Koguryo(高句麗) was spread out to the nearby country. By the tradition of acupuncture and moxibustion, the theory of Bi-bo(裨補) that cure a disease on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion appeared in the north and south branch period(南北國時代). And we can prusure the level of acupuncture of Balhae(渤海) through this fact. Balhae(渤海) educated herbal medicine with priority given to Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyong(神農本草經) stand on the serious view on the scripture. They produced a various herbs on the basis of broad territory and suigeneris herbal medicine. It is famous herb of Balhae(渤海), that To-sa-ja, Gon-po(昆布), Doo-shi, Ginseng(人蔘), Woo-hwang(牛黃), Song-ja(松子), Hwang-myung-kyo (黃明膠), Baek-bu-ja(白附子), Sa-hyang(麝香), Honey(蜜).

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.28-38
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• 2008

Balhae was an ancient Korean kingdom that existed almost 1,300 years ago. It was a dynamic time in the Korean history when the national strength was building up in terms of politics, economy and culture, thereby called as "Haedongseongguk, the powerhouse in the East". Balhae had dominated parts of Manchuria and the northern part of the Korean peninsula between the late 7th century and the 10th century, occupying the center stage of the northern Korean history. It serves as a window to the East Asia in the present as well as in the past. Yet, due to its geography spanning from the North Korea to Kilin Province of China to part of Heilongjiang Province and to the Littoral Province of Siberia, Balhae has been the center of historical disputes among neighboring countries that insist it is part of each of their own history. China argues that it was a prefecture of the Tang Dynasty, established by the Mohe, not a successor to Goguryeo, which is a China-oriented viewpoint of history. In addition, Russia recognizes Balhae as their first-ever medieval feudal state since the Littoral Province is now under their sovereignty. Therefore, the restoration of Balhae history is in line with the veritable establishment of the ancient Korean history. For this, it is necessary to embrace inter-disciplinary achievements and to continue efforts to adopt them rather than to blame the shortage of historical documents and the difficulty of the excavation of relics. If fashion is "a visual symbol" of our society, beauty culture serve as a mirror to reflect our civilization and culture directly or indirectly. Still, it is not easy to draw similarities by analyzing and comparing the attributes of various cultures and civilizations party because the essence of culture lies in diversity. Nevertheless, it is believed that cultural liaison as well as geographical liaison can be a medium to compensate for the limits of the foreign exchange history of Southeast Asia in proving the relationship between Goguryeo and Balhae, by examining and speculating beauty culture that reflect their period. It was confirmed by various documents regarding Goguryeo out of relics, historical sites and documents. Mural paintings showed how the people of Balhae wore and accessorized themselves. They also allowed us to speculate their way of living. As the contemporary historians can assert that Balhae is part of the Korean history thanks to the realism scholars in the late Joseon Dynasty, who rediscovered the Balhae history and conducted practical researches, it is expected that researchers who study beauty culture contribute to completing the restoration of the Balhae history by thoroughly examining our history, costume and beauty culture.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2012

Balhae(698~926) was the ancient state which opened the Nambuk-guk period with the Unified Silla. But Balhae architecture began to included in the history of Korean architecture only about 15 years ago, such as the books written by Yun Jang-seop or Ju Nam-cheol. I discussed four issues related to Balhae architecture in this paper. First, I criticized the excavation report of 24 stones remains at Jiangdong in Duhua city, and I asserted the ondol site belonged to different period. Second, I also interpreted that the building found on the tombs no.13 and no.14, in the Longhai burial area in Helong city must be a wooden stupa. Third, Balhae played some important roles in the history of ondol. It developed Koguryeo ondol in terms of structure, gave an opportunity to the ruling class to adopt ondol for the first time, and passed the heating system down to the Jurchen, the ancestor of the modern Manchurian. Fourth, the Russian-Korean joint research team excavated seven building sites in Koksharovka 1 fortress from Russian territory these four years, and it is reasonable to assume the fortress was the center of Anbyeon-bu, one of 15 local government districts in Balhae. I guess this buildings were the royal shrine built by resisters after the fall of Balhae, and the vessel stands found there must be used for ancestral memorial ceremony inside them.

