• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.350-354
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• 2016

There is an urgent need to identify more reliable indicator systems for human pathogenic viruses in water reuse practice. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to different ultraviolet (UV) technologies in real wastewater in order to identify more reliable bacteriophage indicator systems for UV disinfection in wastewater. Bacteriophage ${\varphi}X174$ PRD1, and MS2 in two different real wastewaters were irradiated with several doses of both low pressure (LP) and medium pressure (MP) UV irradiation through bench-scale UV collimated apparatus. The inactivation rate of ${\varphi}X174$ by both LP and MP UV was rapid and reached ${\sim}4{\log}_{10}$ within a UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. However, the inactivation rates of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for ${\varphi}X174$ and only ${\sim}1{\log}_{10}$ inactivation was achieved by the same UV dose of $20mJ/cm^2$. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage MS2 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for both LP and MP UV disinfection in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1022-1026
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• 2009

Cross contamination of foodborne virus via food utensils can be an important route of virus propagation. Bacteriophage MS2 was used as a surrogate for norovirus. The viability loss of bacteriophage MS2 attached to 4 kinds of metal surfaces was investigated at different temperatures and relative humidities (RH). The rate of viability loss was higher at $22^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$ and was higher at 75% RH than at 40% RH. The viability loss of the virus attached to copper or bronze surface was faster than on stainless steel or tin surface. Also the beef juice applied with the virus inoculum on the metal surfaces lowered the rate of viability loss. Although bronze was not as effective as copper in resulting the viability loss, it has been extensively used as a traditional Korean kitchen utensil and could be used more widely to decrease the viral poisoning at food processing environment and hospitals.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2021

In virucidal efficacy testing, the chemical inactivation cannot be determined for all viruses due to the difficulties or the inability to culture sufficiently or the risk of exposure to the viruses. Therefore, disinfectants against these viruses could be evaluated by different methods and surrogate viruses are used as alternative. In this study we developed a method for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants using one of the candidate surrogate viruses, bacteriophage MS2, as part of the research on the selection of surrogate viruses for efficiency of efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. This method is based on the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. Bacteriophage and disinfectant are reacted in suspension in accordance with the APQA guidelines and then a newly established double agar layer method is applied for the efficacy test. The double agar layer method is summarized as follows: 1) The bottom agar with 1.5% agar is boiled and cooled before poured into petri dishes at volume of 20 mL, and dried under biological safety cabinet. 2) The top agar with 0.7% agar is boiled and kept at 50℃ before E. coli culture was seeded. 3) The serially diluted bacteriophage MS2-disinfectant mixtures 0.05 mL and E. coli host 0.01 mL (OD₆₀₀ 0.2~0.3) are mixed with 5 mL of top agar and incubate them at 50℃ for 5 min for reaction. 4) The resulting mixture is poured over top of a bottom agar plate and rocked sufficiently to ensure that the top agar covers the entire surface of the bottom agar. 5) The double agar layer is then placed under biological safety cabinet to allow the agar layer to solidify and subsequently incubated at 37℃ for 24 hr. 6) Following incubation, the plates may be inspected for plaques and record results.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

[Ru(2,2'-bipyridine)$_2$(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)]$^{2+}$(RuBDc) is a very photostable probe that possesses favorable photophysical properties including long lifetime, high quantum yield, large Stokes' shift, and highly polarized emission. To evaluate the usefulness of this luminophore (RuBDc) for studying macromolecular dynamics, its intensity and anisotropy decays when conjugated to RNA bacteriophage MS2 were examined using frequency-domain fluorometry with a high-intensity, blue light-emitting diode (LED) as the modulated light source. The intensity decays were best fit by a sum of two exponentials, and the mean intensity decay time was 442.2 ns. The anisotropy decay data showed a single rotational correlation time (2334.9 ns), which is typical for a spherical molecule. The use of RuBDc enabled us to measure the rotational correlation time up to several microseconds. These results indicate that RuBDc can be useful for studying rotational diffusion of biological macromolecules.s.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2016

