• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.541-545
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• 2007

The potential to produce biogenic amines was investigated in microbial strains isolated from fermented soybean paste, cheonggukjang. The typical levels of 11 biogenic amines, including putrescine, histamine, and tryptamine, were analyzed in commercial cheonggukjang. The tyramine and histamine levels in the samples ranged from 4.2 to 483.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ and 0.2 to $70.3mg\;kg^{-l}$, respectively. A total of 4 microbial strains of Bacillus sp. were isolated from cheonggukjang. The Bacillus sp. were identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis based on phenotypic characteristics, which included using the VITEK system. The screening plate method for detecting amino acid decarboxylase positive microorganisms was performed. The results fer amino decarboxylation were positive, and biogenic amine formation was evaluated by the confirmation of amine-forming capacity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.134-144
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate physicochemical and microbiological properties during composting process when pig manure was composted with some bulking agents(Saw dust, Rice hull, Crushed wood). The pig manure consisted of 2.95% total nitrogen, 4.55% $P_2O_5$, 2.07% $K_2O$, 81.2% organic matter and 14.0 C/N, dry base. The inorganic content of bulking agents were similar one another, and C/N ratio was Saw dust 392. Rice hull 91.5, Crushed wood 266. The temperature of Saw dust composting slowly increased at initial stage, whereas one of Rice hull and Crushed wood rapidly increased and stabilized similarly to outdoor temperature after about 2 month. The pH of compost increased during initial 1 month after decreasing, but thereafter decreased rapidly. The C/N ratio rapidly decreased at initial stage, and it slowly decreased after 1 month. Total nitrogen somewhat increased according to composting process. Ammonium-nitrogen increased until 60th day, and thereafter it was rapidly inclined to decrease. The population of aerobic bacteria, Bacillus spp., actinomycetes and fungi increased up to > $10^{10}cfu\;g^{-1}$ fresh weight, > $10^7$, > $10^8$ and > $10^6$, respectively in Rice hull and Crushed wood composting, and more than ones in Saw dust composting, and specially actinomycetes. The persuasive Bacillus spp. isolated from composting process were B. lentimorbus, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. megaterium, etc.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2018

Activation of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF{\kappa}B$) leads to the inflammatory process. During this $NF{\kappa}B$-dependent inflammation process, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are expressed in the inflammatory cells. Our previous data indicated that a specific septapeptide (GVAWWMY) from the soybean extract fermented by Bacillus licheniformis B1 inhibited iNOS mRNA expression and NO production in cultured macrophage cells. Our further experiments revealed that treatment of same septapeptide resulted in inhibition of LPS-induced $NF{\kappa}B$ activation by reversing degradation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, an inhibitory protein for $NF{\kappa}B$. The molecular docking indicated that the septapeptide binds to $I{\kappa}B$ kinase ${\beta}$ ($IKK{\beta}$), and thus it can inhibit phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Supporting this, the binding site for the septapeptide has the highest affinity (-8.7 kcal/mol) and the site was located at the kinase domain (KD) of $IKK{\beta}$, which can significantly affect the kinase activity of $IKK{\beta}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.818-824
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select Meju of a good quality through general composition analysis, organoleptic evaluation, and to conduct isolation, identification, and growth characteristics of main strain related to fermentation from selected Meju. Moisture and crude protein of Meju were 7.2∼28.8% and 32.7∼42.3%, respectively. The amino nitrogen contents of Kyongbuk and Chonbuk Mejus were 770.8 mg% and 239.9 mg%, respectively. And also, free amino acid and glutamic acid contents of Doenjangs made from Chonbuk and Kyongbuk Mejus were 4,169.6 mg% and 499.4 mg%, respectively. The result of sensory evaluation of Mejus collected from several regions showed Kyongbuk was the most suitable Meju in items of color, flavor, appearance and overall (p<0.05). The typical properties of B. lichenifomis NH20 strain isolated from Kyongbuk Meju showed gram positive, aerobic rod cell and motility. As major component among its cellular fatty acid composition, $C_{15:0}$ anteiso fatty acid, $C_{15:1}$ iso fatty acid, $C_{17:0}$ anteiso fatty acid, and $C_{17:0}$ iso fatty acid were 30.7, 28.9, 13.3 and 11.2%, respectively. It showed the same identification coefficient (0.653) compared to the standard strain. Therefore, it was identified to be B. licheniformis NH20 according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and its fatty acid profiles. The optimum pH, temperature, salt content, and culture time of B. licheniformis NH20 were 7.0, 32$^{\circ}C$, 2%, and 9 hours, respectively.ctively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2011

