• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the method for shortening the body temperature (BT) because it takes a long time and is impractical to measure axillary or oral BT with mercury thermometer, The first approach was to identify BT change according to the measuring time and determine the clinically not statistically avaiable and optimal BT measuring time. The second was to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer. It can measure BT within a few seconds, so if it is approved accurate, we can save BT measuring time by substitute tympanic thermometer for mercury thermometer. This study was conducted from 1, to 30 June, 1996. The subjects were 12men students of medicalk college and 29 women students of nursing school. The results were as follows ; 1) The 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13minute-measured axillary BT and 3, 5, 7, minute-measured BT showed somewhat linear relationship with time. It was difficult to find the optimum measuring time which were clinically significant. 2) For axillary tempeiature, the measuring time which were not statistically different was 11 and 13minute. But the real BT difference between 3 and 13minute, or between 5 and 13minute were very small and was within the range of daily variation. 3) For oral temperature, there was no intervals which showed the statistically insignificant. But like as axillary temperature, the difference between 3 and 7, or 5 and 7 minute were trivial by $0.3^{\circ}C$ and by $0.1^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4) Tympanic temperatures were lower than oral BTs which were measured with mercury thermometer by $0.26^{\circ}C$ (with ear tug) and $0.15^{\circ}C$(without ear tug). 5) The reliability of repeated measure tympanic temperature was better than without ear tug. With above results, we can't determine the optimal and cilically significant oral and axillary measuring time using mercury thermometer. However, because the real differences between measuring times were very small, so we recommend further study for the aged, the infants and the febrile patients. And we can't sure the accuracy of tympanic temperature but the reliability was better with ear tug than without ear tug.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.111-120
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• 2016

Asthma is a prevalent and serious health problem in Korea. Recently, the Korean Asthma Guideline has been updated by The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (KATRD) in an effort to improve the clinical management of asthma. This guideline focuses on adult patients with asthma and aims to deliver up to date scientific evidence and recommendations to general physicians for the management of asthma. For this purpose, this guideline was updated following systematic review and meta-analysis of recent studies and adapting some points of international guidelines (Global Initiative for Asthma [GINA] report 2014, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program [NAEPP] 2007, British Thoracic Society [BTS/SIGN] asthma guideline 2012, and Canadian asthma guideline 2012). Updated issues include recommendations derived using the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) model, which produced 20 clinical questions on the management of asthma. It also covers a new definition of asthma, the importance of confirming various airflow limitations with spirometry, the epidemiology and the diagnostic flow of asthma in Korea, the importance and evidence for inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and ICS/formoterol as a single maintenance and acute therapy in the stepwise management of asthma, assessment of severity of asthma and management of exacerbation, and an action plan to cope with exacerbation. This guideline includes clinical assessments, and treatment of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome, management of asthma in specific conditions including severe asthma, elderly asthma, cough variant asthma, exercise-induced bronchial contraction, etc. The revised Korean Asthma Guideline is expected to be a useful resource in the management of asthma.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.577-586
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• 2018

The proximate compositions, quality and physicochemical characteristics of mung-bean cultivars cultivated in the north-central region of South Korea with different seeding periods were evaluated. A significant difference was noted in the proximate compositions and chromaticity of mung-beans according to cultivars and different seeding periods. Crude ash and protein content decreased with the delay in seeding period and a slight increase in carbohydrate content was observed. Redness of the other five cultivars increased with the delay in seeding period except for the cultivar Jangan, while the yellowness decreased in cultivars Geumsung and Jangan. Water binding capacity of the $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ seeding on the cultivar Eoul was 115.15, 99.76 and 96.31%, respectively, and a decrease in the binding capacity was observed with the delay in seeding periods. Water solubility index and swelling power were significantly different among cultivars. Total polyphenol content of $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ seeding on the cultivar Jangan was 8.59 and 8.57 mg GAE/g, respectively, and a decrease was observed with the delay in seeding periods except for the cultivar Sohyeon. Total flavonoid content of $1^{st}$ seeding on the cultivar Jangan was 5.25 mg CE/g, which decreased with the delay in seeding periods. DPPH radical scavenging activity of $1^{st}$ seeding on the cultivars Geumsung and Kyungseon was 2.44 and 2.32 mg TE/g, respectively, which decreased with the delay in seeding periods. The BTS radical scavenging activity of $1^{st}$ seeding on the cultivar Jangan was 6.98 mg TE/g. In the present study, the variations in phenol content and radical scavenging activity were observed to be dependent on the cultivars and seeding periods.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.7-25
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• 2008

