• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1244-1244
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• 2001

In linear discriminant analysis there are two important properties concerning the effectiveness of discriminant function modeling. The first is the separability of the discriminant function for different classes. The separability reaches its optimum by maximizing the ratio of between-class to within-class variance. The second is the stability of the discriminant function against noises present in the measurement variables. One can optimize the stability by exploring the discriminant variates in a principal variation subspace, i. e., the directions that account for a majority of the total variation of the data. An unstable discriminant function will exhibit inflated variance in the prediction of future unclassified objects, exposed to a significantly increased risk of erroneous prediction. Therefore, an ideal discriminant function should not only separate different classes with a minimum misclassification rate for the training set, but also possess a good stability such that the prediction variance for unclassified objects can be as small as possible. In other words, an optimal classifier should find a balance between the separability and the stability. This is of special significance for multivariate spectroscopy-based classification where multicollinearity always leads to discriminant directions located in low-spread subspaces. A new regularized discriminant analysis technique, the principal discriminant variate (PDV) method, has been developed for handling effectively multicollinear data commonly encountered in multivariate spectroscopy-based classification. The motivation behind this method is to seek a sequence of discriminant directions that not only optimize the separability between different classes, but also account for a maximized variation present in the data. Three different formulations for the PDV methods are suggested, and an effective computing procedure is proposed for a PDV method. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of blood plasma samples from mastitic and healthy cows have been used to evaluate the behavior of the PDV method in comparison with principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant partial least squares (DPLS), soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). Results obtained demonstrate that the PDV method exhibits improved stability in prediction without significant loss of separability. The NIR spectra of blood plasma samples from mastitic and healthy cows are clearly discriminated between by the PDV method. Moreover, the proposed method provides superior performance to PCA, DPLS, SIMCA and FLDA, indicating that PDV is a promising tool in discriminant analysis of spectra-characterized samples with only small compositional difference, thereby providing a useful means for spectroscopy-based clinic applications.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1042-1042
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• 2001

In linear discriminant analysis there are two important properties concerning the effectiveness of discriminant function modeling. The first is the separability of the discriminant function for different classes. The separability reaches its optimum by maximizing the ratio of between-class to within-class variance. The second is the stability of the discriminant function against noises present in the measurement variables. One can optimize the stability by exploring the discriminant variates in a principal variation subspace, i. e., the directions that account for a majority of the total variation of the data. An unstable discriminant function will exhibit inflated variance in the prediction of future unclassified objects, exposed to a significantly increased risk of erroneous prediction. Therefore, an ideal discriminant function should not only separate different classes with a minimum misclassification rate for the training set, but also possess a good stability such that the prediction variance for unclassified objects can be as small as possible. In other words, an optimal classifier should find a balance between the separability and the stability. This is of special significance for multivariate spectroscopy-based classification where multicollinearity always leads to discriminant directions located in low-spread subspaces. A new regularized discriminant analysis technique, the principal discriminant variate (PDV) method, has been developed for handling effectively multicollinear data commonly encountered in multivariate spectroscopy-based classification. The motivation behind this method is to seek a sequence of discriminant directions that not only optimize the separability between different classes, but also account for a maximized variation present in the data. Three different formulations for the PDV methods are suggested, and an effective computing procedure is proposed for a PDV method. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of blood plasma samples from daily monitoring of two Japanese cows have been used to evaluate the behavior of the PDV method in comparison with principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant partial least squares (DPLS), soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA). Results obtained demonstrate that the PDV method exhibits improved stability in prediction without significant loss of separability. The NIR spectra of blood plasma samples from two cows are clearly discriminated between by the PDV method. Moreover, the proposed method provides superior performance to PCA, DPLS, SIMCA md FLDA, indicating that PDV is a promising tool in discriminant analysis of spectra-characterized samples with only small compositional difference.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.810-815
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 사과의 '고품질'이라는 개념 설정과 품질을 계량화 할 수 있는 기본 기술 개발을 위하여 20대부터 50대까지의 성인남녀를 대상으로 내 외적 품질인자에 대한 소비자 기호도 및 인지도 조사를 실시하였다. 설문 분석 결과 사과는 대형할인마트나 재래시장에서 소포장이나 낱개 단위로 구입되고 있었으며, 젊은 층 보다는 높은 연령층에서 많이 소비되고 있었다. 이에 따라 다양한 형태의 소포장규격 정립과 젊은 층을 대상으로 한 사과소비 촉진 마케팅이 필요할 것이다. 사과 크기에 있어서는 보통크기를 선호하였고, 맛에 있어서는 신맛보다는 단맛이 좀 더 강한 사과를 좋아하였으며, 전 연령층에서 단맛과 신맛이 적절히 조화된 사과를 선호하고 있었다. 사회경제적인 여건 변화에 따라 과일 크기에 대한 선호도가 변화하므로, 이를 과일 생산과 유통과정에 반영할 수 있어야 할 것이다. 소비자가 사과 선택 시 중요시하는 외형적 선정기준은 색, 모양, 품종, 껍질의 이상 유무, 크기, 단단함, 냄새, 안전성 순이었다. 또한, 구매 후 섭취 시 맛을 평가하는 인자로는 신맛과 단맛의 적절한 조화, 사과 고유의 항미 및 단맛이 상품성을 결정하는 가장 중요한 기준으로 조사되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.9-14
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• 1975