A total of 96 crossbred weanling barrows aged 21 days were randomly allocated to 32 pens of a new nursery to investigate the effects of antibiotics, phytogenics, and probiotics on intestinal growth and development. The animals were fed a set of three-phase basal diets containing 0.3% zinc oxide (CON) or the basal diets supplemented with 353 ppm of a combination of tiamulin, neomycin, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline (ANTI), 75 ppm triterpenoid saponin plus 150 ppm mixed saccharides (HERB; Sacchapin$^{(R)}$), or $1{\times}10^7$ brewer's yeasts plus $8{\times}10^7$ spores of each of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis per kilogram feed (PROBIO; Yeasture Plus 2B$^{(R)}$) for five weeks. Thirty-two pigs representing as many pens were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial, after which morphological measures and digestive enzyme activities of intestinal mucosa were determined. Weight gain and gain:feed of the pigs were not affected by the dietary treatments (TRT) during the overall feeding trial. Total intestinal length was greater in PROBIO than in ANTI (P<0.05). Wet mucosa weight of the duodenum was not affected by TRT. However, jejunal mucosa weight was greater in PROBIO than in any other group sum of mucosa weights of the duodenum and jejunum was greater (P<0.05) in PROBIO than in ANTI and HERB. The height and width of duodenal villus were not affected by TRT, but crypt depth decreased (P<0.05) in response to HERB and PROBIO vs CON. Specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and leucine aminopeptidase in the duodenum and jejunum were not changed by TRT. In conclusion, results suggest that the present dietary treatments have no effects on growth performance of weanling pigs and that of PROBIO enhances intestinal growth and development under a clean experimental setting.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.330-336
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• 2011

Bacterial strains exhibiting fibrinolytic activity were screened from traditional Korean soybean sauce. The Fibrinolytic activities of the various isolated microorganism were further examined and the superior strain YJ11-21 was selected for further analyses. Gene sequence analysis of 16S rDNA of the YJ11-21 strain revealed Bacillus licheniformis. Optimal culture conditions were investigated in order to maximize the production of the fibrinolytic enzyme by YJ11-21. Amongst the carbon sources tested, glucose was the most effective for enzyme production and amongst the nitrogen sources tested, yeast extract was seen to be the most effective. A one percent addition of NaCl to the medium resulted in the highest fibrinolytic activity. Interestingly, a 10% addition of NaCl resulted in a high activity together with a high cell growth rate. Therefore, YJ11-21 is speculated of being a halotolerant. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme production were a pH of 9.0 and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2007