Sodium dodecyl sulfate, which was anionic surfactant, at a concentration higher than its critical micellar concentration was added to calcium solution for forming micelles. Then aggregates were formed by adsorption or binding of calcium ions on the surface of micelles, and gathering between them, and then rejected by two kinds of ceramic membranes to remove calcium ions. As result, rejection rates of calcium were higher than 99.98%. And in our experimental range the higher TMP trended to increase the resistance of membrane fouling ($R_f$), total permeate volume ($V_T$), dimensionless permeate flux ($J/J_o$) and permeate flux (J) because TMP was driving force. And we investigated effects of $N_2$-back-flushing time and filtration time, that was back-flushing period, during periodic $N_2$-back-flushing on ceramic membranes. As result, optimal BTs for NCMT-623l ($0.07{\mu}m$ pore size) and NCMT-7231 membrane ($0.10{\mu}m$) were 10 sec and 15 sec, respectively. Also, optimal FT was 5 min for both membranes, and the frequent $N_2$-back-flushing could decrease membrane fouling effectively. Then, the optimal conditions resulting from our experiments for synthetic calcium solution were applied to groundwater using as washing process of soymilk package. As result, rejection rates of calcium were higher than 99.98%.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2014

The boar sperm has more lipid droplets and specialty of seminal plasma compared with other species, causing difficulties of freezing sperm and decreases for the utilization of frozen semen into the artificial insemination. However, several studies reported significant results for the recovery of sperm motility and reproductive by addition of cryoprotectants and seminal plasma after thawing. This study was designed to investigate the effects of supplementation of trehalose or glycerol in the LEY (lactose and egg yolk in BTS) solution for the conventional freezing and vitrification process. Two boars aged 16 months were used to collect semen for 2 times in a week. The samples were allotted to 3 freezing solutions (LEY + glycerol 10.5% + OEP 1.5%, LEY + trehalose 1M + OEP 1.5%, and sucrose 1.5M + trehalose 1 M + OEP 1.5%) after centrifugation at 800 g for 10 minutes. Semen was equilibrated in freezing solutions for 10 minutes and injected into plastic straws with 2~3 air bubbles to minimize freezing damages. Vitrification was performed to locate sperm in 5 cm above $LN_2$ for 5 minutes, and the conventional freezing was conducted with an automatic freezer. Motility and survival rates were measured by CASA (Computer assisted sperm an alyzing system) and FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate), respectively after thawing semen at $50^{\circ}C$ for 12 seconds. The results were analyzed by ANOVA with STATVIEW statistical program. The vitrificatioin solution (LEY + 10.5% glycerol + 1.5% OEP) presented higher motility (20.9%) than other solutions while the solution (LEY + 1M trehalose + 1.5% OEP) showed the lowest (motility : 5.2%). However, survival rates of vitrified sperms detected by FITC showed 1~4% live sperms in almost of dead sperms at all vitrification solutions' groups, but survival rate of freezing solution of LEY + 1M trehalose + 1.5% OEP LEY and LEY + 10.5% glycerol + 1.5% OEP were showed 49%, and 79%, respectively. There were differences (P<0.05) survival rate of conventional freezing in LEY + 10.5% glycerol + 1.5% OEP and LEY + 1M trehalose + 1.5% OEP and the remaining showed no differences. The results suggested that vitrified boar semen was not enough to be utilized for the artificial insemination, but it showed possibility to utilize for ICSI and conventional freezing with glycerol would be useful method for artificial insemination in pig while we choose the outstanding semen against tolerance to freezing damages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.46-52
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• 2021