Growth retardation and a variable degree of body disproportion are recognized features of malnutrition, and mild and moderate protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM). Among the various body measurements suggested to assess the prevalence of all grades of PCM as judged by growth retardation and by body disproportion, the 'mid-upper-arm circumference'-abbreviated to 'arm-circumference' has been suggested as a potential useful simple field index for the assessment of PCM showing that the measurement would give composite information simultaneously on three important effects on PCM-deficit in the muscle protein reservoirs, availability of calorie stores in the form of subcutaneous fat, and growth failure. And this is selected because of its easy accessibility, and less involvement with clinical edema. This study is conducted to make a comparison between the percentage of Korean weight for age standards and the percentage of mid-upper-arm circumference for age standards of 175 preschool children aged $3{\sim}72$ months who are selected among the low-income residents in Seoul. In this study, a comparison is made between the results obtained by expressing the observed weight of the child as a percentage of Korean standard, referred to as 'weight-for-age' and the observed arm-circumference expressed as a percentage of the age-specific arm standard of Jelliffe, referred to as 'arm-for-age'. All the measurements were taken following the techniques described by Jelliffe. The left mid upper arm was measured using a glass-fibre tape and the Fairbanks Morse beam balance was used for weighing. 80% level of weight for age Korean standard and 85% level of arm for are Jelliffe standard were used as an upper borderline limit for PCM. Comparing the 80% weight-for-age and the 85% arm-for-age standard as an upper limit for PCM, for children aged $3{\sim}72$ months, results in 84.6% agreement with the sensitivity of 86.4% and its specificity of 83.5%. If arm circumference alone had been measured and judgement made on this basis, then only 5.1% of the children would have been 'wrongly' classified. And there is a moderately close correlation between arm circumference and weight for age as the data in Table 4 shows. The problem therefore lies in the standard for arm circumference in normal children and in determining what is the lower limit of normal. Once this is clearly difined, one can rely more confidently on arm circumference measurements alone for the nutritional assessment of early childhood.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2020

대류열전달은 겨울철 온실 열손실의 중요한 원인이 되며, 일반적으로 복사열에 의한 손실보다 더 크다. 스크린의 대류열전달계수를 자연상태에서 측정한 연구가 수행된 바는 있지만 상하면의 재질이 동일하고 공극이 없는 스크린에 대해서는 적용을 할 수 없는 방법이다. 이러한 재질의 스크린은 한국에서 많이 사용되고 있으나 대류열전달 특성을 파악하는데 많은 어려움이 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 공극이 없는 3가지 종류의 스크린에 대해 대류열전달계수를 구하였으며, 계수를 산정하기 위하여 복사열수지 이론에 근거하여 산정방법을 개발하였다. 실험장치에 스크린을 설치하고 일사량, 장파복사량, 대기온도, 스크린 및 흑색천의 표면온도, 풍속 등을 측정하였다. 스크린의 표면온도와 주변온도의 차이에 따른 대류열전달계수를 산정하였다. 풍속이 거의 없는 상태에서 온도의 차이가 증가함에 따라 계수는 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 지질공학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.281-295
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• 2010

