• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2015

In bidding processes conducted by government agencies, local governments or public agencies, budget prices are critical to both ordering bodies and bidders since budget prices are bases for selecting a successful bidder. Since a high budget price goes against ordering bodies and a low one goes against bidders, most ordering bodies adopt a system using multiple preliminary prices for determining a budget price to ensure fair and transparent manners. Discussed are how budget prices change depending on the methods of sampling 15 preliminary prices and the methods of sampling 4 out of 15 prices. Computer simulation is conducted to analyze budget prices for various methods to determine multiple preliminary prices. It is more likely for budget prices to be close to base prices when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices into 15 intervals and taking 4 preliminary prices from 15 intervals than when taking 4 preliminary prices from a whole range. In cases when splitting a range of generating preliminary prices, if we take 2 preliminary prices out of intervals above 100% and take 2 out of intervals below 100%, the expected budget prices are equal to a base price and the standard deviations are about half in comparison with those when taking 4 out of 15 intervals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.3223-3231
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• 2013

Fire service budget must be increased continually to supply sufficient fire service for safety life of people. A way to increases fire service budget is to plan and improve regional resources facilities tax system. The purpose of this articles is to analyzes the relationship between regional resources facilities tax and fire service budget, fire service investment budget, socioeconomic factor, fire service demand. To do this, this study sets up five hypotheses based on the theoretical backgrounds and the past research. The statistical methods used for the verification of hypotheses are multiple regression analysis and t test. The analysis showed that regional resources facilities tax was positive significant variable for fire service investment budget and fire service budget and socioeconomic factor was a positive significant variable for regional resources facilities tax. And the analysis showed that fire and rescue variable of fire demand factor were positive significant for regional resources facilities tax.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.624-632
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the consumers' purchasing behavior of budget-priced cosmetics according to the shopping orientation. Questionnaires used for this study were composed of 57 questions including 21 questions about cosmetic shopping orientation, 32 questions about budget-priced cosmetic purchasing behavior and four questions about demographic variables. Questionnaires were administrated to 20 to 49 aged 317 women who have shopping experience on budget-priced cosmetics. Data were analyzed by using factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, ${\chi}^2$-test, correlation, crosstabulation analysis, and scheffe test utilizing SPSS/WIN. The results were as follows. First, shopping orientation of cosmetics were classified into 5 factors: 'interest and impulsive purchasing tendency', 'price-oriented purchasing tendency', 'ration-oriented purchasing tendency', 'famous brand-oriented purchasing tendency' and 'brand royalty- oriented purchasing tendency'. According to the shopping orientation of cosmetics, the respondents were classified into 4 groups: 'passive shopping group', 'rational shopping group', 'active shopping group', 'neutral shopping group'. Second, when comparing each group's purchasing behavior of budget-priced cosmetics with shopping orientation of cosmetics, there was not significant difference in one time purchasing cost and the number of shop visits. In case of demographic variables concerning purchasing behavior of budget-priced cosmetics, there was significant differences in one time purchasing cost according to age, level of education and employment status. The number of shop visits had also difference according to age, level of education and monthly family income. Based on these results, marketing strategies for demographic characteristics of target market rather than the shopping orientation are needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes of rural development policies in the last 20 years by analyzing the budget distribution by policy objectives and support factors. 1997, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 Guidelines of Agricultural, Food and Rural Development Project were analyzed to identify the budget distribution. The objectives of rural development policy were classified into 5 fields and 27 detailed factors such as production environment, distribution environment, technology and human resources, living environment, income support. The support factors of rural development policy were classified into 3 fields and 17 detailed factors. The budget of rural development policy has greatly increased from 952,297 million won in 1997 to 4,869,174 million won in 2010 and 3,905,340 million won in 2015. In budget distribution by policy objectives, the policy was mainly focused on management funding in 1997, 2000 and in the 2000s, it was confirmed that investment in the improvement of the living environment was rapidly taking place. In budget distribution by policy support factors, it was found that living environment and welfare environment support factor in rural area occupied the largest portion and welfare, tourism, and living environment has been rapidly increasing since 2005.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3534-3547
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• 2014

Although there are many positive sides of the current fee-for-service payment schedule, there is a strong necessity to control the rapidly increasing national healthcare expenditure. The global budget is often mentioned as one prominent alternative for solutions. In this article, both microscopic and macroscopic approaches are considered to set the hospital medical expenditure budget. In a macroscopic aspect, the SGR model, which considers the financial limit of the healthcare system, is used to set the next year target budget. In addition, the DEA model is used to measure the inefficiency and cost recognition. In this article, the national medical target expenditure is distributed to an individual hospital based on the level of efficiency. By combining the SGR and DEA, it will be possible to set a real world applicable target medical expenditure budget model.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.376-385
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to establish the basis of cash wages calculation of the extra cost for the local characteristics by analyzing the local differences of the extra costs of households with the disabled. It was analyzed by comparing the average population by combining the '2011 Survey on disability' and the '2011 municipal budget with disabilities' to analyze the local difference of the extra costs. The highest region of the extra costs was Incheon, and the highest region of the extra cost preservation was Seoul. The highest region of the disabled budget rate was Daejeon, and the highest region of the disabled per capita budget was Jeju. According to a independent two sample t-test, the disabled budget rate and per capita budget of the highest regions of the extra cost preservation were higher than the lowest regions of the extra cost preservation. With policy proposals first, the increase in cash wages of the extra cost for the local characteristics second, the increase the disabled budget and per capita budget of the local governments third, the plan for a decrease of the extra costs according to the extra cost items of local.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2016

