• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.284-295
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• 2020

This study focuses on reinforcement agents for wall damage, such as cracks, breakage, or delamination, for mural paintings from the Payathonzu temple. Experiments were conducted with filling and grouting agents based on the reinforcing method. In the filling reinforcement experiment, different mixing ratios of lime to sand, and additives (jaggery, seaweed glue, and Primal SF-016) were used. In the grouting reinforcement experiment, the mixing ratio of lime and pozzolan was the same, and the additive types were identical to the filling reinforcement experiment. The filling reinforcement experiment showed that there were fewer physical changes such as contraction, with a greater mixing ratio of lime to sand, however, the compressive strength decreased as the mixing ratio increased. With additives, the change in volume of agent decreased and the compressive strength increased, which was especially prominent for jaggery and Primal SF-016. The grouting reinforcement experiment showed that there was a remarkable contraction with an increased amount of moisture that originates from the characteristic of grouting agents that requires flowability. With additives, the water content of the agent decreased, whereas the compressive strength and adhesion increased. Among the additives, Primal SF-016 exhibited the highest compressive strength, and seaweed glue exhibited the most considerable viscosity and adhesion. The study results showed that the characteristics of reinforcement agents vary according to the mixing ratio and additives of the filling and grouting agents. Therefore, it is necessary to selectively apply the mixing ratio and additives for different reinforcement agents considering the wall damage for conservation treatments.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.296-305
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• 2020

Konbaung Dynasty was the last unified dynasty that ruled Myanmar from 18^th to 19^th century. During this time Buddhist art flourished in Myanmar due to the interest of the rulers toward their traditional culture. Metal decorative artifacts in the 18^th century are classified into structures and Buddha statues. They are further subdivided into gilt-bronze and bronze objects, depending on their material component. Three-dimensional gilt-bronze decorative artifacts were cast with a brass alloy of Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb and their surfaces were gilded with extremely thin gold leaves (less than 1 ㎛ in thickness). The gilded layer approximately comprised 10 wt% silver in addition to the main element, gold. The lack of Hg in the gilded layer, indicated that the amalgam gilding technique was not applied. The analysis results indicated that the lacquered gilding technique was applied to the objects. Bronze decorative artifacts without gilding were cast with materials containing Cu-Sn-Pb. The bronze pavilions and bronze Buddha staues were crafted using the same alloy of high-tin bronze, which approximately contained 20 wt% Sn. No heat treatment was applied to reduce the brittleness of the objects after they were cast with a large amount of Sn. The most significant difference between the gilt-bronze and bronze decorative artifacts lie in their elemental compositions. The gilt-bronze decorative artifacts with their gilded surface were manufactured using brass containing zinc, while the unplated bronze decorative artifacts were composed of bronze containing tin. Artifacts of the same type and size are classified differently depending on the materials utilized in the surface treatment such as gilding.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.63-78
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• 2018

Pagodas in Myanmar can be largely divided into Zedi and Pato. Zedi is a developed form of the early domed pagodas in India and Sri Lanka, which can be found in the introduction of Buddhism in Myanmar and the comparison of early pagodas in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. On the other hand, Pato is where statues of Buddha were enshrined, which is why many scholars referred to it as a temple. However, this study proposes that Pato shall be referred to as a temple-style pagoda in a form unique to Myanmar, based on the origin of Pato, definition of pagodas, and Sarira Enrichment Record of Pato. Moreover, it seems more appropriate to name this type of structure Stupa Temple(塔殿) or Stupa Shrine(塔堂) rather than a Buddhist temple(佛殿) or Buddhist shrine(佛堂) for clear distinction. Pato, or temple-style pagodas, has a ${\acute{S}}ikhara-style$ structure at the center like Ananda Pato upon entering the Pagan (Bagan) kingdom period, on which Zedi-style structures are built. As a result of examining the integration of various Buddhist schools and religions focused on Theravada during the period of King Anawrahta and King Kyanzittha, the ${\acute{S}}ikhara-style$ structure is a symbolic representation of the fact that Theravada embraced Hinduism. The common features shared by pagodas in Myanmar are the centrality of place and the verticality of $y{\check{a}}ngti{\bar{a}}n$ (looking up to the sky) in terms of shape. All temples are placed at the most important and central space, and their forms represent strong religious $y{\check{a}}ngti{\bar{a}}n$ and verticality. These are the features that stand out most among various pagodas in Buddhist countries.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2016