새롭게 구축된 자동 흙-함수특성곡선 시험장치는 측정원리가 간단하고 연속적인 측정이 가능하며, 시험자에 의해 발생될 수 있는 오차를 최소화하여 보다 정확한 불포화토의 흙-함수특성곡선을 산정할 수 있다. 본 시험장치는 압력조절장치, 플로우셀, 물저장소, 공기방울트랩, 저울, 시료준비장치, 측정시스템 등으로 구성되어 있다. 공기의 압력은 0-300 kPa범위까지 적용할 수 있으며, 단기간내 시험을 완료할 수 있다. 본 시험장치에서는 건조과정과 습윤과정을 재현할 수 있으며, 측정 자동화 프로그램(SWRC)을 이용하여 건조과정과 습윤과정에 따른 시료내 함수비 변화를 실시간으로 확인할 수 있다. 본 시험기를 이용하여 상대밀도 75%인 주문진 표준사에 대한 건조 및 습윤과정의 체적함수비에 따른 모관흡수력을 측정하였다. 측정결과, 건조 및 습윤과정을 거치는 동안 동일한 체적함수비에서 대한 모관흡수력 값이 다르게 나타나는 이력현상(hysteresis)이 발생하였다. 측정된 결과를 토대로 기존의 Brooks and Corey, van Genuchten 및 Fredlund and Xing 방법을 이용하여 흙-함수특성곡선을 예측하였다. 결정계수를 이용하여 이들 방법에 대한 정확성을 평가한 결과 대상토질조건의 경우 van Genuchten방법이 신뢰성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2005

우리나라의 주요 농업 생태계인 논에서 벼 생육기간 중의 CO₂와 에너지 교환을 정량화하고 분석(평가하기 위하여 미기상학적인 방법인 에디 공분산법으로 물질/에너지 플럭스를 측정하였다. 측정장소는 한반도 중부 지방의 대표적인 벼농사 지대인 경기도 이천시 부발읍 신원리 농업과학기술원 이천 시험지 플럭스 측정 지점 (37°18'20.34"N, 127°30'40.46"E)에서 수행되었다. 벼군락 장파복사의 방출은 대기로부터의 장파복사량보다 100Wm/sup -2/정도 많았다. 벼논에서 이앙 후 에너지 배분은 잠열 플럭스로 더 많이 배분되었고, 보웬 비는 0.3-0.7 정도였다. 이앙 후 대기중의 수증기 농도는 이 앙 전에 비하여 2gm/sup -3/ 정도 높아졌다. 벼논에서 CO₂ 농도는 야간이 780～820gm/sup -3/, 주간에는 약 650gm/sup -3/ 정도였다. 일사량 증가에 따른 이산화탄소 흡수량은 엽면적 지수가 높을수록 높았으며 특히 유수 형성기-출수기에서 가장 높았다.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2001

The purpose of this study were to analyze the home care services and to evaluate the client's satisfaction with the home care services provided by home care service center in the C hospital. The data were collected by reviewing charts of 128 home care clients who were receiving home care services at C hospital from October 1997 to September 2000. The subjects for satisfaction of home care service were 20 clients from July 10 to September 30, 2000. The tool for measurement of present condition of home care service was developed by the researchers. The satisfactions of the home care services were measured by using the instrument developed by Im(997). The data were analyzed by using the SPSS/PC+. The results of this study were as followings : 1. Majority of the subjects was female(61.7%). The average of age was 63.5 years. The service has been used mostly by the elderly 60 years of age or older(71.1%). The economic level of most of subjects was in middle class(94.5%). 2. Majority of the subject had a cancer(55.4%), following stroke(25.0%). The average duration of disease for the subjects was 31 months. The average time of hospitalization for the subjects was 3.3 times. The duration of hospitalization was 10$\sim$30 days(26.6%), 30$\sim$60 days(23.4%) and above of the 210 days(9.4%). 3. Most of the subjects used his/her doctor (47.7%), as a consultant, following his/her nurse (28.1%), other patients or their family (21.9%). Most of reasons for a consultation were supportive management(Infusion or medication, 60.94%), following tube management(L-tube or T-tube, 25%), Foley catheter management (15.63%) etc. 4. 28 types of nursing diagnoses were used by the home care service. The nursing diagnosis altered nutrition: less than body requirement were used mostly by the home care service, following risk for infection, impaired skin integrity, impaired swallowing, ineffective airway clearance altered comfort: pain, impaired physical mobility. By the human-response pattern, exchanging(63.2%), moving(7.5%), feeling(10.4%), knowing(5.2%), communicating (2.6%), relating(0.5%) perceiving(0.4%) and choosing(0.3%). There were 42 nursing intervention types were performed by the home care service. By the NIC(nursing intervention classification. McCloskey. Bulech. 1996). physiologic: complex (30.3%) was the most, safety(28.3%), behavioral(20.0%), physiologic: basic(10.8%) and health system(1.7%). Observation or assessment was the most nursing intervention performed by the home care service. following IV infusion. vital sign observation. infusion management and fluid-electrolyte balance management. 5. The level of client's satisfaction with provided home care services showed considerably high(2.67/ 3).

