• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.147-150
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• 2005

Macrophage scavenger receptors (MSRs) induce microglial interaction with ${\beta}$-amyloid fibrils (fA${\beta}$) that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although microglia are know n to have a dual effect on formation of plaque and clearance of fA${\beta}$ in the AD brain, receptor-mediated phagocytosis is a very important tool for preventing amyloid plaque via activated microglia in the early stage of AD. In the study, we examined whether ginsonoside Rg3 enhances the microglial Phagocytosis of A${\beta}$1-42 through Phagocytosis assay, gene expression (RT-PCR) and protein assay (western blots) for the cell responsiveness presented between Rg3-treated and non-treated groups. Fluro-labeled Ac-LDL and E.coli particles were used as control proteins for phagocytosis. In previous studies, this was a particularly interesting property of Rg3 in the stimulation and phagocytosis of macrophages in the periphery. We report here that ginsenoside Rg3 increased the expression of type-A MSR (MSR-A) in microglia and thus accelerated the phagocytosis with an effective degradation of engulfed fA${\beta}$. This result suggests that Rg3 may play an important role in removing fA${\beta}$ by enhancing the receptor-mediated phagocytosis. In addition, Rg3 could be a potential candidate for balancing the rate of production of fA${\beta}$ in AD brain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.578-584
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• 2015

In this study a moving platform for a mobile robot that can be traveling with a full automatic standing arm was developed. Conventional mobile robots generally may equip 4 wheels or 3 wheels with a caster wheel or independent driven wheels and have good statistic stability. When a mobile robot travels on a sharply perpendicular and narrow crossroad, it may need a special steering scheme such as going forward and backward repeatedly or it is sometimes physically impossible for the robot to go through the crossroad because of the size limit. The upright running mobile robot changes its posture to the upright posture which has a small planar area and is able to go through the crossroad. The upright control which was manually performed step by step before such as sequences of uprighting (returning), checking, and balancing, is now automated.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.375-382
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose the simplified and improved system of One Color Detector to protect color distortion of simple color images in the processed of Auto White Balance (AWB). The proposed One Color Detector is based on Grayworld algorithm which controls color compensation except one color in simple image and widely applies for mobile phone camera because of high efficiency. This system can be suitable for diverse image size, and let user control the threshold in diverse size and environments compared with conventional system. Also the hardware size of the proposed system is reduced by 80% over that of the conventional one.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.5-34
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policies for reducing private tutoring expenditure in Roh Mu Hyun and Lee Myeong Bak Government using Causal Loop analysis based on the Systems Thinking perspective. The results are as follows. First, high educational achievers receive more private tutoring than lowers and children who have rich parents have better chance to take private tutoring than the others. It reflects the social characteristics which emphasize the academic ability and educational background. Second, two governments implemented educational policies to control the private tutoring expenditure as balancing loops ; strengthening public education, providing after school programs and EBS KSAT teaching and improving the entrance exam of university. Third, they overlooked the unintended feedback loops coming from 1) incongruity between causes and countermeasures of shadow education 2) wrong perception of substitutional relationship between public education and shadow education 3) side effect of the policy increasing the weight of student record 4) problems of diversifying high schools 5) dilemma of easing the burden of testing through admission officer system. The conclusion is that policies of reducing the private education expenses have failed because two governments don't consider unintended Feedback Loops in the process of making education policies. So we have to make policies based on Systems Thinking and reducing private education expenses should not be the purpose of strengthening the public education.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.483-491
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• 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Matrix metalloproteinases-8 (MMP-8), neutrophil collagenase, is a functional player in the progressive pathology of various inflammatory disorders. In this study, we administered an MMP-8 inhibitor (MMP-8i) in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S transgenic mice, to determine the effects of MMP-8i on PD pathology. We observed a significant increase of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive activated microglia in the striatum of LRRK2 G2019S mice compared to normal control mice, indicating enhanced neuro-inflammatory responses. The increased number of Iba1-positive activated microglia in LRRK2 G2019S PD mice was down-regulated by systemic administration of MMP-8i. Interestingly, this LRRK2 G2019S PD mice showed significantly reduced size of cell body area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in SN region and MMP-8i significantly recovered cellular atrophy shown in PD model indicating distinct neuro-protective effects of MMP-8i. Furthermore, MMP-8i administration markedly improved behavioral abnormalities of motor balancing coordination in rota-rod test in LRRK2 G2019S mice. These data suggest that MMP-8i attenuates the pathological symptoms of PD through anti-inflammatory processes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the pain and balance of patients who receive total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: This study subjects were 24 patients in Hospital T, located in Daegu, South Korea who received TKA after being diagnosed with degenerative arthritis. The subjects were randomly divided into and experimental group and a control group, with each group including 12 patients. Both group received superfical thermal therapy, interferential current therapy (ICT), and continue passive motion (CPM), which are conventional knee therapy on the knee joint. The experimental group received the tDCS treatment three times a week for three weeks, from October 1st to October 20th. The visual analogue scale and Wii Balance Board system were used to measure the pain and balancing ability, respectively, of both groups. In the statistical result analysis, to compare about pre and post test difference in each groups was accomplished. Statistical analysis of independent t-test and paired t-test were conducted using SPSS version 23.0. Results: After three weeks of intervation, there were significantly difference in balance ability in pre and post test in the tDCS group. VAS decreased significantly in both groups(p<.05), There was a significantly difference in pain, balance ability in the tDCS group compared to the sham group. Conclusion: These results indicate that applying tDCS together with conventional knee joint therapy for TKA patients is effective in promoting the patients' recovery.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6B
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• pp.615-625
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• 2008

