• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.139-155
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• 2009

Objective : To assess the biological stability of immediate transmucosal placement of tapered implants into tooth extraction sockets. Material and methods : Following tooth extraction, tapered implants were immediately placed into the sockets. Teeth with evidence of acute periapical pathology were excluded. After implant placement, sutured allowing a non-submerged, transmucosal healing. Standardized radiographs were obtained every visiting from baseline to 32 weeks after implant placment. Changes in depth of the distance from the implant shoulder (IS) and from the alveolar crest (AC) to the bottom of the defect (BD) were assessed. Results : Thirteen patients (10 males and 3 females) were enrolled and followed. They contributed with 15 tapered implants. extraction iste displayed sufficient residual bone volume to allow primary stability of all implants. The mean surgery time was $41{\pm}10.0$ mins. All implants healed uneventfully yielding a survival rate of 100%. Mean ISQ values were relatively stable. Interproximal crestal bone decreased $1.69{\pm}1.2mm$ (mesial), $1.65{\pm}1.2mm$ (distal) from baseline to 32-week follow-up. No statistically significant changes with respect to FMPS, FMBS, PPD and width of KG were observed. Conclusions: Immediate transmucosal implant placement represented a predictable treatment option for the replacement of teeth lost due to reasons including fractures, endodontic failures and caries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 1992

Background and Methods: To study the effects of corticosteroid (CS) on the parquat (PQ) induced lung injury, serial cellular analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were done with simultaneous histopathologic examination after intraperitoneal injection of PQ on the rats. The sacrificed animals were divided into three groups; control group, PQ group received intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of PQ, and CS group received daily injection of Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (20 mg/kg) in addition to PQ. Results: 1) Cellular analyses of BAL fluid: The total cell count in the BAL fluid were increased gradually from 6 hours after PQ administration (p<0.05), and was decreased at 3 days after (p<0.05). These changes were mainly due to the effects of PQ on the neutrophil influx (p<0.05). But, the number of macrophage and the percentage of lymphocyte in total cells showed little changes. The CS administration showed the suppression of neutrophil influx in the BAL fluid (p<0.05), but could not show any significant effect on the number of macrophage and lymphocyte. 2) Histopathologic examination: In the PQ group, inflammatory changes especially with prominant neutrophil infiltration were gradually progressed over time. Those changes were found in both alveolar space and interstitium with resultant alveolar structural changes, but subsided from 3 days after. CS suppressed inflammatory changes in the alvolar space and interstitium, especially with decreased infiltration of neutrophil. Conclusion: CS suppressed neutrophil infiltration in the acute lung injury induced by PQ, those findings were ascertained by serial cellular analyses of BAL fluid and histopathologic examination.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2002

Background : Gemcitabine is a new anti-cancer agent for treating non-small cell lung cancer. Functioning as an antimetabolite, it induces anti-cancer effects by suppressing DNA synthesis after being incorporated into the DNA as a cytosine arabinoside analogue. When Gemcitabine is incorporated into the DNA, the p53 gene may be activated by induction of the DNA defect. However, there are a few studies on the molecular mechanisms of Gemcitabine-induced cell death. This study examined the role of p53 in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Methods : A549 and NCl-H358 lung cancer cells were used in this study. The cell viability test was done using a MTT assay at Gemcitabine concentrations of 10nM, 100nM, 1uM, 10uM and 100uM. A FACScan analysis with propium iodide staining was used for the cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis was done to investigate the extent of p53 activation. For the functional knock-out of p53, stable A549-E6 cells and H358-E6 cells were transfected pLXSN-16E6SD which is over expresses the human papilloma virus E6 protein that constantly degrades p53 protein. The functional knock out of p53 was confirmed by Western blot analysis after treatment with a DNA damaging agent, doxorubicine. Results : Gemcitabine exhibited cell toxicity in dose-dependent fashion. The cell cycle analysis resulted in an S phase arrest. Western blot analysis significant p53 activation in time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity was reduced by 20-30% in the A549-E6 cells and the 30-40% in H358-E6 cells when compared with the A549-neo and H358-neo control cells. Conclusion : Gemcitabine induces an S phase arrest, as expected for the anti-metabolite, and activates the p53 gene, Furthermore, p53 might play an important role in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms on how Gemcitabine activates the p53 gene and its signaling pathway are recommended.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.378-382
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• 2000