In this study, the on-site location identification and response system was proposed by accurately checking the location information of rescue requesters in the buildings using the smartphone Wi-Fi AP. The location server was requested to measure the strength of the Wi-Fi AP at least 25 times at 8 different building location points. And the accuracy of the position and the error range were checked by analyzing the coordinate values of the received positions. In addition, the response time was measured by changing the conditions of location information in three groups to compare the response time for saving lives with and without location information. The minimum and maximum error values for the eight cases were found to be at least 4.137 m and up to 14.037 m, respectively, with an average error of 9.525 m. Compared to the base transceiver station (BTS) based position error value of 263m, the range could be reduced by up to 93%. When the location information was given, it took 10 minutes and 50 seconds to save lives; however, when there was no location information at all, rescue process took more than 45 minutes. From this research effort, it was analyzed that the acquisition of the location information of rescuees in the building using the smartphone Wi-Fi AP approach is effective in reducing the life-saving time for on-site responses.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.189-198
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• 2019

This study aims to make meaning of the reactions of the Korean people through the text mining of comments on videos of the December 2018 MMA performance of intro on YouTube. For this, comments on 15 YouTube videos were collected over the past 10 months. With the collected data, a total of 5,135 comments were analyzed through crawling using the Python and BeautifulSoup programs, data was refined over a total of 3 sessions, and a final total of 5,080 comments were used as analysis material. A mining technique was used for data analysis and the process of refinement, analysis, and visualization was achieved using the Textom program. Research results showed that keyword analysis showed the keywords of 'performance', 'Korea', 'video', 'top', 'cool', 'dance', 'idol', 'legend', 'love', and 'gratitude' in that order and keywords such as 'patriotism' and 'Olympics' also appeared frequently. N-gram analysis showed that comments with contexts such as 'a top performance that will remain a legend among Korean idol performances', and 'an idol performance that displayed the traditional culture of Korea' were in higher ranks. Based on such keyword analysis results, topic modeling was applied and 5 top keywords were extracted from a total of 5 topics. Analysis results of topic contents and distribution showed that topics in the comments of this performance's videos largely consisted of the 3 reactions of 'high praise regarding the stage performance', 'affection towards the fusion and artistic sublimation of Korean traditional dance', and 'gratitude towards the uploading of cool dance videos'

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.484-489
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• 2004

Artificial joint replacement is one of the major surgical advances of the 21th century. The primary purpose of a TKA (Total Knee Arthroplasty) is to restore normal knee Auction. Therefore, ideally, a TKA should: (a) maintain the natural leverage of the knee joint muscles to ensure generating adequate knee muscle moments to accomplish daily tasks such as rising from a chair or climbing stairs;(b) allow the same range of motion as an complete knee; and (c) provide adequate knee joint stability. Four individuals (2 peoples after surgery one year and 2 peoples after surgery three years) participated in this study. All they were prescreened for health and functional status by the same surgeon who performed the operations. Two days of accommodation practice occurred prior to the actual strength testing. The isometric strength (KIN-COM III) of the quadriceps and hamstring were measured at 60$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$ of knee flexion, respectively. During isokinetic concentric testing, the range of motion was between 10$^\circ$ to 80$^\circ$ of knee flexion (stand-to-sit) and extension (sit-to-stand). for a given test, the trial exhibiting maximum torque was analyzed. A 16-channel MYOPACTM EMG system (Run Technologies, Inc.) was used to collect the differential input surface electromyographic (EMG) signals of the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis(VL), rectus femoris (RF) during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit tests. Disposable electrodes (Blue SensorTM, Medicotest, Inc.) were used to collect the EMG signals. The results were as follows; 1. Less maximum concentric (16% and 21% less for 1 yew man and 3 years mm, respectively) and isometric (12% and 29%, respectively) quadriceps torque for both participants. 2.14% less maximum hamstrings concentric torque for 1 year man but 16% greater torque for 3 years mm. However, 1 year man had similar hamstring isometric peak torque for both knees. 3. Less quadriceps co-contraction by 1 year man except for the VM at 10$^\circ$-20$^\circ$ and 30$^\circ$-50$^\circ$ range of knee flexion.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.537-545
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• 1994