The novel $\alpha$-amylase purified from locally isolated strain, Bacillus sp. KR-8104, (KRA) (Enzyme Microb Technol; 2005; 36: 666-671) is active in a wide range of pH. The enzyme maximum activity is at pH 4.0 and it retains 90% of activity at pH 3.5. The irreversible thermoinactivation patterns of KRA and the enzyme activity are not changed in the presence and absence of $Ca^{2+}$ and EDTA. Therefore, KRA acts as a $Ca^{2+}$-independent enzyme. Based on circular dichroism (CD) data from thermal unfolding of the enzyme recorded at 222 nm, addition of $Ca^{2+}$ and EDTA similar to its irreversible thermoinactivation, does not influence the thermal denaturation of the enzyme and its Tm. The amino acid sequence of KRA was obtained from the nucleotide sequencing of PCR products of encoding gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme revealed a very high sequence homology to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAA) (85% identity, 90% similarity) and Bacillus licheniformis $\alpha$-amylases (BLA) (81% identity, 88% similarity). To elucidate and understand these characteristics of the $\alpha$-amylase, a model of 3D structure of KRA was constructed using the crystal structure of the mutant of BLA as the platform and refined with a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation program. Interestingly enough, there is only one amino acid substitution for KRA in comparison with BLA and BAA in the region involved in the calcium-binding sites. On the other hand, there are many amino acid differences between BLA and KRA at the interface of A and B domains and around the metal triad and active site area. These alterations could have a role in stabilizing the native structure of the loop in the active site cleft and maintenance and stabilization of the putative metal triad-binding site. The amino acid differences at the active site cleft and around the catalytic residues might affect their pKa values and consequently shift its pH profile. In addition, the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the enzyme at 350 nm does not show considerable change at pH 3.5-7.0.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

Probiotic principles can be applied in aquaculture for the purpose of growth and immunity stimulation, disease prevention and eventually better production performance. This study was to assess effects of combinations of microbes containing two Bacillus sp., plus one Lactobacillus sp. as the basal preparation (BSL-LAB), and additional Nitrosomonas sp. (nitrifying bacteria consortium, NBS) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The effects examined were growth parameters, hematologic parameters, innate immunity and pathogen challenge test. Fish were assigned to 4 treatments as Control (no probiotics), Group A (Bacillius and Lactobacillus to culture water), Group B (Bacillius and Lactobacillus both in water and feed), Group C (same as Group B with additional Nitrosomonas in feed). Fish were allocated to the above 4 groups, each group being composed of triplicate 30 fish, for a 7-week feeding in the laboratory. Positive effects were observed both in growth and pathogen sensitivity with all three probiotic combinations. Such effects were attributed to improved innate immune functions. This result indicates that the tested probiotic microbes are beneficial to olive flounder aquaculture.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.246-253
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of rhizobacteria associated with ginseng of varying age levels and their plant benefiting attributes. A total of 143 different isolates belonging to 15 different bacterial genera were recovered. Although variation was found in the rhizobacterial community due to age of the plant, majority of bacteria belong to Firmicutes (58%). In which, Bacillus was found to be the predominant genus irrespective of age of the ginseng. To assess the plant benefiting attributes, 30 representative isolates were selected. The results indicated that some of the isolates could exhibit multiple plant growth promoting traits like secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes, production of indole-3-acetic acid, synthesis of siderophores, solubilization of phosphates and soil pathogens inhibition. It can be suggested that strains of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis were positive for all the above traits, which have potential to be used as plant growth promoting inoculants to improve ginseng crop in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.69-84
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• 1993

In order to determine the optimum operational paramsters in cow manure composting, 4 laboratory scale composters were established. The cow manure was mixed with certain amount of saw dust to adjust the initial C/N ratio to 24, initial pH to 6.9 and composting was performed with varying operational conditions. It was found that the optimum aeration rate was 1000 ml/min kg. VS, the optimum moisture content 50% and no significant difference was found with different initial pH condition. Microorganisms were counted under the optimum conditions determined in this study. At the end of the experimental period, the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi was $1.5{\times}10^9$ cells, $1.1{\times}10^8$ cells and $3.0{\times}10^8$ cells/g dry compost, respectively. At day 0, the number of coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci was $3.1{\times}10^3$ cells, $7.5{\times}10^2$ cells and $5.6{\times}103$ cells/g dry composting material, respectively. Their population was decreased with time lapse, However, their survival time was longer than those reported by other researchers. Microorganisms were identified at the end of the experiment. Genus Bacillus was the most dominant comprising 89.3% of the total population. Among the Genus Bacillus, B. circulans compoex was the most abundant, followed by B. Stearothermophilus, B. Sphericus, B. licheniformis and B, brevis.