• 복식
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• 제22권
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• pp.97-118
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• 1994

This stud is my second trial to examine the costume of Balhae Dyansty. The subject of this study is the costume of a bronze statue excavated in the Maritime Provinces of Russia. The bronze statue is in the custody of Vladivostok Museum E.V. Shavkunov a Russian archelogist reported it a statue of-ficial of balhae dynasty in the 7-8th century. Judged his report lack of basis I suggest new opinion on sex, age, married or unmarried. social position manufactured time of the statue by comparative study on the costume hair-style and appearance of the statue with around nations' antiquities. hair-style of the statue is basically included in Ssangge and complexed style of Sage Ssangsuhuange, and Guange, Generally, Ssangge is a hair style of children, unmarried women, court ladies, dancing girls, and instrument player (lady)s'. The statue wears round-necked blouse long skirt broad fabric belt at high waist broad sleeve and confront collar coat cloud shaped shawl and risen tip shoes. The figure of statue is de-scribed plump. The statue shows straight sil-houette and high waist typical style of Tang, Uddai, The most characteristic facto is cloud shaped shawl Cloud shaped shawl was originally one of the northern race's shoulder ornaments. From the view of Comparative study the antiquities of NamDang and JunChock are simi-lar to this statue. Besides Tsukanovka river where the statue was excavated is Kraskino ruins of a castle formed single cultural layer of Balhae Dynasty and are relics of the layer of Balhae Dynasty and are relics of the latter period of Balhae Dynasty. Therefore this statue is assumed to have been manufactured at the last years of Balhae Dynasty and to be a figure of unmarried woman not official.

• 복식
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• 제61권10호
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• pp.72-88
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• 2011

This study is about the costume relics that were excavated from M10 of the 6th site, M13 and M14 of the 8th site among all the Runghai(龍海) ancient tomb sites that were known as the royal family's tombs of Balhae, which were built from the late 8th century to the early 9th century. These costume relics were also introduced in the academic journal of Chinese archaeology(考古) 6 in 2009. The summary of the results that focused on finding features of the costume relics and its meaning were as follows: 1. Male and female statues, both of which were excavated from the Runghai ancient tomb sites, had the shape and composition of the government official's costumes such as the Danryeong(團領), Bokdu, and Gwadae. The female's hairstyle and accessories were quite similar to other costume relics of Balhae. In particular, the male statues wearing the Danryeong and Bokdu were considered as the normal figures of government officials of Balhaeafter the mid 8th century. 2. The female statue wearing the male attire is considered as a maid, and we can confirm that women dressing up like a man was a popular trend in Tang(唐), and this trend was introduced to Balhae. 3. The back flap(垂脚) of Bokdu that the male statue is wearing in M10 of the 6th site, has a shape that has not been found in the ancient relics of both Balhae and Tang. Therefore, it is considered as a unique shape of Bokdu of Balhae. However, it needs to be observed more and discussed in the future. 4. In regards to the Gwadae, the outside of the Gwadae is decorated with jade and has an embossed carving that is gold inside. The Gwadae of the Runghaisites has a unique design and it is distinguished from other ancient relics. 5. The gold trefoil crown and the leather conical hat that were found in M14 of the 8th site can be seen as the basic composition of official's hats in ancient Korea. Also, the motif of the gold trefoil is closely related to Anthemion that is often seen in the relics of the Three Kingdom period. Thus, we can assume according to this important finding that the style of ancient Korea official's hats came from either the king or a royal family of Balhae after the mid 8th century.

• 복식
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.117-137
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• 2011

This study analyzed historical records on silk tabby-ju(細), Si(總)- in a diachronic and spatial point of view. The historical records were written in Samguksagi(三國史記) of Korea, Eastern barbarian[東弟] section of Ershiwush(二十五史) of China and Ritkokusi(六國史)of Japan from the $4^{th}$ century to the early $10^{th}$ century. The study finally could reach the conclusions as follow. Firstly, records that fabrics like Ju were used were found in the Korean historical documents written on Balhae(渤海) of the $8^{th}$ century and Sllla(新羅) of the $9^{th}$ century. On the other hand, no official record on production of fabrics like Ju was found in the Japanese historical documents up to the $10^{th}$ century. Instead, there are some records that Si was produced and used for the first time in the $7^{th}$ century and it was rapidly spread in the $8^{th}$ century. In the $9^{th}$ century, the number of records on Si was sharply decreased and the importance of Si in the foreign-relation point of view also went down gradually. Secondly, records on using and trading with both Ju(細) and Si(總)in the foreign relation of two countries were shown from the $8^{th}$ century to the $9^{th}$ century. In the period, international exchange had been promoted among Balhae, Silla and ancient Japan. In the $9^{th}$ century, fabrics like Ju of ancient Korea was introduced to ancient Japan ancient Japanese people could not manufacture Ju by themselves at that time. On this account, we assumed that ancient Japanese people might consider Ju as high quality fabric rather than Si that had been used as general fabric. Meanwhile, it is found that Japan presented various kinds of Si to Balhae and Silla from the early $8^{th}$ century. As the foreign relation between Sllia and ancient Japan got weaker in the mid-$8^{th}$ century, frequency and amount of supplying Si to Balhae were relatively increased. Besides Si, Balhae was given a lot of silk yarn and floss. These fabrics presumably were used as raw material of Ju in Balhae because Balhae got low output of silk due to its geographical condition.

