• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.269-285
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• 2018

Bacterial leaf blight is a major disease of eucalypt, especially under nursery conditions. Different bacterial species have been associated with the disease in several countries, and despite its importance worldwide, it is not clear to date whether similar disease symptoms are caused by the same or by different etiological agents. In this study, 43 bacterial strains were isolated from blighted eucalypt leaves collected in different geographic areas of Brazil and inoculated onto a susceptible eucalypt clone. Polyphasic taxonomy, including morphological, physiological, biochemical, molecular, and pathogenicity tests showed that only certain strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis caused symptoms of the disease. Strains varied in their aggressiveness, but no correlation with geographic origin was observed. MLSA-based phylogenetic analysis using concatenated dnaK, fyuA, gyrB and rpoD gene sequences allocated the strains in a well-defined clade, corresponding to Rademarker's group RG 9.6. Inoculation of nineteen plant species belonging to seven botanical families with representative strain LPF 602 showed it to be pathogenic only on Eucalyptus spp, and Corymbia spp. Based on distinct biochemical and pathogenic characteristics that differentiate the eucalypt strains from other pathovars of the X. axonopodis species, here we propose their allocation into the new pathovar X. axonopodis pv. eucalyptorum pv. nov.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.127-143
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• 2005

The taxonomic sufficiency approach has been proposed as a surrogate for the typical analysis of species-abundance data, especially in conditions involving prominent pollution gradients. Here, we evaluate the use of taxonomic sufficiency with infralittoral macrobenthic data derived from samples taken in a moderate polluted subtropical environment in southeastern Brazil, analysing five taxonomic levels and including two functional levels throughout polychaete feeding guilds and trophic groups. The data were collected seasonally at nine stations and studied for two abundance data series (0.5 and 1.0 mm sieve mesh-size). The results showed a similar ordination pattern between the two sieve mesh-size, but with the 0.5 mm sieve data a different pattern was observed during austral summer. A slight loss of information was detected using genus, family, polychaete species and their feeding guilds as taxonomic/functional units. These results together with those of the cost! benefit ratio, suggested that the family level seemed to be sufficient to detect the impact caused by moderate pollution in this shallow-water, subtropical environment. In additional, through the use of feeding guilds, similar patterns are obtained. Correlation analysis showed that chlorophyll a, total organic matter, zinc, and chromium sediment content were the variables that best explained the biological pattern observed and not always the best correlation coefficient occurring at the species level. The feeding guild approach seems to be useful and generates interpretable results similar to those obtained with the species level of the whole macroinfauna. The results showed an important cost reduction in the sample processing, suggesting that it is possible to adopt a coarser taxonomic level monitoring program even in species-rich communities.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.551-557
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• 2000

Cu-based leadframe sheets were oxidized ic a hot alkaline solution to black-oxide layer on the surface and molded with epoxy molding compound(EMC), and finally machined to form sandwiched double-cantilever beam(SDCB) and sandwiched Brazil-nut(SBN)specimers to measure the adhesion strength of leadframe-EMC interface. The SDCB and the SBN specimens were designed to measure the adhesion strength in terms fracture toughness under puasi-mode I and mixed mode loadinf, respectively. After the tests, fracture surfaces were analyzed paths were observed in the SDCB-tested speciments, failure paths varied with crack speed and loading conditions.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.876-891
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• 2014

Previous studies of ethnic enclaves did not provide an adequate explanation of the geographical contexts and spatial implications of industrial production systems, as a result of emphasizing ethnic networks with stagnant participation from geographers. The objective of this study was to identify and examine the formation mechanism of Korean ethnic enclaves through the case of Bom Retiro's Korean garment industrial district in Brazil, specifically by performing an integrated review of the development path of Bom Retiro, the garment industry's production systems, and ethnic networks. The research findings indicated that the formation of this region's ethnic enclave was indeed highly influenced by ethnic networks; however, it was also affected by the development path of the region as a migrant garment industrial district and spatial convergence pertaining to the production systems of garment industries. Moreover, the formation of Bom Retiro's ethnic enclave also involved active participation of non-ethnic immigrant communities and local Brazilians.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.10
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• pp.992-999
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• 1999

Due to the inherently poor adhesion strength of Cu-based leadframe/EMC(Epoxy Molding Compound) interface, popcorn-cracking phenomena of thin plastic packages frequently occur during the solder reflow process. In this study, in order to enhance the adhesion strength of Cu-based leadframe/EMC interface, brown-oxide layer was formed on the leadframe surface by immersing of leadframe sheets in hot alkaline solution, and the adhesion strength of leadframe/EMC interface was measured by using SDCB(Sandwiched Double Cantilever Beam) and SBN(Sandwiched Brazil-Nut) specimens. Results showed that brown oxide treatment of leadframe introduced fine acicular CuO crystals on the leadframe surface and improved the adhesion strength of leadframe/EMC interface. Enhancement of adhesion strength was directly related to the thickening kinetics of oxide layer. This might be due to the mechanical interlocking of fine acicular CuO crystals into EMC.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.220-224
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• 1993