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1967

In order to confirm whether acquired immunity or resistance can be developed by the repeated hookworm infections, the 150 mature actively moving filariform ancylostoma duodenale larvae obtained from the severe hookworm anemia patients were orally given to 8 healthy volunteers in three divided doses, 50 in each, at 5 day interval. Also the hematological changes as well as several ferrokinetics using $^{59}Fe$ were done and were compared with 10 controls. The clinical symptoms and signs were checked every day for the first 3 weeks and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova was counted by the Stoll's method. The following laboratory tests were done: 1) Red blood cell count, venous blood hematocrit(micromethod), hemoglobin count (cyanomethemoglobin method) were checked every 5 to 7 day interval. 2) Plasma iron concentration (Barkan's modified method) was determined every 2 to 3 week interval. 3) Radioisotope studies: a) Ferrokinetics: Huff et al and Bothwell's method were applied. Erythropoietic Index (% of normal)=$\frac{Subject's\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood{\times}100}{Average\;normal\;turnover/100ml\;whole\;blood}$ of the gastrointestinal absorption of iron: Radioiron($^{59}Fe$) balance b) Quantitative measurement method was applied. c) Determination of the plasma erythropoietin activity: Fried's method was applied. Following were the results: 1) The serum iron level was lower. The red cell volume was decreased, but with relative increase of plasma volume. 2) The plasma iron disappearance time was accelerated and the plasma iron turnover rate was decreased. The red cell iron turnover rate was markedly increased, while all of the red cell iron concentration, circulating red cell iron. plasma iron pool were decreased. The daily iron pool turnover and red cell renewal rate were increased. 3) The erythropoietic index, erythropoietin activity and intestinal absorption of iron($^{59}Fe$) were markedly increased. 4) The infectivity was $9.8{\pm}1.31%$ which was lower than that observed in the single infection. 5) From these observations, it is concluded that the hookworm anemia is essentially iron deficieny in its origin and some immunity acquisition is possible with repeated infections.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.317-329
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• 2014

In vision measurement systems based on structured light, the key point of detection precision is to determine accurately the central position of the projected laser line in the image. The purpose of this research is to extract laser line centers based on a decision function generated to distinguish the real centers from candidate points with a high recognition rate. First, preprocessing of an image adopting a difference image method is conducted to realize image segmentation of the laser line. Second, the feature points in an integral pixel level are selected as the initiating light line centers by the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix. Third, according to the light intensity distribution of a laser line obeying a Gaussian distribution in transverse section and a constant distribution in longitudinal section, a normalized model of Hessian matrix eigenvalues for the candidate centers of the laser line is presented to balance reasonably the two eigenvalues that indicate the variation tendencies of the second-order partial derivatives of the Gaussian function and constant function, respectively. The proposed model integrates a Gaussian recognition function and a sinusoidal recognition function. The Gaussian recognition function estimates the characteristic that one eigenvalue approaches zero, and enhances the sensitivity of the decision function to that characteristic, which corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the laser line. The sinusoidal recognition function evaluates the feature that the other eigenvalue is negative with a large absolute value, making the decision function more sensitive to that feature, which is related to the transverse direction of the laser line. In the proposed model the decision function is weighted for higher values to the real centers synthetically, considering the properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the laser line. Moreover, this method provides a decision value from 0 to 1 for arbitrary candidate centers, which yields a normalized measure for different laser lines in different images. The normalized results of pixels close to 1 are determined to be the real centers by progressive scanning of the image columns. Finally, the zero point of a second-order Taylor expansion in the eigenvector's direction is employed to refine further the extraction results of the central points at the subpixel level. The experimental results show that the method based on this normalization model accurately extracts the coordinates of laser line centers and obtains a higher recognition rate in two group experiments.