The effects of bisphenol A (BPA), known as one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on the hatching of fertilized eggs (FE) and the spawning of adult fish in songsari, Oryzias latipes were investigated. In condition of the experimental groups, incubated water temperature was $25.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and photoperiod was 16 h (light) : 8 h (dark). fE were exposed to aqueous solutions of BPA at nominal concentration of 50, 100 and $200 {\mu}g/l$. The time required in hatching of FE was long in the BPA $50 and 100 {\mu}g/l$ treatment groups when compared to the controls, and in the BPA $200 {\mu}g/l$ treatment group, FE failed to hatch. And also hatching rate was decreased in the BPA treatment groups in comparison to the controls, Adult fishes were reared to oral administration via a diet of 50, 100 and $200 {\mu}g/g$ body weight BPA concentration for 3 weeks, Number of total eggs spawned in the adult fish were fewer in the BPA 100 and 200 treatment groups than in the controls and BPA 50 treatment group. Frequency of abnormal eggs in the total eggs spawned was 11.8 and $16.2{\%}$ in the control and acetone carrier control lower than 36.8, 46,8 and $74.1{\%}$ in the BPA 50, 100 and 200 treatment groups, respectively. And hatching rate of FE decreased in the BPA treatment groups in comparison to the controls. In these results, inhibition of the hatching of FE and the quantity and quality of spawned eggs in adult fish were observed from BPA treatment groups when compared to the controls.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.61-75
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• 2002

Recombinant human $interleukin-1{\beta}$ $(rhIL-1{\beta})$ regulates several activities of the osteoblast cells derived from mouse calvarial bone explants in vitro. $rhIL-1{\beta}$ stimulated cellular proliferation and the synthesis of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ and plasminogen activator activity in the cultured cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the induction of osteocalcin synthesis and alkaine phosphatase activity in response to vitamine D, two characteristics of the osteoblast phenotype, were antagonized by $rhIL-1{\beta}$ over a similar dose range. This study supports the role of $IL-1{\beta}$ in the pathological modulation of bone cell metabolism, with regard to implication in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis by $IL-1{\beta}$. When the mouse calvarial bone cells were used, the bone resorption induced by $IL-1{\beta}$ was strongly inhibited by calcitonin treatment, indicating osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. On the other hand, the medicinal extracts of Taeyoungjon-Jahage (T.Y.J-J.H.G extracts) was tested for whether they could inhibit $IL-1{\beta}-induced$ $PGE_2$ production. Cell viability was not significantly affected by treatment with the indicated concentration of the extracts. The T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts were shown to have the inhibitory effects against the synthesis of $PGE_2$. We also examined the effect of the pretreatment with a various concentrations of the T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts then treated the $PGE_2-induction$ agents. Pretreatment of the T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts for 1 h, which by itself had little effect on cell survival, did not enhance the synthesis of $PGE_2$. Furthermore, the T.Y.J-J.H.G. extracts were shown to have the protective effects against plasminogen dependent fibrinolysis induced by the bone resorption agents of $IL-1{\beta}$. Pretreatment of the T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts for 1 h did not enhance the plasminogen dependent fibrinolysis. Finally, calcitonin showed the inhibitory activity the $IL-1{\beta}-stimulated$ bone resorption in the mouse calvarial bone cells having both of the osteoblast and osteoclast cells. Seemingly, pretreatment of the T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts for 1 h reduced the bone resorption. These results clearly indicated that calcitonin and T.Y.J.-J.H.G. extracts play key roles in inhibition of the osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2007