• 복식
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2007

It seems that Balhae(渤海) had built up its national power through the international relationship from the early years of an establishment of a dynasty. And the envoys that were sent with the official duties dressed up the official uniform for a diplomatic courtesy. Accordingly, this study will be considered about the official uniform in the early years of the Balhae era. The system of the official uniform of Balhae was classified into two form as the starting from $739\sim742$ A.D. The official uniform of the early years of the Balhae($698\sim739$ A.D.) was based on the costume of the three Kingdoms[三國時代], that is, Yu, Go(待), Jo-u-gwan(鳥羽冠). These results were available owing to the reasons that the Balhaehad succeeded the culture of Go-gu-ryo(高句麗), which was the basis for the development of Parhae's own culture, and the most of the governing group and the ruling class in Balhaewere the drifting people from Go-gu-ryo. After that, which the 3th King Mun(文王), acrepted the Tang's culture positively, assumed the reins of government ascended the throne and the brisk exchange with Tang(唐) by the envoys and Suk-wui(宿衛) were dispatched to Tang, the official uniform of the Balhaewas transformed into the system of Tang. This system was similar to that of Tang in point of using a four colors and the items as Danryeong(團領), Bokdu.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Objectives : Balhae was a Kingdom forming the Period of Southern and Northern Kingdoms with shilla. Because there have been paid little attention to the medicine of Balhae in the medical history field, we have little information on the medicine of Balhae thoroughly in detail. The aim of this study was to explorer on the acupuncture and moxibustion in Balhae as a part of the study on the medicine of Balhae. Methods : Because the historical remains of BalHae is not sufficient, it is hard to find out the part directly related to medicine However, the study established the category of acupuncture and moxibustion based on two rational frames from both diachronic and synchronic respects. Results : BalHae succeeded to the unique tradition and manufactured excellent needles which is harmless to human body. And BalHae's acupuncture was the highest level in those days by succeeding to the tradition from Gogugryeo. There might have been the Bi-Bo idea that we can treat country's disease with the Bo-sa (補瀉) theory of acupuncture in BalHae. Conclusions : We could know that there has been many medical scriptures of our own in BalHae, We could find out that BalHae succeeded to the legitimacy of our native medicine from Gojosun to Goguryeo and that they had the highest Acupuncture and Moxibustion in those days.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.54-79
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• 2024