Many organizations have transformed their business in order to survive and compete in the future. They generate projects by creating a vision, using strategies and objectives with funds aligning strategies and make efforts to complete them successfully because project success leads to business success. All projects have triple constraints such as scope, time, and cost to be completed. Project cost performance is a key factor to achieve project goals and which is mostly related with risks among various cost drivers. Projects require a cost estimation method to complete them within their budget and on time. An accurate budget cannot be estimated due to the uncertainties and risks. Thus some additional money should be funded in addition to the base budget as a contingency reserve for identified risks and a management reserve for unidentified risks. While research on contingency reserve for identified risks included in project budget baseline have been presented, research on management reserve for unidentified risks included in total project budget is still scarce. The lack of research on estimation method and role of the management reserve have made project managers little confidence to estimate project budget accurately with reasonable basis. This study proposes a practical model to estimate budgets including contingency and management reserves for not only project cost management but also to keep the balance of organization's total funds to maximize return on investments for project portfolio management. The advantages of the proposed model are demonstrated by its application to construction projects in Korea and the processes to apply this model for verification are also provided.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.769-779
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• 2017

Nutrient (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) budgets are required under a 'Livestock Excreta Survey'. A nutrient budget is one of the agri-environmental indicators that calculates the difference between the inputs and outputs of the amount of nutrients within a certain boundary and for a certain time period (e.g., 1 year). In this study, a nutrients budget model was developed to effectively determine the surplus of nutrients within a region in Korea. The C# program language was used in order to facilitate the deployment of a graphical user interface (GUI) and to enhance compatibility. Also, the model was developed on Windows OS, which is the commonly used operating system in Korea. The model was based on the OECD/Eurostat nutrient budget method, and it was modified to consider manure composting procedures as well. There are key features of the nutrient budget model, including directly use of the original data sets from various input and output sources, and a collectively exchange of the address in different formats. The model can quickly show the results of various spatial and temporal resolutions with the same data, as well as perform a sensitivity analysis with coefficients and easily compareresults using tables and graphs. Further, it would be necessary to study the extension of the scope of utilization, such as the application of various nutrient budget methods. It would also be helpful to investigate both pre and postprocessing information such as linking input data through online systems.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.546-555
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• 2017

The Nutrient budget is one of the agricultural-environment indicators of OECD. A nutrient budget measures the surplus as the differential between the inputs and the outputs of within a certain boundary and within a specified period of time (i.e. one year). According to OECD, the annual nitrogen budget for Korea was $245kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014, which corresponds to the first position among OECD countries. In Korea in 2014, about 90 % of livestock excreta was composted as solid and liquid manure, which are usually and customarily spread on agricultural land. The objectives of this study are intended to suggest methodology of the regional nitrogen budget as a nitrogen management tool, which considers conversion from raw excreta to composted manures based on the methodology of OECD/Eurostat, and application of the new method in an agricultural region of Korea. As a result, the calculated excess rate of hydrospheric nitrogen surplus was $251kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ (in the region in 2014), which indicates the presence of potential risks emanating from excessive nitrogen, with regard to both export water and soil environments. The findings also assert that this was shown to be one of the most important elements in the nitrogen budget, which translates to the actual amounts of nitrogen lost during the solid composting process. To better understand the process and the reliability of the method, it is necessary to analyze the sensitivity of the relevant co-efficients used in the method in the near future.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2003

This study(II) apply to the A city by using the optimal rehabilitation model based on the deterioration prediction of the water distribution system proposed the study(I). The deterioration prediction model divides factors into 14 factors with digging and experiment and 9 factor without digging and experiment and calculate the deterioration degree. The application results of the deterioration prediction model show that a difference of the deterioration degree according to factor numbers is within 1~2%. Also, the model can predict the deterioration degree of each pipe without digging and experiment. The optimal rehabilitation model is divided into the optimal residual durability of each deterioration factor and budget constraint or not. The application result is as follow: the rehabilitation time and cost increase according to the increasing of the optimal residual durability. When compared the model with budget constraint and model without budget constraint, the former model increase the cost of total contents. In case of budget constraint, the increasing tendency is concluded that the pipe rehabilitation is executed in same budget every year in condition that every rehabilitation cost do not exceed the every year budget within the optimal residual durability.