Background: In 1987, the British Thoracic Society (BTS) subjected an extensive list of patient variables to statistical analysis in a prospective study of prognosis in 453 adults with community-acquired pneumonia and, subsequently published guidelines for management of severe community acquired pneumonia. It was hoped that those at risk of dying from community acquired pneumonia could be easily identified and treated appropriately, thereby reducing mortality. To date, severe community acquired pneumonia has not been well studied in Korea. Therefore, we studied retrospectively 10 patients dying of severe community acquired pneumonia in Dongsan Hospital to see clinical manifestations of dying of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: Between July 1987 and july 1993, 498 patients were admitted to Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital with community acquired pneumonia, and 77 of them received intensive care. Of the 77 patients, 10 patients died. We reviewed medical records of these patients. Results: 1) The mean age of the patients was 56.2 years(range, 25 to 75 years). There were 7 men and 3 women. Seven patients(70%) were older than 60years of age. 2) The clinical features on admission were as follows: tachypnca, hypoxemia, mental change, cyanosis, leukopenia, leukocytosis, azotemia, hypotension, hypoalbuminemia in order of frequency. Three patients had one abnormal physical finding, 3 patients had 2, 2 patients had 3, and 2 patients had none of these abnormal physical findings. All patients had at least one of the abnormal laboratory findings. 3) A potential bacterial pathogen was isolated in sputum culture from 2 patients. One was E.coli, the other Enterobacter species. Sputum stain were positive in eight cases (G(+)cocci in six, G(+) cocci and G(-)bacilli in two). 4) Features of respiratory failure were the main reasons for ICU transfer, but two patients were transferred only following a cardiac or respiratory arrest in the general ward. 5) The mean of 2.7 different antibiotics were given to the patients. The aminoglycoside and first generation cephalosporin were the most frequently prescribed antibiotics, followed by the third generation cephalosporin and vancomycin. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics combination was a 1st generation cephalosporin plus an aminoglycoside. 6) Seven patients death(70%) occured after admission within the first five days, and a mean duration of hospitaliztion was 11.2 days. Conclusion: As the results show most death occured within the first five days after admission and aged patients; consequently, an aggressive intensive treatment should be provided early to the patients with severe community acquired pneumonia, and we should pay more attention to the aged patients.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was undertaken to compare ability of frozen-thawed sperm characteristics between two strains (miniature pig and Duroc). The semen was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed ($37^{\circ}C$) thermos bottle. The semen was diluted with same volume extender and added to LEY solution for freezing. The diluted semen was placed in 0.5 ml straws, and freezing was initiated by exposing the straws to liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) vapours for 10 min before placing them into $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. The frozen-semen straw were thawed at 20, 37 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 min, 45 sec and 10 sec within water-bath. The semen sample were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for analysis of sperm ability. Abnormality of spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in Duroc at 0, 9 and 12 h of post-thawing incubation after frozen-thawing. The percentage of F-patterned spermatozoa in miniature pig was significantly (p<0.05) lower, while the percentage of AR (acrosome reacted spermatozoa) pattern was higher in the miniature than in the Duroc. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the viability of spermatozoa thawed at different temperature ($20^{\circ}C\;and\;37^{\circ}C$) between two species, but the viability in miniature pig was higher (p<0.05) than in Duroc when sperm was thawed at $50^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, this study suggest that suitable freezing method for miniature pig semen is required for increasing post-thawing viability and fertilization capacity.