The present study was performed to elucidate the recovery effect of needle-acupuncture (needle-AP) and moxibustion treatments at Gan Shu (BL18) on $CCl_4$ induced hepatic injury in dogs, Total 9 clinically healthy experimental dogs (1 to 2 years old, 2.3-5.3kg body weight) were divided into control (3 dogs), needle-AP (3 dogs) and moxibustion (3 dogs) groups, respectively. Hepatic iniw was induced by intraperitoneal injection with $CCl_4$ (olive oil : $CCl_4=1:1,\;1ml/kg$, once/day). As far the treatments in each group, control group was not treated at all after induction of the hepatic injury till the end of experiment. Needle-Af group was treated by AP at BL18 (once/day, 20 minutes) from the next day of induction of the hepatic injury for 11 days. Moxibustion group was also treated with commercial moxa at BL18 (once/day, 20minutes) for 11days. The changes of the serum alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activities were investigated on pre, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11 days after hepatic injury, respectively. Histopathological changes were also investigated in the liver tissues on day 11 in experimental and control groups. The results obtained in the present study were as follows. In needle-AP group, they showed significant lower values on the 1st (p<0.05) and $3^{rd} day (p <0.05)$ in serum ALT activities, and the $11^{th}$ day in serum GGT activities, compared with those of control group, respectively. However, the significances were not detected in serum AST activities of needle-AP group by comparison with those of control group. In moxibustion group, they showed significant low values on the $1^{st}(p<0.05)$, 3rd day (p<0.05) and $5^{th}$ day (p<0.05) in serum ALT activities, compared with those of control group, respectively. However, significances were not detected in serum GGT and AST activities of moxibustion group by comparison with those of control group. Among the experimental groups, the significant low values were found on $1^{st}\;and\;3^{rd}$ day in serum ALT activities (p<0.05), and $3^{rd}\;and\;5^{th}$ day in serum GGT activities (p<0.05) in needle-AP group, compared by those of moxibustion group, respectively. In addition, the marked recovery findings of histopathological changes in experimental groups were found, compared by those of control group: mild vacuolar degeneration and necrosis findings in needle-AP group, and moderate vacuolar degeneration and necrotic findings in moxibustion group were found, in contrast to severe changes such as accumulation of bile juice, vacuolar degeneration and necrotic findings observed in control group. In conclusion, needle-AP and moxibustion treatments at BL-18 were effective for the recovery for $CCl_4$ induced hepatic injury and needle-AP was more effective than that of moxibustion in dogs.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.109-119
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• 2009

Objectives: This study was aimed to clarity the relationship between the pattern of dampness-phlegm and metabolic syndrome in acute stroke patients. Methods: Three hundred fifty-nine subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the Internal Medical Department at Kyunghee University Oriental Medical Center, Donggnk University Ilsan Oriental Medical Center, Kyungwon University Songpa Oriental Medical Center and Kyungwon University Incheon Oriental Medical Center from April 2007 to March 2008. We diagnosed dampness-phlegm by Oriental medical diagnosis and analyzed their characteristics with type of stroke, blood test result, Sasang constitution, lifestyle and metabolic syndrome. Results: I. On the demographic variables of the patients, the weight and body mass index, the rate of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, silent infarction were significantly higher in dampness-phlegm group than in the control. 2. There was no significant difference of stroke type between the dampness-phlegm group and the control. 3. According to the blood test, the dampness-phlegm group showed higher total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood sugar and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol than the control group with statistical significance. 4. According to the Sasang constitution distribution, the rate of Tae-Eum was significantly higher in dampness-phlegm group than in the control. 5. According to lifestyle, smoking and drinking were significantly lower in the dampness-phlegm group than in the control. Otherwise, exercise and dietary habits showed no significant difference between the two groups. 6. There were much more patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome in the dampness-phlegm group than in the control. 7. Metabolic syndrome, silent infarction and obesity showed close relationship with dampness-phlegm pattern in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: According to the analysis, the relationship between the patterns of dampness-phlegm and metabolic syndrome in acute stroke patients were clarified. These results can be utilized in the future as a basis material.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.563-574
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• 1986