In this study, classification of streams was conducted for Ji Stream, a tributary to the Geum River and Yo Stream, a tributary to the Seomjin River, and in addition, channel evolution model to the same streams was applied. The classification approaches suggested by Rosgen and Korea Institute of Construction Technology (KICT) were conducted. The channel evolution model suggested by Schumm et al. (1984) was applied. Based on the application results of Rosgen approach, Ji Stream and Yo stream show the characteristics of mountainous stream with pebbles. The application results of channel evolution model indicated that the current condition of Ji Stream and Yo Stream is a state of equilibrium, balancing the sediment supply and sediment transport capacity. The results of this study can be used as a fundamental data for water control project, river restoration and appropriate channel planning.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.255-264
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• 1996

A 15-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the economical feed formulations for Korean rockfish (Sebastes sehlegeli). Three replicate groups of fish averaging 33 g were fed one of 8 isoproteic ($49\%$) and isolipidic ($8\%$) diets containing various practical ingredients such as fish meal, meat meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and wheat flour with or without supplemental essential amino acids. A control diet with white fish meal and brown fish meal as the only protein sources was included. Practical ingredients were substituted from $40\%$ up to $65\%$ for portions of the fish meals in the control diet. Essential amino acids (EAA) were added to the diets for balancing EAA composition of each dietary protein source. In addition, these experimental diets were compared with raw fish-based moist pellet containing $50\%$ frozen horse mackerel and $50\%$ commercial binder meal. Results indicated that animal and plant protein sources could substitute for fish meal up to $55\%$ in diet without any adverse effects on growth and chemical composition of fish. Fish growth, body composition, nutrient utilization, and cost of fish production are discussed in relation to nutritional values of the dietary protein sources.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 1991

The human temporomandibular joint as a ginglymoarthrodial one has much in common with the other synovial joints of the body, but it does possess an unique charachteristic in that it must accomodate the various occlusal relations of dentition during an end point of closure. For that reason, the movement of the condyle in the temporomandibular joint is susceptible to influences from the nature of occlusion. Undue loading to the temporomandibular joint can be applied on the occasion of premature contacts in centric relation, balancing side interferences, change of occlusal surfaces due to excessive attrition, loss of tooth. Such occlusal disharmonies in association with the systemic and emotional factors may give rise to the temporomandibular disorder. On the other hand, the changes of occlusal patterns in the growing body can also have an effect on the growth of the temporomandibular joint through the alterations of functional stresses. The purpose of this study was to observe histopathologic response of the temporomandibular joint in unilateral chewing on one side exclusively for 10 months. Three dogs showing normal masticatory function were chosen. One dog aged about 12 months was for control, two dogs for experimental specimens were about 12 and 18 months old respectively. For chewing on the left side only, unilateral lower right premolar and molar were extracted in two experimental specimens. And then three dogs were sacrificed 10 months later. Frontal histologic sectioning of joints were done for the observation of the effects of one-side chewing. 24 specimens from three dogs were obtained and fixed in 10% formalin and routinly processed with H-E staining for histologic examination. The light microscopic findings were interpretated as follows: 1. Experimental specimen 1 aged about 22 months: In comparison with control and right non-chewing side, the proliferative and hypertrophic zone were increased at the mesial and lateral part of left chewing side condyle. There was no change of the articular tissue of temporal bone. 2. Experimental specimen 2 aged about 28 months: The articular tissues of adult joint were observed. The differences between the chewing and non-chewing side were not seen in the articular tissues of condyle and temporal bone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1127-1132
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• 2000

Forty yearling Tswana sheep and goats (20 sheep and 20 goats) of both sexes were used in a feeding trial conducted in Botswana College of Agriculture (B.C.A) Content Farm in Gaborone for three months. The animals were randomized into four treatment groups of five animals per species balancing for weight and sex such that average initial weights were not statistically different. The sheep and goats were individually housed and fed under a common roof. All the animals were fed on Lablab purpureus L. as a protein supplement which was 40% of the ration. In addition to L.purpureus L. the control groups of both species were fed on 60% Cenchrus ciliaris L. as basal diet. The other three treatment groups were fed on different forages namely; sorghum forage (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf), millet forage (Pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.) and veldt grass mainly Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) as basal diet (60%). Water was provided individually to all the animals on ad lib. basis. Daily intakes of feed and water were recorded and weighing of the animals was done every two weeks. The collected data were analysed statistically for differences. Average daily weight gain by Tswana sheep was significantly different (p<0.05), sheep fed on millet forage had a higher daily weight gain $(120.24{\pm}8.91g)$ compared with sheep fed on veldt grass $(92.86{\pm}6.94g)$. Treatment effects on daily total DM intake by sheep were significant, the control group (C. ciliaris L.) had higher intake $(705.77{\pm}10.22g)$ and those fed on sorghum forage had the least intake $(668.10{\pm}10.70g)$. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the average daily weight gain by Tswana goats and it was 84.52, 73.81, 83.33 and 78.57 g for goats fed on C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively. Average daily total DM intake by goats was 655.27, 652.64, 650.07 and 650.94 g for C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively. Feed conversion efficiency was 8.00, 8.98, 7.93 and 8.34 for goats fed on C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively and were not significantly different (p>0.05).