미얀마 중부지방에 위치한 바간(Bagan)은 지난 10년간 평균 연 강수량이 약 600 mm에 지나지 않는 건조지역으로 산불, 지역 주민의 방목 및 연료목 사용 등으로 인한 산림 훼손이 심각한 지역이다. 이에 훼손된 건조지의 복원을 위한 노력의 일환으로 조림 사업이 진행되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 이 지역의 주요 조림 수종을 대상으로 수분이용효율이 양호하여 조림에 적합한 수종을 선발하고, 둘째, 조림이 해당 지역의 미세기후변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하는 것이다. 5개 주요 조림 수종(Azadirachta indica, Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Acacia leucophloea, Albizia lebbek)을 대상으로 각각 1년생 유묘와 2005년에 이식한 11년생 성목의 생장을 측정하고, 양엽에서 추출한 탄소동위원소함량(${\delta}^{13}C$, ‰)을 분석하여 수종별, 생장단계별 수분 이용효율 변화를 분석하였다. 한편 조림이 건조지의 미세기상변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 Ngalinpoke 산지에 2005년 조림된 A. indica 숲과 전광 노출지를 대상으로 미세기상특성을 측정하였다. 2015년 2월부터 이듬해 7월까지 기온, 상대습도, 토양온도 및 토양수분 함량 등을 측정하였으며, 특히 조림에 따른 지표면의 복사열 차이를 구명하기 위해 지면으로부터 60 cm, 2 m 높이에서의 기온과 상대습도를 측정하였다. 위의 주요 조림 수종 중에 수분이용효율이 상대적으로 높은 수종은 A. indica와 A. lebbek였으며, E. camaldulensis은 수고 생장이 좋은 반면 수분이용효율이 가장 낮았다. 지상 2 m 높이에서는 기온 및 상대습도가 조림지와 노출지 사이의 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 토양온도는 두 지역간 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 지상 60 cm 높이에서는 기온 및 상대습도가 조림지에서 노출 전광지에 비해 낮았다. 한편, 조림지에서의 토양수분함량은 전광 노출지에 비해 월별 변동폭이 컸으며 2015년 10월에는 전광 노출지에 비해 약 4배 상승하였다. 결과적으로 이 지역에서의 조림은 지표 온도를 낮추고 지표에서의 직접적인 증발을 막아줌으로써 토양 내 수분 보존에 기여하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.301-320
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new biodegradable membrane - atelocollagen as a guided tissue regeneration barrier on the dehiscence defects adjacent to the dental implants. 3 beagle dogs were selected for this study and all the mandibular premolars($P_1,P_2,P_3&P_4$) were extracted. Twelve weeks after the extraction, the edentulous ridges were formed to be placed the titanium plasma-sprayed IMZ implants. Four implant osteotomies were performed on each side of the mandible. The osteotomies were placed facially in the edentulous ridges to approximate an actual dehiscence defect as closely as possible, The standardized dehiscence defects were created 3 mm in width and 4 mm in height by osteotomy. A total 24 implants were placed. e-PTFE, ateloco11agen and $Collatape^{(R)}$ were placed to cover the defects and the one defect served as a control, not covered any membrane. By random selection, three dogs were sacrificed at 2 weeks, 4weeks and 8 weeks after fixation with 3% glutaraldehyde. A week before sacrificing, 8-week dog was infused intravenously with oxy-tetracycline 30mg/kg. The left mandibular blocks were used for full decalcified histologic preparation and the right mandibular blocks were selected for undeca1cified preparation, At 2 weeks, the regenerated bone of e-PTFE and atelocollagen groups appeared to be more dense than other groups and the percentage of bone defect fill was highest for e-PTFE and follwed by ateloco1lagen group. However, the $Collatape^{(R)}$ and control groups showed a little new bone formation. $Collatape^{(R)}$ was almost degraded within 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, the regenerated new bone were much greater and denser than at 2 weeks for e-PTFE and ateloco11agen group. Although a part of atelocollagen bagan to be degraded at the margin and surrounded by foreign body giant cells related to foreign body reaction, it was generally intact and the regenerated new bone was shown much more than at 2 weeks. The amount of new bone in $Collatape^{(R)}$ and control groups at 4 weeks were similar to that of 2 weeks group. At 8 weeks, the regenerated bone was matured and observed along the implant fixture. Direct new bone formation and calcium deposits beneath the e-PTFE were observed. No further bone growth was seen in the $Collatape^{(R)}$ and control groups. In reflected fluoromicrcocopic observation, the osteogenic activity was pronounced between e-PTFE membrane and the old bone. High osteogenic activity was also observed in atelocol1agen group. This study suggested that the ateloco11agen as well as e-PTFE could be used for guided tissue regeneration on dehiscence defects adjacent to the dental implants. But the $Collatape^{(R)}$ was completely resorbed within 2 weeks and was not a suitable membrane for guided bone regeneration.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.68-83
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• 2010

