• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.12
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• pp.36-65
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• 2000

The Montreal Convention markedly changed the rules governing the international carriage by air of passenger, baggage and cargo. The introduction of a considerable number of modernized major elements including electric ticketing system, the unlimited passenger liability regime and a supplementary (fifth) jurisdiction should help to remove aged scheme that now exists in the Warsaw Convention and other related instruments. The key issue of the electric ticketing system recognized by the Convention IS how to describe reasonably and adequately the terms of written notices, in the light of the principle of consumer protection. Regarding liability regime for passengers, an unlimited passenger liability regime is realized. The carrier, in the first tier, is subject to a strict liability regime of up to 100,000 SDRs, and in the second tire, a regime of presumed fault liability without numerical liability limits. To add to the present four fora, the fifth forum is permitted. Regarding damage resulting the death or injury of a passenger, an action for damages may also be brought in its home territory with the considerably qualified narrow requirements. A strange deviation from the well-established "Procedure for Approval of Draft Convention" carried out by the Legal Committee left a considerable number of unrefined and incomplete passages. In the near future, their modification should be required.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.18-26
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• 2020

Cost reduction and equality by exempting re-scanning of passengers, baggage and cargo secured from the first airport of departure, mainly in the European Union/European Economic Area(EU/EEA), Switzerland, etc. One-Stop Security(OSS) is being promoted to maintain the level of security while increasing speed and convenience, and movement is expected to expand worldwide. Therefore, this paper establishes the basic concept of OSS through a literature review of ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices(SARPs), and analyzes the actual conditions of OSS implementation in major countries such as the United States and the EU. It is intended to present the political, economic benefits for Korea and highlight the urgency of implementing the OSS system in the aviation industry including the cargo sector. Therefore, the practical implications of strengthening international cooperation through the expansion of government and airport operators OSS implementation to overcome the resource shortage problem of the existing national air cargo security system and to strengthen the status as a global aviation powerhouse were drawn up. There is academic significance that it raised the need for effective implementation of OSS, which was not previously covered.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

Purpose: The ramp is an important facility for the barrier free access and vertical circulation of users of various buildings, including users of walker, wheelchair users, stroller users, and baggage carriers. The installation standards for ramps in Korea have various problems during construction and BF certification. It is necessary to improve the criteria for ensuring practical mobility and safety. Method: Korean standard, International Standard(ISO 21542, 2011), German Standard(DIN 18040-1, 2010), Austrian Standard(OENORM B 1600, 2017), Swiss Standard(Norm SIA 500, 2009), Canadian Standard(Building Standards Guide, 2017), American Standard(ADA Standards, 2010) were investigated and analyzed. A comprehensive improvement of the ramp installation standards is proposed. Results: The ramp is a necessary facility for the barrier free access and vertical circulation of the disabled. It shall be installed with comprehensive consideration of the appropriate slope of the ramp, the distance of the continuous slope, the handle and upstand for pedestrian safety. In order to improve convenience, setting the proper slope and limiting the length of the slope are very important, and improvements are required to the levels presented by international and foreign standards. The unclear standards of Korean law and BF certification standards should be clearly improved so as not to be misinterpreted in construction and Barrier Free Certification. Implication: International and foreign standards should be reviewed to ensure practical mobility and safety. And comprehensive improvement measures should be presented through continuous research.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2018

The SBD systems have made it possible that all boarding procedures are completed by passengers. With the SBD, air tickets can be issued and baggage can be consigned without the help of airline officers. This way, the SBD can improve the passenger circulation speed as well as decrease the time for passengers to wait for check-in, which is connected to the reduction of airlines' operaitonal costs. However, given that the SBD is a new technology, it has potentials to be used as a tool for air terrorism. This study purposes to determine methods to enhance the security and operation of SBD systems. With the aim, this paper investigated the existing literature on SBDs, self-check-in, airport security, air terrorism, risk management, aviation accidents, and information security. In order to compile real-time information about the SBD operations, twelve airports in North America, Europe, and Asia were analyzed based on existing studies on international SBD trends.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.65
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• pp.141-160
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• 2015

With the steady growth of our nation's economy, the purchase power of our domestic citizens has continuously enhanced. In recent years, online overseas shopping has rapidly warmed up, increasing number of Chinese people have started to purchase overseas products via internet. According to China's current legislation, the imported goods are divided into goods and items based on "profitability standard", and regulated by different rules of clearance supervision and import duties. Goods can't pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, and the import duties burden of goods is generally much heavier than that of items. Goods of entrusted overseas shopping pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, but goods of profitable purchasing are goods, not items. Therefore, the profitable-purchasing behavior is smuggling. Although goods of unprofitable purchasing are items, unprofitable-purchasing behavior may also constitute smuggling. The author concludes that causes of smuggling crime are: huge market demand for overseas goods, lack of customs supervision, law blank of petty foreign trade, and public's misconception of entrusted overseas purchasing are the major factors. The author proposes the corresponding preventive measures against the crime, such as to establish an one-stop service system in online Shopping Mall, to modify the Passengers' Baggage Declaration Form, to establish a relatively simplified clearance system of small cargo, to establish a relatively reasonable import duties of petty trade.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.260-268
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• 2010