Antioxidative activities of brown materials extracted from the three kinds of roasted coffee beans by water were examined. Antioxidative activity was assessed by the AOM at $120^{\circ}C$ and the oven test at $60^{\circ}C$ on lard. The brown materials of them showed the considerable antioxiant activity. The brown materials of Colombian coffee beans were more effective than those of Robusta or Brazil beans. The antioxidative activities of brown materials from Colombian coffee beans roasted at $210^{\circ}C$ increased in proportion to the browning intensity up to 16 minutes of roasting time, but the antioxidant activities of the brown materials upon further roasting time decreased gradually. In changes of extraction temperature from $30^{\circ}C\;to\;180^{\circ}C$ on the coffee beans roasted at $210^{\circ}C$ for 16 minutes, the antioxidative activities of brown materials did not change as the extraction temperature increased to $180^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative activities of the coffee extracts were thought to be caused by browning reaction materials produced during the roasting process only.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-119
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• 2008

The reluctance of Latin American countries to practice international arbitration is not a new topic in international law. This reluctance historically based on Calvo Doctrine provoked not only the absence of Latin American countries from the major international commercial arbitration conventions, but obsolete national arbitration legislation. Recently, however, these countries have undertaken major steps showing that the region is no longer reluctant to practice international commercial arbitration. Most Latin American countries have ratified the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards ("New York Convention"), the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes ("Washington Convention") and the 1975 Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration ("Panama Convention"). The majority of Latin American countries have also modified and adapted their national legislation on arbitration to the UNCITRAL model law. Even judiciary has been following this pro-arbitration. This article will focus on some of these factors provoking the acceptance of international commercial arbitration in Latin America to trace the common trends and characteristics in an attempt to understand better how international arbitration set on its place firmly. For this purpose we selected five countries, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela, to analyse legislations and jurisprudence. Latin America is ready to challenge any obstacles to promote arbitration as alternative methods of judicial resolution. There is an ever-increasing number of international arbitration in Latin America. Both practitioners and judiciary have shown desires to promote the resolution of disputes by arbitration and used the legal instruments to ensure that process interpreting and applying legislations for pro-arbitration. Even there remains Calvo Doctrine's culture in Latin America still now, it should be certain this culture will disappear from the conduct of international arbitration.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

A survey of the natural regeneration of the gallery forest at the Sao Bartolomeu river, Federal District - Brazil it was carry out. Plots of $100m^2$ let established the composition of the trees succession of one hectare. 4262 plants distributed in four classes according to the height were found. The phytosociological value of the classes was respectively 3,3 2,4 2,0 2,3 and through of them it was possible to identify the phytosociological position of the species. The results of the calculations of the relative index of the natural regeneration and value of importance shows that the most important species are Cheiloclinium cognatum A.C. Smith, Piptadenia communis Benth., Faramea cyanea M. Arg., Xylopia sericea St. Hil., Copeifera lansdorfii Desf., Cupania vernalis Camb., Matayba guianensis Aublet, Virola sebifera Aublet, Ocotea densiflora Meissn and Didimopanax morototoni (Aublet) Dcne et Pl.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.224-230
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• 2014

Brazil (Monte Alegro) and Ethiopia (Sidamo) coffee beans were roasted at three different roasting levels(light, medium, and dark), and were analyzed for color, total phenolic compound, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid contents. The total phenolic and caffeine contents remained unchanged during roasting. The chlorogenic acid levels of the Brazil and Ethiopia samples decreased with roasting. The antioxidant activities were measured using DPPH and ABTS. The radical scavenging activities of the light-roasted and dark-roasted coffee beans were similar. The flavor patterns of roasted coffee beans were analyzed using an electronic nose system based on gas chromatography. The data revealed that the flavor patterns of the roasted coffee beans could be separated via discriminant function analysis (DFA) method. The taste of the roasted coffee beans was analyzed using an electronic tongue system. The sourness and sweetness were decreased with roasting.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.104-111
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• 2016

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito borne pathogen, belongs to Flaviviridae family having a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, currently known for causing large epidemics in Brazil. Its infection can cause microcephaly, a serious birth defect during pregnancy. The recent outbreak of ZIKV in February 2016 in Brazil realized it as a major health risk, demands an enhanced surveillance and a need to develop novel drugs against ZIKV. Amodiaquine, prochlorperazine, quinacrine, and berberine are few promising drugs approved by Food and Drug Administration against dengue virus which also belong to Flaviviridae family. In this study, we performed molecular docking analysis of these drugs against nonstructural 3 (NS3) protein of ZIKV. The protease activity of NS3 is necessary for viral replication and its prohibition could be considered as a strategy for treatment of ZIKV infection. Amongst these four drugs, berberine has shown highest binding affinity of -5.8 kcal/mol and it is binding around the active site region of the receptor. Based on the properties of berberine, more similar compounds were retrieved from ZINC database and a structure-based virtual screening was carried out by AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8. Best 10 novel drug-like compounds were identified and amongst them ZINC53047591 (2-(benzylsulfanyl)-3-cyclohexyl-3H-spiro[benzo[h]quinazoline-5,1'-cyclopentan]-4(6H)-one) was found to interact with NS3 protein with binding energy of -7.1 kcal/mol and formed H-bonds with Ser135 and Asn152 amino acid residues. Observations made in this study may extend an assuring platform for developing anti-viral competitive inhibitors against ZIKV infection.