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) occurred sympatrically with other weeds and the rice crop in Malaysian rice granaries. We conducted field surveys in 2006-2008 seasons in 7 farm blocks of Selangor's North West Project, Malaysia to enlist the new biotypes of weedy rice (NBWR) and assess their spatio-temporal pattern of distribution based on quantitative and dispersion indices. No less than 16 accessions of NBWR were identified based on their special traits, viz. panicle type, pericarp colour, presence or absence of awn, seed type and degree of grain shattering. The NBWR accessions exhibited a combination of morphological traits from open panicle, grain with awns, red pericarp, short grain type, and degrees of grain shattering. Others mimic commercial rices with close panicle, awnless grains, white pericarp, long or short grain-type. Invariably, the NBWRs mimic and stand as tall as cultivated rice namely MR219, MR220, or MR235 and these NBWR accessions stand among equals morphologically vis-a-vis the commercial rice varieties. Most accessions displayed varying degrees of grain shattering in excess of 50%, except Acc9 and Acc12. The seasonal dynamics of on the prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions were also displaying significant differences among farm blocks. While Bagan Terap farm block, for example, did not record any measurable changes in the dominant NBWR accessions over seasons, the Sungai Leman farm block recorded measurable season-mediated changes in the dominant NBWR accessions. Sungai Leman started with NBWR Acc3, Acc4, Acc5, Acc7, Acc8, and Acc12 in season 1 of 2006/2007, but no measurable records of Acc3 and Acc5 were shown in season 2 of 2007. In season 3 of 2007/2008, only Acc8 and Acc12 prevailed in the farm block. In Sawah Sempadan farm block, season 3 of 2007/2008 showed much reduced prevalence of NBWRs leaving only Acc8 and Acc12. Most accessions registered clump or under-dispersed spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative indices: variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) and Lloyd's patchiness values. The dynamics on the extent of infestation and prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions registered both season- and farm-block mediated differences. Most accessions showed VMR >1 thus indicative of having a clump or clustered spatial distribution, as exemplified by Acc3, Acc4, Acc7, Acc8 and Acc12 in all farm blocks throughout three seasons. Some accessions have either random or uniform distribution in a few farm blocks. The Acc8 has the highest population counts based on important value index, followed by Acc12, and both were the most dominant accession while Sawah Sempadan was the worst farm block infested by NBWR compared to other farm blocks. These results were discussed in relation with the current agronomic and weed management practices, water availability and extension services in the granary.