The structure of gonads, gametogenesis and reproductive cycle of the jackknife clams, Solen strictus and Solen gordonis were investigated mainly by histological observation. The first species used were monthly sampled at the coastal area of Dadaepo, Pusan, Korea and Naechodo, Kunsan, Korea for one year from February 1982 to January 1983. The second species were monthly sampled at the sand beach of Dadaepo, Pusan, Korea, from February 1982 to January 1983. Sexualities of Solen strictus and Solen gordonis are dioecious, and these species are oviparous. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the subregion of mid-intestinal gland in visceral cavity to reticular connective tissue of foot. The ovary was composed of a number of small ovarian sacs and the testis was composed of several testicular lobuli which from the tubular structure. Early multiplicating oogonium was about $10{\mu}m$ in diamater. Nucleus and nucleolus, at that time, were distinct in appearance. Each of the early growing oocytes made an egg-stalk, connected to the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. A great number of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are abundantly distributed in the ovarian sacs in the early development stages. With the further development of gonad, these tissue and cells gradually disappeared. Then the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells function as nutritive cells in the formation and development of the early stage germ cells. Mature oocytes were free in the lumen of ovarian sacs and gradually become round or oval. Ripe oocyte was about 80 to $90{\mu}m$ in diameter. With the further development of testis, each of the testicular lobuli formed stratified layers composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa in groups on the germinal epithelium. After spawning, the gonad gradually degenerated, and disorganized completely. Then new differentiated tissues were rearranged next year. The annual reproductive cycle of those species could be classified into five stages; multiplicative, growing, mature, spent, degenerative and resting stage. It seems that the spawning season is closely related to the water temperature, and the spawning of Solen strictus occurs from June to July at above $20^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. The peak spawning season appeared in June at Dadaepo and in July at Kunsan, The spawning of Solen gordonis occurs from May to June with the peak spawning season in June. Percentages of the first maturity in female of Solen strictus ranging from 5.1-6.0 cm and 7.1-8.0 cm in shell length were $50\%$ and $100\%$, respectively.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2005

Purpose: Bone metastasis is not a common event in patients with gastric cancer. Therefore, most studies of bone metastasis in such patients have been in the form of case reports, so the clinical features of the bone metastasis are not well understood. To clarify metastatic patterns, the efficacy of radiation or chemotherapy, and the prognosis, we analyzed 29 cases of patients with bone metastases after curative surgery for gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine (29) gastric cancer patients with bone metastasis who underwent curative resection from January 1989 to December 2002 at the Departments of Surgery, Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital and Our Lady of Mercy's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, were analyzed. Results: Nineteen (19) patients were males and, 10 patients were females. The mean age of the patients was $53\pm12$ years. There were more Borrmann type-3 and type-4 cancers and more undifferentiated histologic types. Most of the original cancers were stage III or IV. The most frequently involved bone was the spine. Treatment after recurrence was done in 16 patients ($55.2\%$). The median survival time after recurrence of the patients who received treatment was seven (7) months ($0\∼75$ months in range), which was significantly longer than that of the patients who did not received treatment (P=0.019). However, there was no difference according to the treatment modality (P=0.388). Conclusion: Bone metastasis after a curative resection of gastric cancer tends to occur in Borrmann type-3 and type-4 cancers, cancers with undifferentiated histology and, in stage III/IV disease. The prognosis of bone metastasis is dismal, and aggressive treatment is the only way to prolong survival.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-227
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• 2001

Little is known about processing mechanism of pain sensation of the oral cavity at the 1st synapse of trigeminal sensory nuclei. Serial ultrathin sections of tooth pulp afferent terminals, identified by the transganglionic transport of 1% wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase, were investigated with electron microscope. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis was performed on digitizing tablet connected to Macintoshi personal computer (software; NIH Image 1.60, NIH, Bethesda, MD). Labeled boutons could be classified into two types by the shapes of containing vesicles : S bouton, which contained mainly spherical vesicles (Dia. 45-55 nm) and few large dense cored vesicles (Dia, 80-120nm), and LDCV bouton, which contained spherical vesicles as well as large number of large dense cored vesicles. Most of the parameters on the ultrastructural characteristic and synaptic organization of labeled boutons were similar between S and LDCV boutons, except shapes of containing vesicles. Majority of the labeled boutons showed simple synaptic arrangement. The labeled boutons were frequency presynaptic to dendritic spine, and to a lesser extent, dendritic shaft. They rarely synapsed with soma and adjacent proximal dendrite. A small proportion of labeled boutons made synaptic contacts with presynaptic, pleomorphic vesicles containing endings and synaptic triad. Morphometric parameters of labeled boutons including volume and surface area, total apposed area, mitochondrial volume, active zone area, vesicle number and density showed wide variation and these were not significantly different between S and LDCV boutons. The present study revealed characteristic features on ultrastructure and synaptic connection of pulpal afferents which may involved in transmission of oral pain sensation.