본 연구는 한국의 발해학계에서 박물관 전시를 인식하는 논점이 중국에만 편중되어온 공백을 메우기 위해 작성되었다. 따라서 러시아 박물관에서 개최된 발해사 전시구성 및 운영정책의 특징과 변화를 분석하여, 국가 간 발해사 이해를 넓힐 수 있는 해석과 표출에 대한 자료를 공유하고자 한다. 이에 러시아의 발해사 전시를 대표하는 아르세니예프 V.K 국립극동역사보호지구 통합박물관의 상설전시 및 기획전시를 대상으로 시론적 연구를 시도해보았다. 우선 전시구성을 살펴보면, 상설전시는 지역사의 통시적 구성으로, 제1회 및 2회 기획전시는 러시아과학원 주요 소장유물을 포함한 발해사 주제별 구성으로 기획되었다. 전시 운영정책은 박물관 운영규정, 전시 운영인력, 전시 홍보전략을 통해 살펴보았다. 다음으로 전시가 개최된 배경과 역할 변화를 살펴보기 위해, 발해사 전시 개최 분기에 따른 지역사회의 정치·사회·문화적 이슈를 검토하였다. 그 결과, 상설전시 개편분기에는 국제정상회의 개최지역에 대한 역사인식을 제고하고, 제1회 기획전시 분기에는 다양한 정책주체들에 의해 한·러 합작 문화관광 현안을 견인하였으나, 제2회 기획전시 분기에는 국내외적 외교전략 변화 등과 맞물려 홍보 및 연계행사가 활성화되지 않은 것으로 추론해보았다. 마지막으로, 전시 내러티브의 특징을 살펴보기 위해, 지역사 교과서 및 발해사 개설서를 분석틀로 삼고 전시 내용과 상호 비교해보았다. 그 결과, 시대별 내러티브에서는 교과서에서 분리되었던 말갈족과 발해국의 통합 연출이 확인된다. 주제별 내러티브 중 정치사 주제에서는 변방의 말갈족 전사 대신 발해의 중앙 관리로 연출된 변화를 파악할 수 있었다. 특히 발해 영역도는 실증적인 조사자료 축적의 중요성을 시사한다. 물질문화 주제에서는 농업·수렵을 보여주는 동식물유체 자료의 보강을 제안해보았고, 대외 관계 주제에서는 통일신라 교류와 투르크계 주민 구성을 시사하는 내러티브를 살펴보았다. 사상문화 주제에서는 고구려 국가제사의례와 관련된 내러티브가 나타나는데, 이는 한국학계에서 아직 주목하지 못했던 새로운 자료이므로 추후 논의가 필요함을 지적해보았다. 결론적으로, 본 연구는 러시아 박물관의 발해사 전시 연구에 대한 공백을 메우고, 전시가 변화해온 맥락과 전시 내러티브의 특징을 고찰하여 시사점을 제시했다는 의의가 있다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.224-243
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• 2020

괴산 원풍리 마애불병좌상은 보물 제97호로 지정되어 있는 초대형 마애불이다. 이불병좌상은 발해에서 동경용원부를 중심으로 성행하였던 불상이나 신라나 고려에서는 조성 사례가 매우 희박하다. 본문에서는 원풍리 마애이불병좌상의 조성 시기를 10세기 후반기인 광종 집권기로 파악할 수 있었다. 원풍리 마애이불병좌상이 소백산맥을 넘는 주요 교통로 입구에 조성된 이유는 진천과 청주 세력과 관련이 있는 것으로 추정하였다. 진천과 청주는 광종에 앞서 재위하였던 고려 2대, 3대 왕인 혜종과 정종의 처가 세력들의 세거지였다. 이들은 광종이 가장 경계했던 호족들이었다. 마애이불병 좌상의 제작에는 중앙 정부의 후원 하에 충주와 문경 지역 장인들이 참여한 것으로 파악하였다. 문경 지역 장인들의 경우 발해 유민들일 가능성이 높은 것으로 추정하였다. 원풍리 마애이불병좌상의 제작에 발해 유민들이 참여하였을 가능성은 마애불이 발해에서 유행하였던 이불병좌상인 점, 협시보살 보관의 특징이 발해적 요소가 확인되는 점을 들 수 있다. 이와 함께 각연사 비로자나불좌상 광배 후면의 불패형 불탑이 발해적 요소라는 점을 근거로 들었다. 또한 고려시대 발해 왕실 후예로 추정되는 대씨는 조선시대에 들어와 대개 태씨로 기록되어 있으며 태씨들의 집단 거주지가 문경이라는 점을 통해 발해 유민들이 고려초 문경에 정착했을 가능성을 제시하였다. 원풍리 마애이불병좌상은 소백산맥을 넘어 경상도 북부와 충청도 중부 지역을 왕래하는 많은 사람들에게 고려 왕실의 권위를 보여주는 불상이라 할 수 있다. 그 권위는 한 때 광종에 대항하여 권력 투쟁을 벌였던 진천과 청주의 호족 세력들을 직접 겨냥한 것으로 보인다. 이와 더불어 거대한 이불병좌상을 주요 교통로에 조성한 이유는 후삼국 시기 이후 고려에 내투한 수만의 발해 사람들이 광종을 지지하고 있음을 보여주는 의미 또한 있었던 것으로 판단된다. 괴산 원풍리 마애이불병좌상은 10세기 후반 경 광종대의 시대적 상황과 조각사의 흐름이 잘 반영되어 있는 의미 있는 불상이라 할 수 있다.