There has been an accelerating increase in water reuse due to growing world population, rapid urbanization, and increasing scarcity of water resources. However, it is well recognized that water reuse practice is associated with many human health and ecological risks due to numerous chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. Especially, the potential transmission of infectious disease by hundreds of pathogenic viruses in wastewater is one of the most serious human health risks associated with water reuse. In this study, we determined the response of different bacteriophages representing various bacteriophage groups to chlorination in real wastewater in order to identify a more reliable bacteriophage indicator system for chlorination in wastewater. Different bacteriophages were spiked into secondary effluents from wastewater plants from three different geographic areas, and then subjected to various doses of free chlorine and contact time at $5^{\circ}C$ in a bench-scale batch disinfection system. The inactivation of ${\phi}X174$ was relatively rapid and reached ~4 log10 with a CT value of 5 mg/L*min. On the other hand, the inactivation of bacteriophage PRD1 and MS2 were much slower than the one for ${\phi}X174$ and only ~1 log10 inactivation was achieved by a CT value of 10 mg/L*min. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bacteriophage both MS2 and PRD1 could be a reliable indicator for human pathogenic viruses for chlorination in wastewater treatment processes and water reuse practice.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriophage removal in various clay minerals and clay-amended soils. Batch experiments in kaolinite, montmorillonite, and bentonite showed that kaolinite was far more effective at the MS2 removal than montmorillonite and bentonite. In kaolinite, the log removal increased from 0.046 to 2.18, with an increase in the adsorbent dose from 0.3 to $50g\;L^{-1}$, whereas the log removals in montmorillonite and bentonite increased from 0.007 to 0.40 and from 0.012 to 0.59, respectively. The MS2 removal in kaolinite-amended silt loam soils was examined at three different soil-to-solution (STS) ratios. Results indicated that the log removal of MS2 increased with an increase in the kaolinite content and the STS ratio. At the STS ratio of 1:10, the log removal of MS2 increased from 2.33 to 2.80 with an increase in the kaolinite content from 0% to 10% in kaolinite-amended soils. The log removals of MS2 at the STS ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 increased from 2.84 to 3.47 and from 3.46 to 4.76, respectively, with an increase in the kaolinite content from 0% to 10%. Results also indicated that the log removals of PhiX174 and $Q{\beta}$ in kaolinite-amended soils were similar to each other, but they were far lower than those of MS2 at all the kaolinite contents. The log removal of PhiX174 increased from 0.16 to 0.32, whereas the log removal of $Q{\beta}$ changed from 0.17 to 0.22 with an increase in the kaolinite content from 0% to 10%.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.356-362
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• 2019

The binding of MS2 bacteriophage coat protein (MCP) to MS2 binding site (MBS) RNA stem-loop sequences has been widely used to label mRNA for live-cell imaging at single-molecule resolution. However, concerns have been raised recently from studies with budding yeast showing aberrant mRNA metabolism following the MS2-GFP labeling. To investigate the degradation pattern of MS2-GFP-labeled mRNA in mammalian cells and tissues, we used Northern blot analysis of ${\beta}$-actin mRNA extracted from the Actb-MBS knock-in and $MBS{\times}MCP$ hybrid mouse models. In the immortalized mouse embryonic cell lines and various organ tissues derived from the mouse models, we found no noticeable accumulation of decay products of ${\beta}$-actin mRNA compared with the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that accumulation of MBS RNA decay fragments does not always happen depending on the mRNA species and the model organisms used.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1329-1333
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• 2004

To isolate the microsatellites from the chromosomal DNA of the Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and to use those for the genetic selection, four bacteriophage genomic libraries containing the chromosomal DNA of six Hanwoo steers showing the differences in meat quality and quantity were used. Screening of the genomic libraries using $^{32}P-radiolabeled 5'-({CA})_{12}-3$nucleotide as a probe, resulted in isolation of about 3,000 positive candidate bacteriophage clones that contain $(CA)_n$-type dinucleotide microsatellites. After confirming the presence of microsatellite in each positive candidate clone by Southern blot analysis, the DNA fragments that include microsatellite and flanking sequences possessing less than 2 kb in size, were subcloned into plasmid vector. Results from the analysis of microsatellite length polymorphism, using twenty-two PCR primers designed from flanking region of each microsatellite DNA, demonstrated that 208 and 210 alleles of HW-YU-MS#3 were closely related to the economic traits such as marbling score, daily gain, backfat thickness and M. longissimus dorsi area in Hanwoo. Interestingly, HW-YU-MS#3 microsatellite was localized in bovine chromosome 17 on which QTLs related to regulation of the body fat content and muscle ypertrophy locus are previously known to exist. Taken together, the results from the present study suggest the possible use of the two alleles as a DNA marker related to economic trait to select the Hanwoo in the future.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

Since airborne viruses have been known to aggravate indoor air quality, studies on the development of anti-viral air filter increase recently. In this study, the pressure drop and anti-viral efficiency of TiO₂ coated ceramic ball filter were evaluated. After the filter being inserted into a commercial room air cleaner, chamber test with aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 was performed. The porosity of TiO₂ coated ceramic ball filter was 0.85, and pressure drop was about 13 Pa for 1 m/s of air velocity. The anti-viral efficiency was about 93% when the reaction time was 25 minutes in a 1 ㎥ chamber.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.151-159
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• 2016

Since airborne viruses have been known to aggravate indoor air quality, studies on development of anti-viral air filter increase recently. In this study, a mass aerosol particle generator for coating a commercial air filter (over $300{\times}300mm^2$) was built, and evaluated by comparing a commercial particle generator. Then, via this device, a commercial air filter was coated with anti-viral material ($SiO_2-Ag$ nanoparticles in this study), so fabrication of commercial anti-viral air filter was performed and the pressure drop, filtration efficiency, and anti-viral ability of the filter were evaluated against aerosolized bacteriophage MS2 in a continuous air flow condition. The result showed that the particle generation of the new generator was more than about 8.5 times over which of the commercial one. Consequently, $SiO_2-Ag$ particle coating on a filter does not have significant effects on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop with different areas, and the average anti-viral efficiency of the $SiO_2-Ag$ filter was about 92% when the coating areal density was $1.0{\times}10^{12}particles/m^2$.