At a passenger terminal which is a core facility of a large-scale airport, users are not easy to recognize its space and to approach each facility by composition of large-scale space not recognized at a glance and arrangement of complicated functional space. Such a passenger terminal should be designed by putting a focus on functionality, safety and convenience since diverse passengers use it. At a passenger terminal, a lot of passengers' circulation followed by diverse purpose appear. Therefore, it needs a lot of functional space and space to satisfy passengers' demands. When circulation is planed, it should be designed by a systematic standard. The study was carried out on the basis of international airports, considering features and functions of airport circulation system. In kind of circulation in passenger terminal of an airport, there are user's circulation (passenger's circulation, employee's circulation and service circulation) and baggage circulation. The study examined passenger's circulation which was a major circulation of passenger terminal out of user's circulation. The study examined elements which had an effect on circulation system at a large-scale airport passenger terminal and basic data for an efficient circulation system standard of passenger terminal through case analysis of passenger terminal circulation systems at international airports.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.112-118
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• 2013

Air travel demand has recently been growing and establishment and operation of low-cost carriers have been increased. Against this backdrop, low-cost carriers need to figure out diversified customer demand for low-cost carriers and ways to maximize marketing efficiency before applying it to the field so that they can attain superiority to large carriers in increased intensified competition. Low-cost carriers need to be differentiated from other carriers for the purpose of improving profits. Toward this end, this study conducted analysis on importance and satisfaction with carrier choice using IPA with regard to low-cost carrier customers. In conclusion, the paper accurately examined advantages and disadvantages of low-cost carriers compared to general carriers based on results of IPA analysis and suggested managerial strategies to enhance competitiveness based on division into four parts including maintenance and enforcement (1st quadrant, Delay compensation, Booking rapidity, Check rapidity, Crew service, refund service, baggage service, punctuality, transit services, airlines images), concentrated improvement (2nd quadrant, price, Convenience of seat), passive administration (3rd quadrant, Boarding service, cabin cleanliness, flight schedule, whether local crew on board, meal service, in-flight entertainment service), and enhanced satisfaction (4th quadrant, duty-free service, Variety of routes), so that practical suggestions could be presented to employees working in the field.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.377-401
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• 2004

Delay in the air transport occurs when passengers, baggage or cargo do not arrive at their destination at the time indicated in the contract of carriage. The causes of delay in the carriage of cargo are no reservation, lack of space, failure to load the cargo on board, loading the cargo on the wrong plane, failure to off-load the cargo at the right place, or to deliver the covering documents at the right place. The Montreal Convention of 1999 Article 19 provides that "The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures." The Montreal Convention Article 22 provides liability limits of the carrier in case of delay for cargo. In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to 17 SDR per kilogram unless a special declaration as to the value of the cargo has been made. The Montreal Convention Article 19 has shortcomings: it is silent on the duration of the liability for carriage. It does not give any indication concerning the circumstances to be taken into account in cases of delay, and about the length of delay. In conclusion, it is desirable to define the period of carriage with accuracy, and to insert the word 'unreasonable' in Article 19.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.54-69
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• 2019

The primary objective of this paper is to introduce the application of Human-Machine Interface (HMI) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies in flight operations. These include: self-check-in, baggage handling, airport security and surveillance, airport operations monitoring, In-Flight Entertainment and Connectivity (IFEC), cockpit design, and cabin crew support. This paper investigates the application status and development trends of HMI and AR technologies for airports and aircraft. These technologies can provide more efficient in-flight passenger service and experience by using AR devices. This paper also discusses the developments such as; the Integrated Control Application (ICA) for the IFEC interface, AR flight simulation training program using the fixed-based simulator, and the AR aircraft cabin interior concept test program. These applications present how HMI and AR techniques can be utilized in actual flight operations. The developed programs in this paper can be applied to their purpose within aircraft interiors and services to enhance efficiency, comfort, and experience.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2021

The need for recognition of partially occluded objects is increasing in the area of computer vision applications. Occlusion causes significant problems in identifying and locating an object. In this paper, an annealed Hopfield network (AHN) is proposed for detecting threat objects in passengers' check-in baggage. AHN is a deterministic approximation that is based on the hybrid Hopfield network (HHN) and annealing theory. AHN uses boundary features composed of boundary points and corner points which are extracted from input images of threat objects. The critical temperature also is examined to reduce the run time of AHN. Extensive computational experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of the AHNwith that of the HHN.